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Chen Q, Zhao FQ, Han B, Jiang C, Liu H. Methionyl-Methionine Dipeptide Enhances Mammogenesis and Lactogenesis by Suppressing the Expression of a Novel Long Noncoding RNA MGPNCR to Inhibit eIF4B Dephosphorylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6414-6423. [PMID: 38501560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that in pregnant mice deficient in l-methionine (Met), the mixture of the dipeptide l-methionyl-l-methionine (Met-Met) with Met was more effective than Met alone in promoting mammogenesis and lactogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the role of a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), named mammary gland proliferation-associated lncRNA (MGPNCR), in these processes. Transcriptomic analysis of mammary tissues from Met-deficient mice, supplemented either with a Met-Met/Met mixture or with Met alone, revealed significantly higher MGPNCR expression in the Met group compared to the mixture group, a finding recapitulated in a mammary epithelial cell model. Our findings suggested that MGPNCR hindered mammogenesis and milk protein synthesis by binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4B (eIF4B). This interaction promoted the dephosphorylation of eIF4B at serine-422 by enhancing its association with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Our study sheds light on the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated dipeptide effects on mammary cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis. These insights underscore the potential benefits of utilizing dipeptides to improve milk protein in animals and potentially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P. R. China
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Bingqing Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P. R. China
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Wang C, Zhao F, Liu J, Liu H. The ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 mediates the regulation of PepT2 by mTORC1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:12-18. [PMID: 35601254 PMCID: PMC9111928 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) transports short peptides from the blood into bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) to stimulate milk protein synthesis. Despite the fact that the effect of PepT2 is acknowledged in BMEC, little is known about its regulation. This study was completed to investigate the role of mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in regulating the expression and function of PepT2 in BMEC. The regulation of PepT2 by mTOR in BMEC was studied in vitro using peptide transport assay, gene silencing, Western blot. The membrane expression of PepT2 and the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-N-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide, in BMEC were reduced by rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor) and silencing of either mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), stimulated by DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR, endogenous inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2) silencing. The trafficking of PepT2 to the membrane and the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA was promoted by neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 isoform 2 (Nedd4-2) silencing. The effects of knockdown of mTORC1, but not mTORC2, on cell membrane expression and transport activity of PepT2 was abolished by Nedd4-2 silencing. With immunofluorescence staining, PepT2 was identified to be interacting with Nedd4-2. The Nedd4-2 expression and the interaction between PepT2 and Nedd4-2 was increased through mTORC1 knockdown, indicating an increased ubiquitination of PepT2. The results revealed that mTORC1 can regulate the expression and function of PepT2 through Nedd4-2 in BMEC.
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Smits NGE, Blokland MH, Wubs KL, Bovee TFH, Albada B, van Ginkel LA, Nielen MWF. Detection of methionine- and alanine-recombinant bovine somatotropins and their induced antibodies in serum and milk of cows suggests blood-milk barrier specificity for these compounds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5069-5078. [PMID: 33663857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and its induced antibodies through milk of 2 formulations is studied to propose a control strategy for its use or abuse. Two dairy cows were treated with alanine-rbST (Ala-rbST), which is identical to endogenous bovine somatotropin, and ten dairy cows were treated with methionine-rbST (Met-rbST), which differs by 1 amino acid from endogenous bovine somatotropin. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method able to measure rbST at a decision limit (CCα) of 0.8 ng/mL and 2.3 ng/mL for serum and milk, respectively. The results show that the administered Ala-rbST is transferred from blood to milk but that this is not the case for Met-rbST. This suggests a blood-milk barrier-related specificity for these compounds. In addition, rbST-induced antibodies were formed in animals treated with Ala-rbST and those treated with Met-rbST. In both treatments, the rbST-induced antibodies were transferred from blood to milk, showing no blood-milk barrier specificity for these antibodies. These elimination patterns show that, for enforcement purposes, the detection of rbST-induced antibodies in tank milk can serve to screen for rbST administration, and subsequent confirmatory serum analysis by LC-MS/MS is needed to identify whether Ala-rbST or Met-rbST has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G E Smits
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas L Wubs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leendert A van Ginkel
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Zhou G, Xu Q, Wu F, Wang M, Chen L, Hu L, Zhao J, Loor JJ, Zhang J. Arginine Alters miRNA Expression Involved in Development and Proliferation of Rat Mammary Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020535. [PMID: 33669500 PMCID: PMC7923093 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MiRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate a variety of developmental and physiological processes, with many having well-defined developmental and cell-type specific expression patterns. Aspects of the cell cycle such as cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis can be regulated by miRNA, underscoring an unexplored link between arginine supply and mammary tissue function during lactation. The specific objective of the present study was to determine miRNA profiles in mammary tissue at the end of lactation in response to enhanced dietary supply of arginine. Our results indicate that arginine may potentially be involved in the development of rat mammary glands through miRNA. Abstract This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary arginine on development and proliferation in rat mammary tissue through changes in miRNA profiles. Twelve pregnant Wistar rats were allocated randomly to two groups. A basal diet containing arginine or the control diet containing glutamate on an equal nitrogen basis as the arginine supplemented diet were used. The experiment included a pre-experimental period of four days before parturition and an experimental period of 17 days after parturition. Mammary tissue was collected for histology, RNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing analysis. The greater mammary acinar area indicated that arginine supplementation enhanced mammary tissue development (p < 0.01). MicroRNA profiling indicated that seven miRNA (miR-206-3p, miR-133a-5p, miR-133b-3p, miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-1b and miR-486) were differentially expressed in response to Arginine when compared with the glutamate-based control group. In silico gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis revealed between 240 and 535 putative target genes among the miRNA. Further verification by qPCR revealed concordance with the differential expression from the sequencing results: 17 of 28 target genes were differentially expressed (15 were highly expressed in arginine and 2 in control) and 11 target genes did not have significant difference in expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that arginine may potentially regulate the development of rat mammary glands through regulating miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Xuhuai Regio, Huaian 223000, China;
| | - Qiaoyun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Feifan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lianmin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liangyu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.X.); (F.W.); (M.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-189-1213-9777
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Ding L, Wang Y, Shen Y, Zhou G, Zhang X, Wang M, Loor J, Zhang J. Effects of arginase inhibition via jugular infusion of Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine on metabolic and immune indices in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3310-3320. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ding LY, Chen LM, Wang MZ, Zhang J, Loor JJ, Zhou G, Zhang X, Wang HR. Inhibition of arginase via jugular infusion of N ω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine inhibits casein synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3514-3523. [PMID: 29397169 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A previous in vitro study revealed that Arg elicits positive effects on casein synthesis through alterations of the Arg-ornithine pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. The main purpose of this work was to determine the effects of arginase inhibition using Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA) on milk protein synthesis in vivo. Six healthy Chinese Holstein cows with similar body weight (550.0 ± 20 kg; means ± standard deviation), parity (4), body condition score (3.0), milk yield (21.0 ± 1.0 kg), and days in milk (80 ± 2) were selected and randomly assigned to 3 treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 22 d for each period (7 d for infusion and 15 d for washout). The treatments were (1) control: saline infusion; (2) nor-NOHA: infusion of 125 mg/L of nor-NOHA; (3) nor-NOHA + Arg: infusion of 125 mg/L of nor-NOHA with 9.42 g/L of Arg. The activity of enzymes related to Arg metabolism, milk protein synthesis, and expression of AA transporters was determined. The infusion of nor-NOHA decreased the activity of arginase but had no effect on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase and nitric oxide synthase in serum, and these responses were the same at the gene expression level in mammary gland. In addition, the infusion of nor-NOHA also reduced protein and fat synthesis in milk but had no effect on milk yield. When Arg was infused with nor-NOHA, the activity of total arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, and nitric oxide synthase, and the concentration of casein, protein, and fat in milk did not change compared with the nor-NOHA group, but the milk protein yield, the expression of some Arg transporters (SLC7A5 and SLC7A8), and milk yield increased. Overall, results verified previous in vitro findings indicating that synthesis of casein protein is closely regulated by the Arg-ornithine pathway in bovine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - L M Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - M Z Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China.
| | - J Zhang
- The Experimental Farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China.
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - G Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - X Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - H R Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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Romero-Huelva M, Ramírez-Fenosa M, Planelles-González R, García-Casado P, Molina-Alcaide E. Can by-products replace conventional ingredients in concentrate of dairy goat diet? J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4500-4512. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang M, Ding L, Wang C, Chen L, Loor J, Wang H. Short communication: Arginase inhibition reduces the synthesis of casein in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4128-4133. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yang JX, Wang CH, Xu QB, Zhao FQ, Liu JX, Liu HY. Methionyl-Methionine Promotes α-s1 Casein Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Gland Explants by Enhancing Intracellular Substrate Availability and Activating JAK2-STAT5 and mTOR-Mediated Signaling Pathways. J Nutr 2015; 145:1748-53. [PMID: 26108540 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.208330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest is increasing in the role of peptide-bound amino acids (AAs) in milk protein synthesis because studies have found that the uptake of some essential AAs by the mammary gland cannot meet the requirements for milk protein synthesis. Although the role of dipeptides in milk protein synthesis is clearly established, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether small peptides can be taken up intact by the peptide transporters in mammary tissue explants and the underlying mechanisms of the effects of methionyl-methionine (Met-Met) supplementation on milk protein synthesis. METHODS Mammary tissue explants were cultured in conditional medium and then treated with different concentrations of Met-Met that replaced 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of free Met for another 24 h. In some experiments, explants were cultured with an optimal dose of Met-Met with or without the inhibitors of peptide transporter 2 [PepT2; diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), 0.1 mmol/L] and aminopeptidase N (APN; bestatin, 20 μmol/L) for 24 h. RESULTS The substitutions of 15% free Met with Met-Met significantly promoted α-s1 casein (αs1-CN) expression in the mammary explants (P < 0.05). The inhibition of the PepT2 by DEPC or APN by bestatin significantly decreased the Met-Met-stimulated increase of αs1-CN expression (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group (0% Met-Met), absorption of Val, Met, Leu, Phe, Lys, and His was improved, and mRNA abundance of the neutral and basic AA transporter was increased in the 15% Met-Met group (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA abundance of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 gene, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 gene , Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) was increased in the 15% Met-Met-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Met-Met promoted αs1-CN synthesis in cultured bovine mammary gland explants, and this stimulation may be mediated by enhanced intracellular substrate availability and by activating JAK2-STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiang Yang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Cai-Hong Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Qing-Biao Xu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and Laboratory of Lactation and Metabolic Physiology, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Hong-Yun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
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Zhou MM, Wu YM, Liu HY, Liu JX. Effects of phenylalanine and threonine oligopeptides on milk protein synthesis in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:215-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Zhou
- Institute of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Weifang University of Science and Technology; Shouguang China
| | - Y. M. Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - H. Y. Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - J. X. Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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Gilbert ER, Wong EA, Webb KE. Board-invited review: Peptide absorption and utilization: Implications for animal nutrition and health. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2135-55. [PMID: 18441086 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 50 yr, the study of intestinal peptide transport has rapidly evolved into a field with exciting nutritional and biomedical applications. In this review, we describe from a historical and current perspective intestinal peptide transport, the importance of peptides to whole-body nutrition, and the cloning and characterization of the intestinal peptide transporter, PepT1. We focus on the nutritional significance of peptide transport and relate these findings to livestock and poultry. Amino acids are transported into the enterocyte as free AA by a variety of AA transporters that vary in substrate specificity or as di- and tripeptides by the peptide transporter, PepT1. Expression of PepT1 is largely restricted to the small intestine in most species; however, in ruminants, peptide transport and activity is observed in the rumen and omasum. The extent to which peptides are absorbed and utilized is still unclear. In ruminants, peptides make a contribution to the portal-drained visceral flux of total AA and are detected in circulating plasma. Peptides can be utilized by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis and by a variety of other tissues. We discuss the factors known to regulate expression of PepT1 including development, diet, hormones, diurnal rhythm, and disease. Expression of PepT1 is detected during embryological stages in both birds and mammals and increases with age, a strategic event that allows for the immediate uptake of nutrients after hatch or birth. Both increasing levels of protein in the diet and dietary protein deficiencies are found to upregulate the peptide transporter. We also include in this review a discussion of the use of dietary peptides and potential alternate routes of nutrient delivery to the cell. Our goal is to impart to the reader the nutritional implications of peptide transport and dietary peptides and share discoveries that shed light on various biological processes, including rapid establishment of intestinal function in early neonates and maintenance of intestinal function during fasting, starvation, and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA
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Madsen TG, Nielsen L, Nielsen MO. Mammary nutrient uptake in response to dietary supplementation of rumen protected lysine and methionine in late and early lactating dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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