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Spellman ME, Geary CM, Somula H, Singh A, Wieland M. The association between teat shape and clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01172-X. [PMID: 39343219 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Conformational teat traits such as teat barrel shape and teat-end shape have long been recognized as possible risk factors for elevated somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in dairy cows. However, the association between udder health and these teat traits is still under debate. Our objective of this ambidirectional cohort study was to investigate the relationship between teat shape and the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. For this purpose, we analyzed quarter-level data from 14,948 quarters of 3,913 Holstein cows from 1 commercial dairy farm in New York State. Cows were milked 3 times daily, housed in free-stall pens, bedded with manure solids, and fed a total mixed ration. Teat shape was assessed visually and classified based on teat-barrel and teat-end shape into 1 of 4 categories as follows: (1) triangular barrel and pointed teat end (TP), (2) square barrel and round teat end (SR), (3) square barrel, round teat end, and flat in the area of the teat orifice (SRF), and (4) square barrel and flat teat end (SF). Data on the occurrence of clinical mastitis were obtained from the dairy management software. To test the hypothesis that teat shape was associated with the occurrence of the first clinical mastitis event during the first 305 d in milk, a multivariable semiparametric proportional hazards model was built. Our results showed that teat shape was associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Compared with quarter with teats with SR, the clinical mastitis hazards (95% confidence intervals) were TP, 1.66 (1.25-2.19); SF, 1.58 (1.14-2.18); and SRF, 1.05 (0.88-1.26). We conclude that teat shape could be useful to identify cows at increased risk of clinical mastitis. This could allow farmers to employ targeted monitoring of these high-risk animals and develop management strategies that mitigate their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Spellman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Geary
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - H Somula
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A Singh
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wieland
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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2
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Saddam, Jamal M, Rahman SU, Khan M, Qadeer A, Mahmoud MH. Genomic diversity and nutritional analysis of multi-drug resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase Producing- Klebsiella pneumoniae genes isolated from mastitic cattle milk in district peshawar, Pakistan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35876. [PMID: 39170179 PMCID: PMC11337036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of resistance extended spectrum-beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumonia become worldwide issue. The current study aimed to determine the genomic diversity of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in milk samples collected from cows with mastitis as well as their antibiotic sensitivity profiles and genetic identification in Peshawar, Pakistan. The california mastitis test (CMT) was initially used to verify the presence for mastitis in 700 collected milk samples. The molecular identification of the 16SrRNA gene confirmed 120/700 (17.14 %) propagation of K. pneumonia. Out of these isolates MDR ESBL-producing isolates were 60/120 (50 %). The lactose were found (M = 3.96 ± 0.28, SD = 2.19), followed by fats (M = 3.12 ± 0.11, SD = 0.90), protein (M = 5.97 ± 0.24, SD = 1.84), sodium (M = 55.74 ± 2.07, SD = 15.81), potassium (M = 138.5 ± 1.53, SD = 11.71), chloride (M = 0.74 ± 0.03, SD = 0.24), calcium (M = 10.27 ± 0.31, SD = 2.42), and chlorine (M = 2.80 ± 0.22, SD = 1.70), respectively. Amikacin (80 %), ceftazidime (71 %), and tetracycline (71 %) were shown to be the most effective antimicrobials against all of the isolates. The occurrence of the blaSHV gene was observed at 56.00 % whereas the blaTEM gene and blaCTX-M gene were 36.00 %, and 30.00 %. The distribution of blaCTX-M subgroup genes was followed by blaCTX-M-1 (38.00 %), blaCTX-M-9 (22.20 %), and blaCTX-M-15 (61.10 %). Co-occurrence of blaCTX-M+ blaSHV was (15.00 %), blaCTX-M+ blaTEM were (6.60 %), and blaSHV + blaTEM were (10.00 %), respectively. The inappropriate, prolonged and common use of antibiotics may apply selective pressure for propagation and the occurrence of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Marden, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Marden, Pakistan
| | - Sadeeq Ur Rahman
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, China
| | - Mohamed H. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Olofsson C, Toftaker I, Rachah A, Reksen O, Kielland C. Pathogen-specific patterns of milking traits in automatic milking systems. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6035-6051. [PMID: 38554822 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of IMI can improve animal health and welfare in dairy herds. The implementation of sensors and automatic milking systems (AMS) in dairy production inherently increases the amount of available data and hence also the potential for new approaches to mastitis management. To use the full potential of data from AMS and auxiliary sensors, a better understanding of physiological and pathological changes in milking traits associated with different udder pathogens may be imperative. This observational study aimed to investigate pathogen-specific patterns in milking traits recorded in AMS. The milking traits included; online SCC (OCC), electrical conductivity (EC), milk yield (MY), and average milk flow rate (AMF). Data were collected for a study period of 2 years and included 101,492 milkings from 237 lactations in 169 cows from one farm. Measurements of OCC were recorded at cow level and data on EC, MY, and AMF were obtained at quarter level. In addition to the data obtained from the AMS, altogether 5,756 quarter milk samples were collected. Milk samples were obtained monthly for bacteriological culturing. We included findings of 13 known mastitis pathogens to study pathogen-specific patterns in milking traits. These patterns were compared with those in a baseline group consisting of cows that did not have any positive milk culture results throughout the lactation period. Patterns of the milking traits are described for all positive samples both across 305 DIM, and in the 15-d period before a positive bacteriological sample. The association between a positive sample and the milking traits [ln(OCC); EC-IQR, the ratio between the quarter with the highest and the quarter with the lowest level of EC; and MY] for the 15 d before the detection of a pathogen was assessed using mixed effects linear regression models. All pathogens were associated with alterations in the level and variability of ln(OCC) relative to lactations with no positive bacteriological samples. A positive sample for Staphylococcus aureus was associated with increased values for MY during the 15 d before a positive diagnosis. It is biologically plausible to interpret changes in OCC and EC-IQR as consequences of an IMI, while higher MY in bacteriologically-positive cows is most likely linked to the increased risk of infection in high-yielding cows. In this study, the most notable changes in the traits (OCC and EC-IQR) were observed for Staph. aureus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, followed by Streptococcus simulans, Streptococcus uberis, and Lactococcus lactis. Even if we did not detect significant associations between positive bacteriology and EC-IQR, visual assessment and descriptive statistics indicated that there might be differences suggesting that it could be an informative trait for detecting infection when combined with OCC and possibly other relevant traits using machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlott Olofsson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Toftaker
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Amira Rachah
- Department of Sustainable Energy Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, 7031, Norway
| | - Olav Reksen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Camilla Kielland
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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4
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Jukna V, Meškinytė E, Antanaitis R, Juozaitienė V. Association of Dry Period Length with Automatic Milking System, Mastitis, and Reproductive Indicators in Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2065. [PMID: 39061527 PMCID: PMC11274193 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between dry period (DP) length and various indicators of productivity, reproduction, and udder health in cows managed with an automatic milking system. We analyzed records from 3861 cows, categorizing them into three groups based on their DP duration: (1) <40 days, (2) 40-70 days, and (3) DP > 70 days. Cows with a DP of 40-70 days had an average energy-corrected milk production that was 8.2 kg greater than that of cows with a short DP and 5.0 kg greater than that of cows with a long DP (p < 0.001). Milk from the 40-70-day DP group exhibited the highest lactose concentration (4.64 ± 0.01%). Additionally, cows with the longest DP had the smallest proportion of animals with a milk fat-to-protein ratio of 1.2 to 1.4. Cows with a DP of 40-70 days also showed the lowest milk electrical conductivity across all udder quarters, whereas cows with the shortest DP had the highest conductivity. The highest conception rates were observed in the group with the shortest DP. These results suggest that a DP of 40-70 days is optimal for maximizing milk production and improving both udder health and reproductive performance under AMS. Proper management of DP duration can be an effective strategy for sustainable dairy herd management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigilijus Jukna
- Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto St. 10A, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.J.); (E.M.)
| | - Edita Meškinytė
- Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto St. 10A, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.J.); (E.M.)
| | - Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vida Juozaitienė
- Research Institute of Natural and Technological Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
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5
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Rodriguez Z, Cabrera VE, Hogeveen H, Ruegg PL. Economic impact of subclinical mastitis treatment in early lactation using intramammary nisin. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4634-4645. [PMID: 38278296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of subclinical mastitis (SCM) during lactation is rarely recommended due to concerns related to both antimicrobial usage and the costs associated with milk discard. Nisin is a naturally produced antimicrobial peptide with a gram-positive spectrum that, when given to dairy cows, does not require milk discard. We evaluated the economic impact of the treatment of SCM during early lactation using a nisin-based intramammary treatment under different scenarios that included various treatment costs, milk prices, and cure rates. We stochastically simulated the dynamics of SCM detected during the first week of lactation. The net economic impact was expressed in US dollars per case. The probabilities of an event and their related costs were estimated using a model that was based on pathogen-specific assumptions selected from peer-reviewed articles. Nisin cure rates were based on results of pivotal studies included in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval submission. Based on our model, the average cost of a case of intramammary infection (i.e., only true-positive cases) in early lactation was $170 (90% = $148-$187), whereas the cost of a clinical mastitis case was $521 (90% range = $435-$581). Both estimates varied with etiology, parity, and stage of lactation. When comparing the net cost of SCM cases (i.e., CMT-positive tests) detected during the first week of lactation, nisin treatment generated an average positive economic impact of $19 per CMT-positive case. The use of nisin to treat SCM was beneficial 93% of the time. Based on the sensitivity analysis, treatment would result in an economically beneficial outcome for 95% and 73% of multiparous and primiparous cows, respectively. At the herd level, use of intramammary nisin to treat SCM in cows in early lactation was economically beneficial in most tested scenarios. However, the economic impact was highly influenced by factors such as rate of bacteriological cure, cost of treatment, and parity of the affected animal. These factors should be considered when deciding to use nisin as a treatment for SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelmar Rodriguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - Victor E Cabrera
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Le Page T, Ferchiou A, Dufour S, Kabera F, Dubuc J, Lhermie G, Raboisson D, Roy JP. Dairy farmer's income, working time, and antimicrobial use under different dry cow therapy protocols. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00933-0. [PMID: 38908700 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. It has a high impact on farm economy, farmers' working time, and antimicrobial usage (AMU). Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) is an effective means of reducing AMU without negatively affecting udder health. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of SDCT implementation on farmer's income, working time, and AMU, using a bioeconomic model. A stochastic dairy simulation model (DairyHealthSim) based on a weekly model was used to simulate herd dynamics, reproduction, milk production, culling decisions, health outcomes, and the management of health events. A specific module was developed for the simulation of quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) acquisition and elimination during the lactation and dry-off periods, and 25 different farm settings were defined to represent herds with various udder health situations. We then defined 20 scenarios of SDCT by combining both the use of different thresholds of somatic cell count and milk bacteriology for treatment allocation and the use of internal teat sealant (ITS). All SDCT protocols had a low impact on farmer's income, and we identified some protocols with a positive farm gross margin (up to 15.83 CA$/dried- cow). We also found that adding an ITS to all cows led to greater economic gain. The application of SDCT had a low impact on farmers' working time, except when milk bacteriology was used for decision-making. Antimicrobial treatment to all cows above 200,000 cells/mL at last control, with the use of ITS on all cows, seems a good choice in most dairy farms. These findings could be used to convince farmers to adopt this strategy at dry-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Page
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Ahmed Ferchiou
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Dufour
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Fidèle Kabera
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; Faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Didier Raboisson
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Magro S, Visentin E, Costa A, Penasa M, Cendron F, Moroni P, Chiarin E, Cassandro M, Santinello M, De Marchi M. Presence of pathogen DNA in milk harvested from quarters is associated to changes in cows' milk yield and composition. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:249. [PMID: 38849801 PMCID: PMC11157801 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramammary infection is the result of invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the mammary gland and commonly leads to mastitis in dairy animals. Although much has been done to improve cows' udder health, mastitis remains a significant and costly health issue for dairy farmers, especially if subclinical. In this study, quarter milk samples from clinically healthy cows were harvested to detect pathogens via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and evaluate changes in individual milk traits according to the number of quarters infected and the type of microorganism(s). A commercial qPCR kit was used for detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Prototheca spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp. and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. Quarter and pooled milk information of 383 Holstein, 132 Simmental, 129 Rendena, and 112 Jersey cows in 9 Italian single-breed herds was available. RESULTS Among the cows with pathogen(s) present in at least 1 quarter, CNS was the most commonly detected DNA, followed by Streptococcus uberis, Mycoplasma bovis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Cows negative to qPCR were 206 and had the lowest milk somatic cell count. Viceversa, cows with DNA isolated in ≥ 3 quarters were those with the highest somatic cell count. Moreover, when major pathogens were isolated in ≥ 3 quarters, milk had the lowest casein index and lactose content. In animals with pathogen(s) DNA isolated, the extent with whom milk yield and major solids were impaired did not significantly differ between major and minor pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the number of affected quarters on the pool milk quality traits was investigated in clinically healthy cows using a commercial kit. Results remark the important negative effect of subclinical udder inflammations on milk yield and quality, but more efforts should be made to investigate the presence of untargeted microorganisms, as they may be potentially dangerous for cows. For a smarter use of antimicrobials, analysis of milk via qPCR is advisable - especially in cows at dry off - to identify quarters at high risk of inflammation and thus apply a targeted/tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Magro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Elena Visentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Angela Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Italy.
| | - Mauro Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Filippo Cendron
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, 26900, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, University of Milan, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Elena Chiarin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona, Bruna e Jersey Italiana, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Matteo Santinello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Massimo De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
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8
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Kerro Dego O, Vidlund J. Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356259. [PMID: 38863450 PMCID: PMC11165426 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN, United States
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9
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Miyata S, Fan L, Kambe J, Qasimi MI, Takemoto S, Ito M, Li C, Yamamoto Y, Nagaoka K. Influence of repeated mastitis on the milk production and metabolic status in the subsequent lactation period of dairy cattle. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29789. [PMID: 38699047 PMCID: PMC11064075 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent mastitis poses a common challenge on dairy farms. While the impact of repeated mastitis within the same lactation has been investigated, the difference from one lactation to the next, particularly concerning the change of milk and blood metabolites, remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the difference in milk yield, milk composition, and metabolic status in the subsequent lactation between healthy and repeated mastitis in the previous lactation. The study population comprised 50 cows chosen from 400 cows, with 25 having no history of mastitis and 25 experiencing mastitis more than three times during the last lactation. Following dry-off and calving, all cows initiated a new lactation, during which no mastitis was diagnosed until the sample collection period. In the group exposed to repeated mastitis, a significant decrease in milk fat levels was observed in the subsequent lactation, while no change was observed in milk somatic cell count (SCC). Milk collected from cows that had experienced repeated mastitis in the previous lactation exhibited significant increases in the levels of free amino acids, namely valine, proline, and alanine. However, no difference in plasma levels of these amino acids was noted. These results indicate that individuals exposed to repeated mastitis have persistent milk quality changes even after dry-off. Biomarker analysis suggested that the milk valine and proline showed a moderate biomarker potential on Kappa coefficients to characterize cows that have experienced repeated mastitis. Furthermore, the results of biomarker combinations for valine and proline provided the highest specificity (100 %), positive likelihood ratio (infinity), and substantial biomarker potential on kappa coefficients (0.68). These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the pathobiology and etiology of recurrent mastitis and provide a biomarker to characterize cows that have experienced repeated mastitis in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Miyata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Lijie Fan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jun Kambe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim Qasimi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takemoto
- Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock, ZEN-NOH (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Ibaraki, 319-0205, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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10
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Bruno DR, Cleale RM, Jardon G, Short T, Mills B, Pedraza JR. Outcomes after treatment of nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis with ceftiofur hydrochloride for 2 or 5 days compared with negative control. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2390-2405. [PMID: 37923203 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted at 3 commercial dairies in California to compare outcomes of treating nonsevere (mild and moderate) gram-negative (GN) clinical mastitis (CM) with intramammary (IMM) ceftiofur HCl (125 mg of ceftiofur HCl per tube) in either 2-d (SP2) or 5-d (SP5) treatment programs compared with nontreatment (CON). In addition, we contrasted results from cases classified as mild and moderate. Four hundred fifteen cases were included in the final dataset, including 135 CON, 133 SP2, and 147 SP5. Milk from quarters with CM was sampled for on-farm culture (OFC) to differentiate gram-positive (GP) and GN bacteria, with results known within 24 h. Those with GN infections were randomly assigned to experimental groups, while those with GP, mixed infections, and contaminated samples did not continue in the study and received standard farm therapy. For cows with GN infections, a sample was submitted for MALDI-TOF assay. Only nonsevere cases were enrolled, and all quarters yielded monocultures of GN species. Clinical scores were obtained 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 21, and 28 ± 3 d relative to enrollment. Milk samples were collected from quarters 14, 21, and 28 ± 3 d after enrollment, and submitted for routine culture and, when appropriate, submitted to MALDI-TOF evaluation. For many response criteria, there were significant interactions between treatments and CM severity scores at the time of enrollment, with effectiveness of ceftiofur HCl treatment being more beneficial compared with CON as mastitis clinical severity increased. While most treatment responses were significant for animals with mild or moderate GN mastitis, the largest responses were noted among cows with moderate CM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bruno
- University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710.
| | | | - G Jardon
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - T Short
- Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ 07054
| | - B Mills
- Cattle Services, Mooresville, NC 28115
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11
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Peña-Mosca F, Dean C, Fernandes L, Doster E, Sharpe K, Ray T, Feijoo V, Antunes A, Baumann C, Wehri T, Heins B, Pinedo P, Machado V, Noyes N, Caixeta L. Associations between early lactation intramammary infections and udder health and performance during the first 180 days in milk in first-lactation organic dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2426-2443. [PMID: 37923212 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior data from our group showed that first-lactation cows under organic management in United States have a high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus chromogenes intramammary infections (IMI) in early lactation. Nonetheless, the relationship between IMI, udder health, and milk production in organically reared primiparous cows remains elusive. The objectives of this observational study were to investigate the relationship between presence and persistence of IMI in the first 35 d in milk (DIM) and somatic cell count (SCC) and milk production during the first 6 mo of lactation on first-lactation organic dairy cows. The analysis included a total of 1,348 composite milk samples collected during the first 35 DIM that were submitted for milk culture and 1,674 Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) tests during the first 180 DIM from 333 heifers in 4 organic dairy farms, enrolled between February 2019 and January 2020. The association between IMI in the first 35 DIM and new high SCC (SCC > 200,000 cells/mL) and milk production during the first 6 mo of lactation was investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression and mixed linear regression, respectively. The association between IMI persistence (harboring the same microorganism as reported by the laboratory for 2 or more samples) in the first 35 DIM and number of DHIA tests with high SCC during the first 6 mo of lactation was modeled using negative binomial regression. The presence of IMI by Staph. aureus (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 3.35 [2.64, 4.25]) or Streptococcus spp. (HR [95% CI]: 2.25 [2.12, 2.39]) during the first 35 DIM was associated with an increased risk of new high SCC during the first 6 mo of lactation. Milk production was reduced when Streptococcus spp. were identified in milk samples. However, there was no evidence of a difference in milk production in Staph. aureus IMI. Isolation of non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci was related to a mild increase in the hazards of high SCC (HR [95% CI]: 1.34 [0.97, 1.85]) and a decrease in milk production during one or more postpartum tests. Presence of gram-negative or Streptococcus-like organisms IMI was not associated with either high SCC or milk production. Presence of Bacillus IMI was associated with a lower hazard of new high SCC (HR [95% CI]: 0.45 [0.30, 0.68]), and higher milk production during the first 180 d of lactation (overall estimate [95% CI]: 1.7 kg/d [0.3, 3.0]). The persistence of IMI in the first 35 DIM was associated with the number of tests with high SCC during the lactation for all microorganisms except for Staphylococcus chromogenes. Therefore, our results suggest that the persistence of IMI in the first 35 DIM could be an important factor to understand the association between IMI detected in early lactation and lactational SCC and milk production in organic dairy heifers. Our study described associations between IMI, udder health, and milk production in first-lactation organic dairy cows that are consistent with findings from conventional dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Peña-Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Chris Dean
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Leticia Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kirsten Sharpe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Tui Ray
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Victoria Feijoo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Acir Antunes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol Baumann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Thomas Wehri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Bradley Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Vinicius Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Noelle Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Luciano Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
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12
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Rowe S, House JK, Zadoks RN. Milk as diagnostic fluid for udder health management. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:5-10. [PMID: 37798823 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is the major disease affecting milk production of dairy cattle, and milk is an obvious substrate for the detection of both the inflammation and its causative infectious agents at quarter, cow, or herd levels. In this review, we examine the use of milk to detect inflammation based on somatic cell count (SCC) and other biomarkers, and for the detection of mastitis pathogens through culture-based and culture-free methods. FINDINGS The use of SCC at a cow or bulk milk level to guide udder health management in lactation is well-established, and SCC is increasingly used to guide selective dry cow treatment. Other markers of inflammation include electrical conductivity, which is used commercially, and markers of disease severity such as acute phase proteins but are not pathogen-specific. Some pathogen-specific markers based on humoral immune responses are available, but their value in udder health management is largely untested. Commercial pathogen detection is based on culture or polymerase chain reaction, with other tests, for example, loop-mediated isothermal amplification or 16S microbiome analysis still at the research or development stage. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight (MALDI-ToF) is increasingly used for the identification of cultured organisms whilst application directly to milk needs further development. Details of test sensitivity, specificity, and use of the various technologies may differ between quarter, cow, and bulk milk applications. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing array of diagnostic assays that can be used to detect markers of inflammation or infection in milk. The value of some of these methods in on-farm udder health improvement programs is yet to be demonstrated whilst methods with proven value may be underutilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - J K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - R N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
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13
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Hoque MN, Faisal GM, Moyna Z, Islam MS, Das ZC, Islam T. Draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae fecal isolate from a cow with clinical mastitis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0073023. [PMID: 37902381 PMCID: PMC10652979 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00730-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most important mastitis-causing pathogens. The multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strain MNH_G2C5F was isolated from the feces of a cow with clinical mastitis. The MNH_G2C5F strain had a genome size of 5,381,832 bp (85.0× coverage) and typed as sequence type 273 (ST273).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Hoque
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Mahbub Faisal
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Zannatara Moyna
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sayedul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Ziban Chandra Das
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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14
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Chen C, Tao Z, Li T, Chen H, Zhao Y, Sun X. Isolation and characterization of novel bacteriophage vB_KpP_HS106 for Klebsiella pneumonia K2 and applications in foods. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1227147. [PMID: 37655345 PMCID: PMC10466807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1227147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in food is increasing, and it has emerged as a food pathogen. Global health is threatened due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and hypervirulent (hv) K. pneumoniae. Phages have a promising application as antibacterial agents and have the ability to lyse MDR strains. Hence, phage vB_KpP_HS106 against MDR-hv K. pneumoniae strains was isolated from sewage collected from a hospital. It can maintain stable activity at a pH range of 4-12 and a temperature range of 4°C to 50°C. The maximum adsorption rate of phage HS106 was found to be approximately 84.2% at 6 min. One-step growth curve analysis showed that the latent period of HS106 was 10 min and the burst size was approximately 183 PFU/cell. Furthermore, whole genome analysis indicated that the genome of phage HS106 was a double-stranded linear 76,430-bp long DNA molecule with 44% GC content. A total of 95 open reading frames were annotated in the HS106 genome, which did not contain any virulence genes or antibiotic resistance genes. Phage HS106 reduced MDR K. pneumoniae in milk by approximately 1.6 log10 CFU/mL at 25°C and in chicken by approximately 2 log10 CFU/cm3 at 25°C. Therefore, vB_KpP_HS106 is a promising alternative to antibiotics for biocontrol against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxiang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
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15
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Rikkers RSC, Ducro BJ, van Binsbergen R, Kamphuis C. Predicting dairy herd resilience on farms with conventional milking systems. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:273-279. [PMID: 37691623 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This research paper addresses the problem that, thus far, there is no method available to predict herd resilience for farms that do not use automated milking systems (AMS). Recently, a methodology was developed to estimate both individual cow as well as herd resilience using daily milk yield observations at individual cow level from farms with AMS. This AMS-based method, however, is not suitable on farms that use conventional milking systems (CMS) where such individual cow milk yield observations are lacking. Therefore, this research aimed at predicting herd resilience using herd performance data that is commonly available on CMS farms. To do so, data consisting of 585 Dutch AMS farms where herd resilience estimates using the AMS-based method were available was examined. To predict herd resilience with herd performance data, only those data that are also commonly available on CMS farms were used in a 5-fold cross validation Random Forest model. These herd resilience estimates were subsequently compared with the AMS-based herd resilience estimates. Results showed that it is possible to predict with a 69.9% probability whether a herd performs with above or below average herd resilience using only variables available on CMS farms. Especially, the proportion of cows with an indication of rumen acidosis, proportion of cows with an elevated somatic cell count and the fluctuation in herd size over the years are good predictors of herd resilience. Since herd management decisions appear to affect herd resilience, a lower predicted herd resilience could be taken as a general indication that tactical or strategic management changes could be taken to improve the herd resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxann S C Rikkers
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding & Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Ducro
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding & Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van Binsbergen
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding & Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Kamphuis
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding & Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kour S, Sharma N, N B, Kumar P, Soodan JS, Santos MVD, Son YO. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Management in Bovine Mastitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:449. [PMID: 37505854 PMCID: PMC10384116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis causes huge economic losses to dairy farmers worldwide, which largely negatively affects the quality and quantity of milk. Mastitis decreases overall milk production, degrades milk quality, increases milk losses because of milk being discarded, and increases overall production costs due to higher treatment and labour costs and premature culling. This review article discusses mastitis with respect to its clinical epidemiology, the pathogens involved, economic losses, and basic and advanced diagnostic tools that have been used in recent times to diagnose mastitis effectively. There is an increasing focus on the application of novel therapeutic approaches as an alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy because of the decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics, emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, issue of antibiotic residues in the food chain, food safety issues, and environmental impacts. This article also discussed nanoparticles'/chitosan's roles in antibiotic-resistant strains and ethno-veterinary practices for mastitis treatment in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savleen Kour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Balaji N
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Soodan
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Marcos Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
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17
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Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis occurrence in the first 100 days of lactation 1 on future mastitis occurrence in Holstein dairy cows: An observational study. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:288-292. [PMID: 37521059 PMCID: PMC10382823 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to estimate effects of clinical mastitis (CM) cases caused by different pathogens (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth) occurring in the first 100 d in lactation 1, of a dairy cow on the future rate of occurrence of different types of CM during a cow's full lifetime. The outcomes were occurrence of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth, after the first 100 d of lactation 1, until a cow's removal through death or sale in that or a subsequent lactation. Data, including information on CM cases, milk production, and event dates (including death or sale dates), were collected from 14,440 cows in 5 New York State Holstein herds from January 2004 until February 2014. Generalized linear mixed models with a Poisson distribution and log link function were fit for each pathogen. The individual cow was the unit of analysis. Escherichia coli was a predictor of future occurrence of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth. Early-occurring Klebsiella spp. was a predictor of future cases of Klebsiella spp. Cases with no growth were predictors of future occurrence of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and cases with no growth. Thus, E. coli and cases with no growth occurring early in lactation 1 appear to be consistent risk factors for future cases of CM, whether cases with the same pathogen or a different pathogen. In this study, farm effects on later pathogen occurrence differed somewhat, so treatment protocol and culling strategy may play a role in the findings. Nevertheless, the findings may help farmers in managing young cows with CM in early productive life, especially those with E. coli or cases with no growth, in that they may be more susceptible to future CM cases in their later productive life, thus meriting closer attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Hertl
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Royal GD, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Loren W. Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Francis L. Welcome
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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18
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Ginger L, Ledoux D, Bouchon M, Rautenbach I, Bagnard C, Lurier T, Foucras G, Germon P, Durand D, de Boyer des Roches A. Using behavioral observations in freestalls and at milking to improve pain detection in dairy cows after lipopolysaccharide-induced clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00290-4. [PMID: 37268578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on dairy cows' clinical, physiological, and behavioral responses in the milking parlor and freestalls as well as the specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of behavioral responses in detecting cows with LPS-induced mastitis. Twenty-seven cows received an intramammary infusion of 25 µg of Escherichia coli LPS in 1 healthy quarter. Following LPS infusion, 14 cows received a placebo (LPS cows), and 13 cows received 3 mg/kg of body weight of ketoprofen i.m. (LPS+NSAID cows). Cow response to the challenge was monitored at regular intervals from 24 h before to 48 h postinfusion (hpi) through direct clinical observations, markers of inflammation in milk, and via point-in-time direct behavioral observations in the barn and at milking. In LPS cows, infusion induced a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels at 3 and 8 hpi, milk cortisol levels at 8 hpi, somatic cell counts from 8 to 48 hpi, IL-6 and IL-8 at 8 hpi, milk amyloid A (mAA) and haptoglobin at 8 and 24 hpi, rectal temperature at 8 hpi, and respiratory rate at 8 hpi. Their rumen motility rate decreased at 8 and 32 hpi. Compared with before the challenge, significantly more LPS cows stopped feeding/ruminating and pressed their tail between their legs at 3 and 5 hpi, increased feeding/ruminating at 24 hpi, and had the tendency to be less responsive, dropping their head, and dropping their ears at 5 hpi. At milking, compared with before challenge, significantly more LPS cows lifted their hooves at forestripping at 8 hpi. The 2 groups showed similar patterns of response for milk cortisol, somatic cell count, respiratory rate, mAA, haptoglobin, and IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8. Compared with LPS cows, LPS+NSAID cows had significantly lower plasma cortisol levels at 3 hpi, their rectal temperature decreased at 8 hpi, their rumen motility rate increased at 8 and 32 hpi, and their heart rate increased at 32 hpi. Compared with LPS cows, a significantly larger proportion of LPS+NSAID cows were feeding/ruminating, a lower proportion had ears down at 5 hpi, and a larger proportion lied down at 24 hpi. At milking, whatever the phase of milking, for "hoof to belly," 9 out of 14 cows did not show this behavior before infusion (Sp = 64%) and 14/14 did not kick during pre-infusion milking (Sp = 100%). Regarding sensitivity, at maximum, 5 cows out of 14 (Se = 36%) displayed "hoof to belly" after infusion. For "lifting hoof," 14/14 did not show hoof-lifting before infusion (Sp = 100%) and 6/14 displayed it after infusion (Se = 43%) at forestripping only. In the freestall barn, 9 behaviors had a Sp >75% (at minimum, 10/14 did not show the behavior) whatever the time point but Se < 60% (at maximum, 8/14 displayed the behavior). Finally, "absence of feeding and ruminating" had Sp of 86% (12/14 ate/ruminated) and Se of 71% (10/14 did not eat/ruminate) at 5 hpi. This study shows that feeding/ruminating, tail position, and reactivity at forestripping could be used as behavioral indictors for early detection of mastitis-related pain in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ginger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D Ledoux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - M Bouchon
- INRAE, Herbipôle, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - I Rautenbach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Bagnard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - T Lurier
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - G Foucras
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - P Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - D Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A de Boyer des Roches
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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19
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Richardet M, Solari HG, Cabrera VE, Vissio C, Agüero D, Bartolomé JA, Bó GA, Bogni CI, Larriestra AJ. The Economic Evaluation of Mastitis Control Strategies in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101701. [PMID: 37238131 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The economic evaluation of mastitis control is challenging. The objective of this study was to perform the economic evaluation of mastitis control, under different intervention scenarios, quantifying the total cost of mastitis caused by S. aureus in Holstein cows in Argentina. A model was set for a dairy herd of Holstein cows endemically infected with S. aureus. A basic mastitis control plan including proper milking procedures, milking machine test, dry cow therapy, and treatment for clinical mastitis, was compared against other more complex and costly interventions, such as segregation and culling of chronically infected cows. Sensitivity analysis was performed by modifying the intramammary infection transition probabilities, economic parameters, and efficacy of treatment strategies. The basic mastitis control plan showed a median total cost of USD88.6/cow per year, which was close to the infected cows culling scenarios outputs. However, the segregation scenario was the most efficient, in which the total cost was reduced by about 50%. Such cost was more sensitive to probabilities and efficacy than the economic parameters. The model is flexible and can be customized by producers and veterinarians according to different control and herd settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Richardet
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Solari
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Victor E Cabrera
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Claudina Vissio
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Daniel Agüero
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Julián A Bartolomé
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico L6360, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Bó
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María X5900, Argentina
| | - Cristina I Bogni
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Larriestra
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María X5900, Argentina
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20
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Lipkens Z, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Impact of Selective Dry Cow Therapy on Antimicrobial Consumption, Udder Health, Milk Yield, and Culling Hazard in Commercial Dairy Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050901. [PMID: 37237804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether or not implementing selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on commercial dairy farms reduces antimicrobial consumption without negatively affecting future performances when compared to blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT). Twelve commercial herds in the Flemish region of Belgium with overall good udder health management were enrolled in a randomized control trial, including 466 cows that were assigned to a BDCT (n = 244) or SDCT (n = 222) group within herds. Cows in the SDCT group were dried off with internal teat sealants combined or not with long-acting antimicrobials according to a predefined algorithm based on test-day somatic cell count (SCC) data. Total antimicrobial use for udder health between drying off and 100 days in milk was significantly lower in the SDCT group (i.e., a mean of 1.06 defined the course dose) compared to the BDCT group (i.e., a mean of 1.25 defined the course dose), although with substantial variation between herds. Test-day SCC values, milk yield, and the clinical mastitis and culling hazard in the first 100 days in milk did not differ between the BDCT and SDCT groups. SCC-based and algorithm-guided SDCT is suggested to decrease the overall use of antimicrobials without jeopardizing cows' udder health and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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21
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Wieland M, Mann S. [Outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in a dairy herd: A case report]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:116-124. [PMID: 37230147 DOI: 10.1055/a-2050-3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The report describes an outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in a dairy herd. The risk assessment included the analysis of data from milk recordings, bacteriological milk cultures, clinical mastitis records and influence of infected status on the culling risk of affected animals, as well as an evaluation of the milking routine. The milking routine and the treatment protocol of animals with Staphylococcus aureus infection were identified as possible risk factors. The implemented measures included changes to the milking routine, a different treatment protocol for infected animals, and culling and segregation of infected animals to reduce overall prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wieland
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
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22
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Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Association of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis in the first 100 days of first lactation with productive lifetime: An observational study comparing competing risks models for death and sale with the Cox model. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105879. [PMID: 36841041 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to study the association between clinical mastitis (CM) (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., cases with other treated or other not treated organisms, CM without growth) occurring in a dairy cow's first 100 days (d) of her first lactation and her total productive lifetime, ending in death or sale (for slaughter). Data were collected from 24,831 cows in 5 New York Holstein herds from 2004 to 2014. Two analytical approaches were compared. First, removals (death, sale) were treated as competing events in separate survival analyses, in proportional subdistribution hazards models. In one, death was coded as the event of interest and sale as the competing event; in another, sale was the event of interest and death the competing event. Second, traditional survival analysis (Cox proportional hazards) was conducted. In all models, the time variable was number of days from date of first calving until event (death or sale) date; if the cow was alive at study end, she was censored. Models were stratified by herd. Ten percent of cows died; 48.4 % were sold. In the competing risks analysis, E. coli and CM without growth were associated with death; the former with an increased hazard rate of death, the latter with a lower one. Streptococcus spp., Staph. aureus, Klebsiella spp., cases with other treated or untreated organisms, and CM without growth were associated with higher hazard rates of sale. The Cox proportional hazards model's hazard rates were higher than those in the competing risks model in which death was the event of interest, and resembled those in the model in which sale was the event of interest. Four additional Cox models, omitting dead or sold cows, or censoring each, were also fitted; hazard ratios were similar to the above models. Proportional subdistribution hazards models were appropriate due to competing risks (death, sale); they produce less-biased estimates. A study limitation is that while proportional subdistribution hazards models were appropriate, they have the illogical feature of keeping subjects at risk for the event of interest even after experiencing the competing event. This is, however, necessary in estimating cumulative incidence functions. Another limitation concerns pathogen variability among study farms, implying that CM decisions are farm-specific. Misclassification of 'dead' vs. 'sold' cows was also possible. Nevertheless, the findings may help in optimizing management of cows contracting specific types of CM early in productive lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Hertl
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Royal GD, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Loren W Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Francis L Welcome
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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23
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Paramasivam R, Gopal DR, Dhandapani R, Subbarayalu R, Elangovan MP, Prabhu B, Veerappan V, Nandheeswaran A, Paramasivam S, Muthupandian S. Is AMR in Dairy Products a Threat to Human Health? An Updated Review on the Origin, Prevention, Treatment, and Economic Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:155-178. [PMID: 36636377 PMCID: PMC9831082 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s384776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly illness impacting dairy herds worldwide. The presence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows has an impact on the decreased output of milk and milk quality, culling of affected cows, mortality rate, as well as mastitis-related treatment expenses, generating significant financial loss to the dairy industry. The pathogenic bacteria invade through the mammary gland, which then multiply in the milk-producing tissues causing infection, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is concerning, jeopardizes human health, and also has public health consequences. Intervention to promote herd health is essential to protect public health and the economy. Results This review attempts to provide an overview of subclinical mastitis, including mastitis in different species, the effect of mastitis on human health and its pathogenic mechanism, the prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis, and current preventive, diagnostic, and treatment methods for subclinical mastitis. It also elaborates on the management practices that should be followed by the farms to improve herd immunity and health. Conclusion This review brings the importance of the threat of antimicrobial resistance organisms to the dairy industry. Furthermore, this review gives a glimpse of the economic consequences faced by the farmers and a futuristic mastitis market analysis in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragul Paramasivam
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Science University (TANUVAS), Chennai, 600007, India
| | | | | | | | - Bhavadharani Prabhu
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Veeramani Veerappan
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Lab, Centre for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India,Division of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Saravanan Muthupandian, Email
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24
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Mastitis: What It Is, Current Diagnostics, and the Potential of Metabolomics to Identify New Predictive Biomarkers. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases continue to be the greatest challenge to both farmers and dairy cows. They are associated with a decrease in productivity, lower profitability, and a negative impact on cows’ health as well as public health. This review article discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic opportunities of mastitis, the most common disease of dairy cows. To better understand the disease, we dive deep into the causative agents, traditional paradigms, and the use of new technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mastitis. This paper takes a systems biology approach by highlighting the relationship of mastitis with other diseases and introduces the use of omics sciences, specifically metabolomics and its analytical techniques. Concluding, this review is backed up by multiple studies that show how earlier identification of mastitis through predictive biomarkers can benefit the dairy industry and improve the overall animal health.
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25
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Liu K, Zhang L, Gu X, Qu W. The Prevalence of Klebsiella spp. Associated With Bovine Mastitis in China and Its Antimicrobial Resistance Rate: A Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:757504. [PMID: 35812847 PMCID: PMC9263621 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.757504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding distribution of bovine mastitis pathogen Klebsiella spp. can contribute to the treatment decision and the control within programs of bovine mastitis, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance rates of Klebsiella spp. associated with bovine mastitis in China. Three databases, namely, PubMed, Google scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, were utilized to obtain relevant publications. According to PRISMA reporting standards, a total of 38 publications were included in the research, among them, 7 papers included an AMR test. The pooled prevalence of Klebsiella spp. was 5.41% (95% CI: 3.87–7.50%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence was higher in South China (8.55%, 95% CI: 3.57–19.09%) than in North China (4.22%, 95% CI: 2.46–7.14%), in 2010–2020 (7.45%, 95% CI: 5.29–110.40%) than in 2000–2010 (3.14%, 95% CI: 1.90–15.14%), and in the clinical bovine mastitis cases (7.49%, 95% CI: 3.71–14.54%) than in the subclinical cases (4.03%, 95% CI: 1.55–10.08%). The pooled AMR rate revealed that Klebsiella spp. were most resistant to sulfonamides (45.07%, 95% CI: 27.72–63.71%), followed by tetracyclines (36.18%, 95% CI: 23.36–51.34%), aminoglycosides (27.47%, 95% CI: 17.16–40.92%), β-lactams (27.35%, 95% CI: 16.90–41.05%), amphenicol (26.82%, 95% CI: 14.17–44.87%), lincosamides (21.24%, 95% CI: 7.65–46.75%), macrolides (20.98%, 95% CI: 7.20–47.58%), polypeptides (15.51%, 95% CI: 6.46–32.78%), and quinolones (7.8%, 95% CI: 3.25–17.56%). The climate difference between South and North China and the natural pathogenicity of Klebsiella spp. may be the primary reasons for its distribution, and the prevalence of Klebsiella spp. indicated that the genus is an increasing hazard to the dairy industry. The prevalence of AMR in China is commonly higher than in the European countries and Canada, this is a very important concern for strategy programs to control bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp. in China.
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26
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Jiang LY, Sun HZ, Guan RW, Shi F, Zhao FQ, Liu JX. Formation of Blood Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Increases the Mastitis Risk of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880578. [PMID: 35572521 PMCID: PMC9092530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to analyze the functions of blood neutrophils in transition cows and their association with postpartum mastitis risk as indicated by somatic cell counts (SCCs) in milk. Seventy-six healthy Holstein dairy cows were monitored from Week 4 prepartum to Week 4 postpartum. Five dairy cows with low SCCs (38 ± 6.0 × 103/mL) and five with high SCCs (3,753 ± 570.0 × 103/mL) were selected based on milk SCCs during the first three weeks of lactation. At Week 1 pre- and postpartum, serum samples were obtained from each cow to measure neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-related variables, and blood neutrophils were collected for transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. The serum concentration of NETs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cows with high SCCs than in cows with low SCCs (36.5 ± 2.92 vs. 18.4 ± 1.73 ng/mL). The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the transcriptome differences in neutrophils between high- and low-SCC cows were mainly in cell cycle-related pathways (42.6%), including the cell cycle, DNA damage, and chromosomal conformation, at Week 1 prepartum. The hub genes of these pathways were mainly involved in both the cell cycle and NETosis. These results indicated that the formation of NETs in the blood of transition dairy cows was different between cows with low and high SCCs, which may be used as a potential indicator for the prognosis of postpartum mastitis risk and management strategies of perinatal dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yi Jiang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Wei Guan
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fushan Shi
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, MA, United States
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Chamchoy T, Okello E, Williams DR, Tonooka K, Glenn K, Maehana K, Gardner IA, Aly SS. Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a rapid mastitis test kit, bacterial culture, and PCR for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and coliforms in bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6240-6250. [PMID: 35525615 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid and novel immunochromatography-based mastitis kit that includes 3 independent tests to detect coliforms (Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae), Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The kit was developed to facilitate diagnostic-based mastitis treatment. Validation of the kit was based on 154 aseptically collected mastitis samples from 2 clinical herds (clinical population) and 120 milk samples from 3 nonclinical herds (nonclinical population) without clinical cases at the time of enrollment. One herd sampled at different times was common to both populations. A 3-test in 2-population Bayesian latent class model with uniform priors for all test parameters except specificity of culture, which was modeled informatively, was used to estimate sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the test kit, culture, and PCR at the cow level. The mastitis test kit's 96.9% Sp for Streptococcus spp. had a low false positive percentage (3.1%), which, together with the kit's rapid turnaround time for results, makes it a suitable initial screening test that producers can use to identify clinical cows to treat based on Streptococcus spp. mastitis in kit-positive results. Due to the 60.4% kit Se, producers should follow up on Streptococcus spp. kit-negative cows using a confirmatory test such as PCR (Sp of 98.4%) or culture (Sp of 99.6%). In contrast, aerobic culture had Se of 76.5% and Sp of 99.6% for Streptococcus spp. Similarly, the Sp of the kit (98.2%) and culture (99.8%) for Staph. aureus were particularly high, and even though the kit's Se (61.0%) was lower than culture (88.4%; posterior probability of difference 98%), the kit could be beneficial before use of a confirmatory test for kit-negative samples due to its ease and rapid turnaround time. Mostly, quantitative real-time (q)PCR outperformed the kit's Se (37.7%) and Sp (92.9%) for coliforms, as well as the kit's Se (60.4%) for Streptococcus spp. However, qPCR may require more technical skills and turnaround time for final results. Use of the on-farm mastitis test kit evaluated in the present study could enhance sustainable antimicrobial drug use by rapidly identifying Streptococcus mastitis for targeted treatment. Furthermore, the kit may be used in a Staph. aureus outbreak where cows can be rapidly screened to identify cases for segregation or culling during an outbreak and kit-negative cows further confirmed by milk culture or qPCR. However, the cost-effectiveness of such an approach has not been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis 93274
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - Karen Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - Kathy Glenn
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - Koji Maehana
- Healthcare R&D Center, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Fuji, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A4P3, Canada
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis 93274.
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28
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07312. [PMID: 35582361 PMCID: PMC9087474 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for cattle and horses in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. aureus can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (60-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 1-5%, 5-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-90% and 60-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. aureus according to Article 8 criteria include mainly mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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29
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Kaniyamattam K, Hertl J, Tauer L, Grohn Y. Economics of reducing antibiotic usage for pathogen-specific clinical mastitis through genomic selection and disease management. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Wareth G, Linde J, Hammer P, Pletz MW, Neubauer H, Sprague LD. WGS-Based Phenotyping and Molecular Characterization of the Resistome, Virulome and Plasmid Replicons in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Powdered Milk Produced in Germany. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030564. [PMID: 35336140 PMCID: PMC8956024 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in German healthcare is worrying. It is not well-investigated in the veterinary world and food chains. In the current study, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 24 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from powdered milk samples produced in Germany were investigated by a microdilution test. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to identify genomic determinants for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence-associated genes and plasmids replicons. All isolates were susceptible to the majority (14/18) of tested antibiotics. Resistance to colistin, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol and piperacillin was found. The ambler class A ß-lactamase, blaSHV variants were identified in all isolates, of which blaSHV-187 was most prevalent and found in 50% of isolates. Single-nucleotide-variants of oqxA and oqxB conferring resistance to phenicol/quinolone were found in all isolates, and the oqxB17 was the most prevalent found in 46% of isolates. 67% of isolates harbored fosA genes; however, only one was fosfomycin-resistant. Two isolates harbored genes conferring resistance to colistin, despite being susceptible. The majority of identified virulome genes were iron uptake siderophores. Two enterobactins (entB, fepC), six adherence-related genes belonging to E. coli common pilus (ECP) and one secretion system (ompA gene) were found in all isolates. In contrast, yersiniabactin was found in two isolates. One ST23 strain was susceptible to all tested antibiotics, and harbored determinants discriminatory for hypervirulent strains, e.g., aerobactin, salmochelin, yersiniabactin, enterobactin and regulator of mucoid phenotype A genes that are highly associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae. The IncF plasmid family was found in all strains, while almost half of the isolates harbored Col440I-type plasmids and nine isolates harbored various Inc-type plasmids. The presence of K. pneumoniae carrying different resistomes and major virulent specific virulomes in powdered milk samples is alarming. This could threaten public health, particularly of neonates and infants consuming dried milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.L.); (H.N.); (L.D.S.)
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Jörg Linde
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.L.); (H.N.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Philipp Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Research Campus Infectognostics, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.L.); (H.N.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lisa D. Sprague
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.L.); (H.N.); (L.D.S.)
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Liebe DM, Steele NM, Petersson-Wolfe CS, De Vries A, White RR. Practical challenges and potential approaches to predicting low-incidence diseases on farm using individual cow data: A clinical mastitis example. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2369-2379. [PMID: 35086707 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical mastitis (CM) incidence is considerable in terms of cows affected per year, but cases are much less common in terms of detections per cow per milking. From a modeling perspective, where predictions are made every time any cow is milked, low CM incidence per cow day makes training, evaluating, and applying CM prediction models a challenge. The objective of this study was to build models for predicting CM incidence using time-series sensor data and choose models that maximize net return based on a cost matrix. Data collected from 2 university dairy farms, the University of Florida and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, were used to gather representative data, including 110,156 milkings and 333 CM cases. Variables used in the models were milk yield, protein, lactose, fat, electrical conductivity, days in milk, lactation number, and activity as the number of steps, lying time, lying bouts, and lying bout duration. Models that predicted either likelihood of CM caused by gram-negative (GN) or gram-positive (GP) bacteria on each day were derived using extreme gradient boosting with weighting favoring true-positive cases, logistic responses, and log-loss errors. Model accuracies were determined using data randomly held out from the training set on each run. All variables considered were in terms of change (slope) over previous days, including the day CM was visually detected. The GN models had a median sensitivity (Se) of 52.6% and specificity (Sp) of 99.8%, whereas the GP models had a median Se of 37.5% and Sp of 99.9% when tested on the held-out data. In our models optimized to reduce cost from predictions, the Se was much less than Sp, suggesting that CM models might benefit from greater model weighting placed on Sp. Results also highlight the importance of positive predictive value (true positive cases per predicted positive case) along with Sp and Se, as models built on sparse data tend to predict too many false-positive cases. The calculated partial net return of our GN and GP models were -$0.15 and -$0.10 per cow per lactation, respectively, whereas International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard models with Se of 80% and Sp of 99% would return -$1.32 per cow per lactation. Models chosen that minimized the cost to the farmer differed markedly from models that met ISO guidelines, showing asymmetry in targets between Sp and Se when the disease incidence rate is low. Because of the unique challenges that low-incidence diseases like CM present, we recommend that future CM predictive models consider the economic and practical implications in addition to the traditional model evaluation metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Liebe
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - N M Steele
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | | | - A De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R R White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060.
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Shoshani E, van Straten M. Effects of bovine casein hydrolysate as a dry cow therapy on prevention and cure of bovine intramammary infection, milk production, and somatic cell count in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4354-4369. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ludwiczak A, Składanowska‐Baryza J, Sell‐Kubiak E. Effect of mastitis incidence on litter size, litter weight, and milk composition of rabbit does. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13775. [PMID: 36274651 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of mastitis incidence on the litter size, litter birth weight, and milk composition of Hycole does on a commercial rabbit farm during their third and fourth parity. At third parity does were assigned to the "No mastitis" (n = 30) and "Mastitis" (n = 28) groups on the basis of visible abscesses in the mammary gland area. The microbiological analysis revealed the presence of different pathogenic bacteria. At third parity, "Mastitis" females had fewer kits than the "No mastitis" group, and the average birth weight was lower. On day 2 of the third lactation, "Mastitis" does produced significantly less milk daily compared with the "No mastitis" group. A significant effect on the incidence of mastitis on the litter size and litter weight during the growth of kits up to the 35th day was also observed. The effect of the incidence of mastitis on milk chemical composition was limited. At the fourth parity, the litter characteristics and daily milk yield were leveled in "Mastitis" and "No mastitis" females. To conclude, our study showed that mastitis negatively affects litter size, birth weight, and daily milk yield in the current parity. However, early detection and proper treatment allowed to obtain good reproductive results and healthy kits in the next parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwiczak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment Poznań University of Life Sciences Suchy Las Poland
| | - Joanna Składanowska‐Baryza
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment Poznań University of Life Sciences Suchy Las Poland
| | - Ewa Sell‐Kubiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
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SUGIYAMA M, WATANABE M, SONOBE T, KIBE R, KOYAMA S, KATAOKA Y. Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for bovine acute <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae </i>mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1023-1028. [PMID: 35675974 PMCID: PMC9353081 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for bovine acute Klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis. We evaluated data from cattle
in Ehime, Japan, with naturally occurring acute mastitis due to K. pneumoniae (n=208) or Escherichia coli (n=201). Survival was significantly shorter in
cattle with acute K. pneumoniae mastitis (median, 76 days) compared with the disease caused by E. coli (median 464 days). In 2004–2008, because both species
were highly susceptible to cefazolin, cases of K. pneumoniae and E. coli mastitis were treated solely with cefazolin, yielding clinical cure rates of 52.8%
for K. pneumoniae and 86.0% for E. coli. However, since 2009, the efficacy of treatment of K. pneumoniae mastitis with cefazolin alone has
decreased. When cefazolin administered on the first disease day led to clinical improvement, treatment with cefazolin was continued. However, when cefazolin administered on the first disease
day failed to yield clinical improvement, the antibiotic was switched to a fluoroquinolone on the second day, resulting in cure rates of 76.7% for K. pneumoniae and 80.0%
for E. coli. These findings suggest that, when the first-line drug (e.g., cefazolin) is ineffective, promptly changing to a second-line drug (e.g., a fluoroquinolone)
increases the cure rate for bovine K. pneumoniae mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryoko KIBE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Shuichi KOYAMA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yasushi KATAOKA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Shangraw EM, McFadden TB. Graduate Student Literature Review: Systemic mediators of inflammation during mastitis and the search for mechanisms underlying impaired lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2718-2727. [PMID: 34955254 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The negative effect of mastitis on lactation is well established, yet the mechanisms causing reduced milk production in the afflicted dairy cow are not. As one of the major inflammatory diseases in the dairy industry, mastitis has rightly received considerable research interest for decades. However, the focus on distinct, pathologic effects in mastitic glands has largely overlooked systemic effects on noninflamed mammary glands. This is particularly evident in the severe, acute response to the potent inflammatory mediator, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whereas secretory cell death, impaired tight junctions, and migration of leukocytes are locally restricted to an inflamed, LPS-challenged gland, changes in milk yield and milk components may be detectable in all mammary glands. Further, these differences extend to the mammary transcriptome. Notably, few transcriptomic studies have been designed to test for effects of systemic mediators of inflammation on gene expression. Relevant changes in the noninflamed mammary gland, identified through biochemical analyses and transcriptional studies, warrant further research. Current evidence suggests proinflammatory cytokines play a role in regulating lactose synthesis, but additional candidates and mechanisms continue to be identified. Ultimately, understanding how systemic mediators of inflammation affect mammary function may lead to the development of interventions that enable more efficient milk production without sacrificing the benefits of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shangraw
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
| | - T B McFadden
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Chen Y, Ma Y, Ji Q, Yang X, Feng X, Yao R, Cheng X, Li T, Wang Y, Wang Z. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Infection Decreases Milk Protein Synthesis by Preventing Amino Acid Uptake in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:756375. [PMID: 34869729 PMCID: PMC8636274 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.756375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens in cow mastitis, colonizing mammary tissues and being internalized into mammary epithelial cells, causing intracellular infection in the udder. Milk that is produced by cows that suffer from mastitis due to S. aureus is associated with decreased production and changes in protein composition. However, there is limited information on how mastitis-inducing bacteria affect raw milk, particularly with regard to protein content and protein composition. The main purpose of this work was to examine how S. aureus infection affects milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were infected with S. aureus, and milk protein and amino acid levels were determined by ELISA after S. aureus invasion. The activity of mTORC1 signaling and the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT5 and the expression of the amino acid transporters SLC1A3 and SLC7A5 were measured by western blot or immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. S. aureus was internalized by BMECs in vitro, and the internalized bacteria underwent intracellular proliferation. Eight hours after S. aureus invasion, milk proteins were downregulated, and the level of BMECs that absorbed Glu, Asp, and Leu from the culture medium and the exogenous amino acids induced β-casein synthesis declined. Further, the activity of mTORC1 signaling, NF-κB, and STAT5 was impaired, and SLC1A3 and SLC7A5 were downregulated. Eight hours of treatment with 100 nM rapamycin inhibited NF-κB and STAT5 activity, SLC1A3 and SLC7A5 expression, and milk protein synthesis in BMECs. Thus mTORC1 regulates the expression of SLC1A3 and SLC7A5 through NF-κB and STAT5. These findings constitute a model by which S. aureus infection suppresses milk protein synthesis by decreasing amino acids uptake in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jining Normal University, Jining, China
| | - Yuze Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ruiyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoou Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Denis-Robichaud J, Christophe M, Roy JP, Buczinski S, Rousseau M, Villettaz Robichaud M, Dubuc J. Randomized controlled trial of pegbovigrastim as an adjunct therapy for naturally occurring severe clinical mastitis cases in dairy cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:398-402. [PMID: 36337107 PMCID: PMC9623706 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with pegbovigrastim increased survival after a case of severe clinical mastitis. Treatment with pegbovigrastim had no effect on subsequent bacteriological cure. Treatment with pegbovigrastim had no effect on subsequent milk production.
The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of pegbovigrastim (PEG) as an adjunct therapy for naturally occurring severe mastitis cases on survival, intramammary bacteriological cure, and subsequent milk production. A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on a single commercial dairy farm. During the study period, all cows having a case of severe clinical mastitis, defined as the presence of abnormal milk and inflammation in one quarter or more combined with the presence of systemic signs (pyrexia, dehydration, or recumbency), were enrolled in the study. In addition to a standardized therapy combining systemic and intramammary antimicrobials as well as systemic anti-inflammatory drugs, cows received a subcutaneous injection of either 2.7 mL of 0.9% sterile saline (control group; CON) or 2.7 mL of PEG (PEG group). A milk sample for bacteriological analysis was taken before treatment was administered and a second sample was taken 14 d after enrollment. Survival (30 d post-treatment) and bacteriological cure (14 d post-treatment) were analyzed by survival analysis and chi-squared tests, respectively, whereas daily milk production was treated as a repeated measure in mixed regression models. The 77 cows enrolled in the study were of parity 2 to 4 (mean = 3) and between 3 and 302 d in milk (mean = 154). The bacteria identified in milk at enrollment were Klebsiella spp. (n = 48; 62%), Escherichia coli (n = 16; 21%), Enterobacter spp. (n = 10; 13%), or no growth (n = 3; 4%). The probability of survival during the first 30 d after treatment was higher in the PEG group (84%) than in the control group (46%). Daily milk production over the 30-d period following treatment and bacteriological cure 14 d post-treatment did not differ between groups. Overall, cows treated with PEG as an adjunct therapy for naturally occurring cases of severe clinical mastitis had a better survival than cows treated with saline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Christophe
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - J.-P. Roy
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - S. Buczinski
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - M. Rousseau
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - M. Villettaz Robichaud
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - J. Dubuc
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
- Corresponding author
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Abstract
The term “spontaneous recovery” refers to a return to a previous condition without any external treatment. In cow mastitis, it refers to cases exhibiting visual symptoms (clinical) or an increase in somatic cell count (SCC) with no visual symptoms (subclinical), with or without identification of a pathogen, from which the animal recovers. A large retrospective analysis of data compiled from the Israeli Dairy Herd Book was performed to evaluate the occurrence of: (i) actual “spontaneous recovery” from the inflammation; (ii) recovery from the inflammation due to antibiotic treatment. In 2018, 123,958 cows from 650 herds with first elevation of SCC at monthly test-day milk yield were clustered into five SCC-cutoff levels (CL) (×103 cells/mL): CL1 (200–299), CL2 (300–399), CL3 (400–499), CL4 (500–999), CL5 (≥1000). Each cutoff level was analyzed separately, and each cow appeared only once in the same lactation and cutoff level, thus resulting in five independent analyses. Recovery was defined as decreased SCC on all three monthly test days, or on the second and third test days, set to: R1 (<100 × 103 cells/mL); R2 (<250 × 103 cells/mL). No difference was found among cutoff levels when the recovery was set to R1, with only 10–12% of the cows presenting spontaneous recovery. When the recovery was set to R2, percent spontaneous recovery was 25–27% at the three higher cutoff levels (CL3–CL5) and 35–41% at the lowest levels (CL1, CL2). Antibiotic treatment was administered to only ~10% of the cows, and in only the higher cutoff-level groups—CL4 and CL5. No difference was found between spontaneous recovery and recovery after antibiotic treatment. Moreover, percentage culled cows treated with antibiotics was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of non-treated culled cows (18 and 10.2, respectively), suggesting that the more severe mastitis cases were treated. We concluded that (i) actual spontaneous recovery from inflammation is low and does not depend on the number of cells in the milk at time of infection, and (ii) recovery from inflammation following antibiotic treatment is not higher.
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Fréchette A, Fecteau G, Côté C, Dufour S. Clinical Mastitis Incidence in Dairy Cows Housed on Recycled Manure Solids Bedding: A Canadian Cohort Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742868. [PMID: 34631863 PMCID: PMC8495071 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedding can affect mammary health of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical mastitis incidence in cows housed on recycled manure solids bedding and, more specifically, to determine which pathogens were involved. We followed 26 recycled manure solids farms and 60 straw-bedded farms as a comparative group during 1 year (2018-2019). For each episode of clinical mastitis, defined as a visual alteration of the milk, with or without local or systemic signs of infection, producers sampled aseptically the affected quarter, provided some details about the animal, and sent the sample to the research team at the Université de Montréal. We received and analyzed 1,144 milk samples. The samples were cultured according to the National Mastitis Council guidelines and the different colony phenotypes were subsequently identified with mass spectrometry. In 54.6% of CM cases, a single phenotype of bacteria was cultured (pure culture), while two different phenotypes were found in 16.8% of the samples (mixed culture), and no growth was observed in 14.4% of the samples. Samples with three or more phenotypes were considered contaminated and were not included in the pathogen-specific analyses (14.3% of the submitted samples). The most frequently identified bacterial species in pure and mixed culture in farms using recycled manure solids were Streptococcus uberis (16.0%), Escherichia coli (13.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (6.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%). In straw farms, the most frequent species were S. aureus (16.6%), S. uberis (11.0%), E. coli (9.1%), S. dysgalactiae (8.0%), and K. pneumoniae (1.1%). The incidence of clinical mastitis (all cases together) was not higher in recycled manure solids farms (14.0 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 8.3-23.7) compared with straw-bedded farms (16.3 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 9.0-29.6). However, K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis episodes were 7.0 (95% CI: 2.0-24.6) times more frequent in recycled manure solids farms than in straw farms. Adjusted least square means estimates were 1.6 K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.8-3.4) in recycled manure solids farms vs. 0.2 cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.1-0.6) in straw-bedded farms. Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical mastitis is in general severe. Producers interested in this bedding alternative need to be aware of this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Fréchette
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Côté
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Suganuma K, Kayano M, Kida K, Gröhn YT, Miura R, Ohari Y, Mizushima D, Inoue N. Genetic and seasonal variations of Trypanosoma theileri and the association of Trypanosoma theileri infection with dairy cattle productivity in Northern Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102476. [PMID: 34610467 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma theileri is considered a non- or low-pathogenic trypanosome that generally causes latent infection in apparently healthy cattle; however, T. theileri propagates in the bloodstream and may cause clinical disease in pregnant animals or co-infection with bovine leukemia virus or Theileria orientalis. In the current study, a monthly survey of T. theileri infection over one year was carried out in a research dairy farm in Hokkaido, Japan to determine the 1) seasonal variations in the prevalence, 2) genetic characterization of T. theileri, and 3) associations of milk and blood parameters in dairy cattle with T. theileri infection, including data of metabolic profile tests and dairy herd performance tests, using linear mixed models. We found that 1) the prevalence of T. theileri infection was significantly higher in summer and winter than in other seasons; 2) T. theileri possibly showed genetic diversity in Eastern Hokkaido; and 3) T. theileri infection was associated with significantly lower levels of blood urea nitrogen, milk protein, and solids-not-fat, which are caused by a low rumen fermentation level. This is the first study to report the negative impact of T. theileri infection in dairy cattle, and our study indicates that control of T. theileri infection can improve the productivity of dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Kida
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ryotaro Miura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Larsen LR, Baker PH, Enger KM, Moraes LE, Adkins PRF, Pempek JA, Zimmerly CA, Gauta SM, Bond RL, Enger BD. Administration of internal teat sealant in primigravid dairy heifers at different times of gestation to prevent intramammary infections at calving. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12773-12784. [PMID: 34593233 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) are common in primigravid dairy heifers and can negatively affect future milk production. Bismuth subnitrate-based internal teat sealants (ITS) have been used to prevent prepartum IMI in dairy heifers by creating a physical barrier within the teat, preventing pathogens from entering the gland, though determination of when to administer ITS in heifers has yet to be investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine if administration of ITS in primigravid heifers reduced the odds of IMI at calving and if administration of ITS at different stages of gestation (75 vs. 35 d prepartum) affected the odds of IMI at calving. A total of 270 heifers were used at a single farm. One quarter of each heifer was randomly chosen to be aseptically sampled and administered ITS 75 d prepartum (ITS75), another quarter of each heifer was sampled and received ITS 35 d prepartum (ITS35), whereas the remaining 2 quarters of each heifer served as control quarters (CON) and were not sampled before calving. Within 12 h of calving, aseptic colostrum samples were collected from all quarters to determine quarter infection status. When an IMI was caused by mastitis pathogens other than non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), CON quarters were 3 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-6.3] and 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.2-4.9) more likely to be infected at calving than ITS75 and ITS35 quarters, respectively. For IMI with NAS, CON quarters were 5.8 (95% CI: 3.2-10.5) and 6.4 (95% CI: 3.4-12.0) times more likely to be infected than ITS75 and ITS35 quarters, respectively. Odds of IMI at calving was similar between ITS75 and ITS35 quarters for both NAS (odds ratio = 0.9) and other pathogens (odds ratio = 1.2). Results indicate that ITS administration at either 75 and 35 d prepartum reduced IMI prevalence at calving in primigravid dairy heifers. Farm specific factors may influence prevalence and timing of heifer IMI and earlier administration of ITS provides an extended period of protection for the developing gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Larsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - P H Baker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - K M Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J A Pempek
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C A Zimmerly
- New Pittsburg Large Animal Clinic, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - S M Gauta
- STgenetics Ohio Heifer Center, South Charleston, OH 45368
| | - R L Bond
- STgenetics Ohio Heifer Center, South Charleston, OH 45368
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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42
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Kok A, Tsousis G, Niozas G, Kemp B, Kaske M, van Knegsel ATM. Short communication: Variance and autocorrelation of deviations in daily milk yield are related with clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Animal 2021; 15:100363. [PMID: 34562696 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily milk production, and fluctuations therein, can provide information on health and resilience of dairy cows. We studied variance and autocorrelation of deviations in daily milk yield in relation to the occurrence of clinical mastitis (no, early or later in lactation). Individual lactation curves were fitted to 305-d lactations of 414 dairy cows using quantile regression. Log-transformed variance (lnVar) and autocorrelation of the quantile residuals of daily milk yield (predicted - observed) were evaluated for intervals until 30 and until 305 days in milk (DIM). Cows were classified as having no mastitis (n = 249), early mastitis that first occurred before 30 DIM (n = 29); or later mastitis (n = 136). Subsequently, linear models were used to assess effects of mastitis and parity class (primiparous or multiparous) on lnVar and autocorrelations; and logistic regression analyses were performed to predict mastitis from lnVar or autocorrelation and parity. From 10 to 30 DIM, lnVar was greater for cows with early mastitis than for cows with no or late mastitis, and autocorrelation tended to be lower for cows with early mastitis than for cows with no mastitis. The lnVar and autocorrelation from 10 to 30 DIM were not predictive of late mastitis. From 10 to 305 DIM, lnVar was greater and autocorrelation was lower for both cows with early and late mastitis than for cows with no mastitis; and both were predictive of having mastitis in the 305-d lactation. Primiparous cows had lower lnVar than multiparous cows. In cows without mastitis, autocorrelation values were positively correlated with lnVar. Results confirm that increased lnVar is associated with clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kok
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G Tsousis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Niozas
- Clinic for Cattle, University for Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Kaske
- Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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43
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Luo Z, Geng S, Lu B, Han G, Wang Y, Luo Y, Yang Z, Cao S, Yao X. Isolation, Genomic Analysis, and Preliminary Application of a Bovine Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteriophage vB_Kpn_B01. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:622049. [PMID: 34540928 PMCID: PMC8446446 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.622049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen that can infect both humans and cattle. The widespread K. pneumoniae and its high drug resistance make it difficult to treat Klebsiella infections/diseases. In this study, a lytic K. pneumoniae bacteriophage vB_Kpn_B01 was isolated from a dairy farm trough in Sichuan Province, and its biological properties were studied, and the entire genome of vB_Kpn_B01 was sequenced. The therapeutic effects of the phage on disease-causing mice were preliminarily tested. Phages found in this study are double-stranded DNA bacterial viruses belonging to the family Siphoviridae, Sugarlandvirus. The results suggest that vB_Kpn_B01 has strong specificity and low adaptability to different adverse conditions. Meanwhile, the predicted gene products of phage vB_Kpn_B01 comprised 149 coding sequences (CDS) and 25 tRNAs, of which 34 CDS had known functions. Of course, vB_Kpn_B01 did not contain any known antibiotic-resistant or virulent genes. The pathological sections of the liver and lungs of mice showed that the inflammatory scores of the treatment group were lower than in the bacterial group. Phage vB_Kpn_B01 alleviated the inflammatory response in the organs of the infected mice, and the organ tissue bacterial load of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the bacterial group. Therefore, vB_Kpn_B01 can inhibit the proliferation of K. pneumoniae 18 in vivo and can alleviate the inflammation of target organs caused by infectious bacteria, which preliminarily indicates that vB_Kpn_B01 has a certain therapeutic effect on laboratory-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangjingchao Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangli Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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44
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Kirkeby C, Halasa T, Farre M, Chehabi GN, Græsbøll K. Transmission Dynamics of Corynebacterium spp. Within Two Danish Dairy Cattle Herds. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:735345. [PMID: 34497843 PMCID: PMC8419450 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.735345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) can cause mastitis, a prevalent and costly infectious disease in dairy cattle worldwide. The IMI is caused by a range of bacteria, including Corynebacterium spp. Knowledge of the transmission dynamics of pathogens is generally sparse but essential to support decision-making; such as input to bioeconomic models. In this observational study, we explored the transmission dynamics of Corynebacterium spp. in two different Danish dairy cattle herds by testing monthly quarter-level milk samples of all lactating cows for 1 year. We estimated the prevalence for herd 1 and 2 to 24 and 11.7%, respectively, and the mean quarter-level incidence to be 8 and 6.5% per month, respectively. We compared a model for indirect transmission via the environment with a model with the direct contagious transmission and found that the latter model best explained the data. We estimated the daily mean quarter-level transmission rate to be 0.016 and 0.018 cases/quarter-day for herd 1 and 2, respectively. The mean recovery rate was 0.012 and 0.016 for herd 1 and 2, respectively. Consequently, the basic reproduction number for herd 1 and 2 was 1.27 and 1.10, respectively. This study highlights that Corynebacterium spp. can be prevalent within a herd and transmit directly between cows. Thus, future studies should investigate cost-effective control measures against Corynebacterium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Galal Nazih Chehabi
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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45
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Fadul-Pacheco L, Delgado H, Cabrera VE. Exploring machine learning algorithms for early prediction of clinical mastitis. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Adriaens I, Van Den Brulle I, Geerinckx K, D'Anvers L, De Vliegher S, Aernouts B. Milk losses linked to mastitis treatments at dairy farms with automatic milking systems. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105420. [PMID: 34274863 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis-associated milk losses in dairy cows have a massive impact on farm profitability and sustainability. In this study, we analyzed milk losses from 4 553 treated mastitis cases as recorded via treatment registers at 41 AMS dairy farms. Milk losses were estimated based on the difference between the expected and the actual production. To estimate the unperturbed lactation curve, we applied an iterative procedure using the Wood model and a variance-dependent threshold on the milk yield residuals. We calculated milk losses both in a fixed window around the first treatment day of each mastitis case and in the perturbations corresponding to this day, at the cow level as well as at the quarter level. In a fixed time window of day -5 to 30 around the first treatment, the absolute median milk losses per case were 101.5 kg, highly dependent on the parity and the lactation stage with absolute milk losses being highest in multiparous cows and at peak lactation. Relative milk losses expressed in percentage were highest on the first treatment day, and full recovery was often not reached within 30 days from treatment onset. In 62 % of the cases, we found a perturbation in milk yield at the cow level at the time of treatment. On average, perturbations started 8.7 days before the first treatment and median absolute milk losses increased to 128 kg of milk per perturbation. Mastitis is not expected to have equal effects on the four quarters so this study additionally investigated losses in the individual udder quarters. We used a data-based method leveraging milk yield and electrical conductivity to project the presumably inflamed quarter. Next, we compared losses with the average of presumably non-inflamed quarters. Median absolute losses in a fixed 36-day window around treatment varied between 50.2 kg for front and 59.3 kg for hind inflamed quarters compared to respectively 24.7 and 26.3 kg for the median losses in the non-inflamed quarters. Also here, these losses differed between lactation stages and parities. Expressed proportionally to expected yield, the relative median milk losses in inflamed quarters on the treatment day were 20 % higher in inflamed quarters with a higher variability and slower recovery. In 86 % of the treated mastitis cases, at least one perturbation was found at the quarter level. This analysis confirms the high impact of mastitis on milk production, and the large variation between quarter losses illustrates the potential of quarter analysis for on-farm monitoring at farms with an automated milking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Adriaens
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Igor Van Den Brulle
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Katleen Geerinckx
- Province of Antwerp, Hooibeekhoeve, Hooibeeksedijk 1, 2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Lore D'Anvers
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Ghent University, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ben Aernouts
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium.
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47
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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48
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Schnur SE, Amachawadi RG, Baca G, Sexton-Bowser S, Rhodes DH, Smolensky D, Herald TJ, Perumal R, Thomson DU, Nagaraja TG. Antimicrobial Activity of Sorghum Phenolic Extract on Bovine Foodborne and Mastitis-Causing Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050594. [PMID: 34067596 PMCID: PMC8156376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens associated with bovine mastitis and human foodborne illnesses from contaminated food and water have an impact on animal and human health. Phenolic compounds have antimicrobial properties and some specialty sorghum grains are high in phenolic compounds, and the grain extract may have the potential as a natural antimicrobial alternative. The study’s objective was to determine antimicrobial effects of sorghum phenolic extract on bacterial pathogens that cause bovine mastitis and human foodborne illnesses. Bacterial pathogens tested included Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antibacterial activities of sorghum phenolic extracts were determined by agar-well diffusion assay. Sorghum phenolic extract was added to the wells in concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500, 1000, or 4000 µg/mL. The control wells did not receive phenolic extract. Plates were incubated for 18–24 h, and the diameter of each zone of inhibition was measured. The results indicated that sorghum phenolic extract had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Schnur
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-4356
| | - Giovanna Baca
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
| | | | - Davina H. Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Dmitriy Smolensky
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Thomas J. Herald
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Ramasamy Perumal
- Agriculture Research Center, Kansas State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA;
| | - Daniel U. Thomson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
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49
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Cheng J, Zhou M, Nobrega DB, Cao Z, Yang J, Zhu C, Han B, Gao J. Virulence profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from 2 large dairy farms in China. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9027-9036. [PMID: 33985773 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported on the diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from dairy herds in China. In our previous work, isolates from subclinical mastitis (SCM) had lower indices of diversity when compared with bacteria from other sources, possibly due to a contagious-like spread of udder adapted strains. Here we explored the virulence profile and capsular types of K. pneumoniae isolated from different sources on 2 dairy farms in China. Our overarching goal was to gain insights on the role of virulence genes toward the severity of mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae. A total of 1,484 samples were collected from clinical mastitis (CM; n = 355), SCM (n = 561), bulk tank milk (BTM; n = 130), and environmental and extramammary (EE) sites (n = 438). From those, 431 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained, including 129, 77, 66, and 159 isolates from CM, SCM, BTM, and EE samples, respectively. Polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the capsular types and to detect potential virulence genes in all isolates. No significant farm effects were observed when comparing the distribution of most virulence genes in K. pneumoniae isolated from each source. K57 was the most prevalent capsular type in K. pneumoniae from all sources, but with increased detection rate in isolates from CM. entB, kfu, fimH1, mrkD, and β-d-lacZ were frequently detected in K. pneumoniae from all sources. β-d-lacZ, entB, and ituA were more prevalent in isolates from CM, whereas kfu, allS, and nif were more frequently detected in isolates from SCM. ybtS, aerobactin, and rpmA had increased prevalence in K. pneumoniae from BTM when compared with bacteria from other sources. No association was detected between virulence genes and the severity of CM. K57 and the nif gene had the highest discriminatory power to classify isolates from CM and SCM, respectively. Based on our findings, it is likely that K57 is the dominant capsular type in K. pneumoniae causing CM in large Chinese dairy herds. Likewise, we demonstrated that β-d-lacZ is disseminated in K. pneumoniae isolated from large Chinese dairy farms, irrespectively of the source of bacteria. Our results also suggest a low contribution of the virulence profile of K. pneumoniae toward CM severity. Finally, the role of nif in increasing the adaptability to the udder and promoting a contagious-like spread of K. pneumoniae warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyue Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Agri-Products Quality and Safety Testing Center of Shanghai, No. 28, Ln 1528, Xinfu Zhonglu Rd, Huaxin Town, Qinpu District, Shanghai, China 201708
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Alanis VM, Zurakowski M, Pawloski D, Tomazi T, Nydam DV, Ospina PA. Description of the Characteristics of Five Bedding Materials and Association With Bulk Tank Milk Quality on Five New York Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:636833. [PMID: 33996966 PMCID: PMC8119788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.636833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental mastitis represents a major challenge on dairy farms where contagious pathogens are controlled by improved milking procedures. Therefore, research focused on the environment is important to improve udder health programs. The objectives of this prospective and descriptive study were to (1) describe bedding bacterial counts, pH, and dry matter (DM) of five different bedding types (organic: manure solids, straw, paper fiber; inorganic: sand, recycled sand) and (2) explore the association between bedding bacterial counts with bulk tank milk quality. This study took place within five conveniently selected commercial dairy herds, each with a predominant bedding material in lactating pens. Bedding samples (used n = 237; fresh n = 53) were collected monthly from July 2018 to July 2019 following a standard operating procedure (SOP) to minimize sampling variability. Additionally, a bulk tank (BT) milk sample (n = 40) was collected on the same day unless milk had been picked up prior to arrival. Both BT and bedding samples were submitted to the laboratory for culture and bacterial identification and quantification of Streptococcus spp, coliforms, and non-coliforms as well as detection of several pathogens of mastitis importance. Somatic cell count was evaluated in BT samples. Within bedding type, the correlation between bedding characteristics and bacterial counts in bedding was evaluated using Pearson correlation. Within bedding type, the correlation between bacterial counts in bedding samples and bacterial counts in BT were determined. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate the bacterial count by bedding type and to evaluate BT somatic cell count differences based on bedding type. In fresh bedding, bacterial counts were generally higher for manure solids for all bacterial groups compared with other materials. In used samples, organic materials had the highest levels of all bacterial groups. The proportion of samples with detectable organisms of mastitis importance varied within and among herds in both bedding and BT samples throughout the study period. In bedding samples, a higher DM content had the lowest levels of bacterial growth compared with those with lower DM content. Most bedding samples were on the alkaline side within a pH range of 8–11. No relationship between bacterial counts and pH was observed. No associations between BT bacteria counts and bedding bacterial counts were observed. No association between bulk tank somatic cell counts based on bedding type were observed. Despite using an SOP for bedding sampling in an effort to consistently collect samples, we still observed a large amount of variability both within and among bedding samples. This variability may have obscured any potential association between BT milk quality and bedding type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Alanis
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael Zurakowski
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Cobleskill, NY, United States
| | - Deb Pawloski
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Cobleskill, NY, United States
| | - Tiago Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Daryl V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Paula A Ospina
- Lechear Limited Liability Company, King Ferry, New York, NY, United States
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