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Vigolo V, Niero G, Penasa M, De Marchi M. Effects of preservative, storage time, and temperature of analysis on detailed milk protein composition determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7917-7925. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The effects of implementing management practices on somatic cell count levels in bovine milk. Animal 2021; 15:100177. [PMID: 33610516 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell count (SCC) can be used as a proxy for the prevalence of mastitis in a herd, reflecting the hygiene conditions and management practices on dairy farms, and thus an indicator of milk quality. In this study, we investigated how the adoption of management practices in milking systems can contribute to the reduction of SCC levels and improve milk quality. We collected data regarding management practices from 91 dairy farms in three municipalities of southeastern Pará: Parauapebas, Curionópolis, and Eldorado dos Carajás. Fifty milliliters of milk from each farm were collected in bottles containing bronopol, to preserve SCC. An exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed to reduce the number of variables (management techniques) on dairy farms to some latent factors. We then used the selected factors to estimate the bovine mastitis management index to classify farms according to their use of technology and management techniques. Our results showed that most of the farmers (65.9%) used management techniques inefficiently in their systems, resulting in a significant loss of product quality, while only 3.3% had adopted the full set of techniques. The EFA results demonstrated that simple management practices including regular cleaning of the milking lines, a strip cup test, the California mastitis test, and washing teats with water before milking could be adopted to improve milk quality. However, in scenarios where the regulations become more rigorous, most farmers are unable to meet the maximum allowable SCC requirements, necessitating management innovations to reduce SCC. Therefore, the dissemination of knowledge, technical assistance, and access to new technologies is essential for improving management practices, and thus milk quality.
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Udder Morphometry and Its Relationship with Intramammary Infections and Somatic Cell Count in Serrana Goats. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091534. [PMID: 32878125 PMCID: PMC7552324 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to characterize the external morphological traits of the mammary gland and their relationships with the presence of intramammary infection and the somatic cell count (SCC) of Serrana goats, Transmontano ecotype. Bifurcated pendular udders, with vertical loose teats and located close to each other, are more likely to have intramammary infection, and have the highest SCC. The udder shape, symmetry, degree of suspension and degree of separation parameters have shown to be significantly different depending on SCC. Abstract The external morphological traits of the mammary gland, and their relationships with somatic cell count (SCC) and the presence of intramammary infection (IMI), were studied in 30 Serrana goats, Transmontano ecotype. Globular-shaped udders were the most predominant, with slightly separated and symmetrical halves, presenting some degree of suspension. Funnel-shaped teats were the most prevalent shape with an opening of 120° to 160° degrees. Significant differences were observed between healthy group and the coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS)-infected group for udder cleft, teat perimeter and distance between teats parameters; and between healthy group and CNS or Staphylococcus aureus groups for degree of separation, teat shape and udder shape (p < 0.05). The udder shape, symmetry, degree of suspension and degree of separation parameters showed to be different depending on SCC (p < 0.05). The udder perimeter and udder depth traits showed differences between the lowest and the middle SCC group. We concluded that bifurcated pendular udders, with vertical loose teats and located close to each other, are more likely to have IMI, and have the highest SCC. The inclusion in breeding programs of certain mammary conformation traits would not only help to improve milk production, but would also decrease the susceptibility to IMI of the herd.
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Vara Martínez JADL, García Higuera A, Román Esteban M, Romero Asensio J, Carmona Delgado M, Berruga I, Molina A. Monitoring bulk milk quality by an integral traceability system of milk. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1403327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Angel de la Vara Martínez
- Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics, ETSIAM-IDR, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Andrés García Higuera
- AutoLog Group, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Romero Asensio
- Interprofessional Dairy Laboratory of Castilla-La Mancha (LILCAM), Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Manuel Carmona Delgado
- School of Doctoral Studies & Research, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Isabel Berruga
- Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics, ETSIAM-IDR, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana Molina
- Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics, ETSIAM-IDR, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Lackey KA, Williams JE, Price WJ, Carrothers JM, Brooker SL, Shafii B, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Comparison of commercially-available preservatives for maintaining the integrity of bacterial DNA in human milk. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:73-81. [PMID: 28802721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting changes to bacteria in human milk between sample collection and analysis is necessary for unbiased characterization of the milk microbiome. Although cold storage is considered optimal, alternative preservation is sometimes necessary. RESEARCH AIM/QUESTION The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of several commercially-available preservatives with regard to maintaining bacterial DNA in human milk for delayed microbiome analysis. Specifically, we compared Life Technologies' RNAlater® stabilization solution, Biomatrica's DNAgard® Saliva, Advanced Instruments' Broad Spectrum Microtabs II™, and Norgen Biotek Corporation's Milk DNA Preservation and Isolation Kit. METHODS Aliquots of 8 pools of human milk were treated with each preservative. DNA was extracted immediately and at 1, 2, 4, and 6wk, during which time milk was held at 37°C. The V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Changes in bacterial community structure and diversity over time were evaluated. RESULTS Comparable to other studies, the most abundant genera were Streptococcus (33.3%), Staphylococcus (14.0%), Dyella (6.3%), Pseudomonas (3.0%), Veillonella (2.5%), Hafnia (2.0%), Prevotella (1.7%), Rhodococcus (1.6%), and Granulicatella (1.4%). Overall, use of Norgen's Milk DNA Preservation and Isolation Kit best maintained the consistency of the bacterial community structure. Total DNA, diversity, and evenness metrics were also highest in samples preserved with this method. CONCLUSIONS When collecting human milk for bacterial community analysis in field conditions where cold storage is not available, our results suggest that Norgen's Milk DNA Preservation and Isolation Kit may be a useful method, at least for a period of 2weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Lackey
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department and Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - William J Price
- Statistical Programs, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janae M Carrothers
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sarah L Brooker
- Department and Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Bahman Shafii
- Statistical Programs, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department and Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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Zhang Y, Zheng N, Qu X, Li S, Yang J, Zhao S, Saeed Y, Meng L, Wang J. Short communication: Influence of preserving factors on detection of β-lactamase in raw bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8571-8574. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Almeida T, Neves R, Arnhold E, Rezende C, Oliveira A, Nicolau E. Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru nos resultados das análises eletrônicas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano, no estado de Goiás, e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até 10 dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C. As amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até sete dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C.
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Thomas FC, Santana AM, Waterston M, Haining H, Eckersall PD. Effect of pre-analytical treatments on bovine milk acute phase proteins. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:151. [PMID: 27457305 PMCID: PMC4960790 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Samples for diagnostic procedures often require some form of pre-analytical preparation for preservation or safe handling during transportation prior to analysis in the laboratory. This is particularly important for milk samples which frequently need preservatives to retain milk composition as close to that found in freshly collected samples as possible. METHODS Milk samples were treated by heating at 56 °C for 30 min or preserved by addition of either potassium dichromate or bronopol respectively. Haptoglobin (Hp), mammary associated serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the various treatment groups and in control samples which were not treated, using enzyme linked immunoassays. The concentrations of each APP were compared between treated and non-treated groups using the Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. RESULTS Heat treatment of samples was found to have a significant lowering effect on milk M-SAA3 and CRP but not Hp. The use of potassium dichromate and bronopol as preservatives in milk had no significant effects on milk Hp and M-SAA3 concentration but lowered milk CRP values compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects of heating and preservative use on milk APP should be taken into consideration when assaying samples which have undergone heat treatment as a result of international transfer regulations involving biological samples or samples needing chemical preservation prior to transport to laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilola C. Thomas
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
- Present Address: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Andre M. Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, FCAV, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mary Waterston
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, GBRC University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hayley Haining
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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Altenhofer C, Pfaffl M, Viturro E. Effects of 1 year long-term freezing with different preservatives on milk cholesterol, progesterone and lactoferrin determination. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Altenhofer
- Physiology Weihenstephan; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
- ZIEL - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Michael Pfaffl
- Physiology Weihenstephan; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
- ZIEL - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Enrique Viturro
- Physiology Weihenstephan; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
- ZIEL - Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Weihenstephaner Berg 3 85354 Freising Germany
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Upadhyay N, Goyal A, Kumar A, Ghai DL, Singh R. Preservation of Milk and Milk Products for Analytical Purposes. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.913292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kim M, Takaoka A, Hoang QV, Trokel SL, Paik DC. Pharmacologic alternatives to riboflavin photochemical corneal cross-linking: a comparison study of cell toxicity thresholds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3247-57. [PMID: 24722697 PMCID: PMC4037937 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of therapeutic cross-linking of the cornea using riboflavin photochemistry (commonly abbreviated as CXL) has caused its use to become widespread. Because there are known chemical agents that cross-link collagenous tissues, it may be possible to cross-link tissue pharmacologically. The present study was undertaken to compare the cell toxicity of such agents. METHODS Nine topical cross-linking agents (five nitroalcohols, glyceraldehyde [GLYC], genipin [GP], paraformaldehyde [FA], and glutaraldehyde [GLUT]) were tested with four different cell lines (immortalized human corneal epithelial cells, human skin fibroblasts, primary bovine corneal endothelial cells, and immortalized human retinal pigment epithelial cells [ARPE-19]). The cells were grown in planar culture and exposed to each agent in a range of concentrations (0.001 mM to 10 mM) for 24 hours followed by a 48-hour recovery phase. Toxicity thresholds were determined by using the trypan blue exclusion method. RESULTS A semiquantitative analysis using five categories of toxicity/fixation was carried out, based on plate attachment, uptake of trypan blue stain, and cellular fixation. The toxicity levels varied by a factor of 10(3) with the least toxic being mononitroalcohols and GLYC, intermediate toxicity for a nitrodiol and nitrotriol, and the most toxic being GLUT, FA, GP, and bronopol, a brominated nitrodiol. When comparing toxicity between different cell lines, the levels were generally in agreement. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in cell toxicity among potential topical cross-linking compounds. The balance between cross-linking of tissue and cell toxicity should be borne in mind as compounds and strategies to improve mechanical tissue properties through therapeutic tissue cross-linking continue to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anna Takaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephen L Trokel
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - David C Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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Effect of storage and preservation of milk samples on the response of microbial inhibitor tests. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:475-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time (4 °C) on milk samples and the use of azidiol as preservative on the results of microbial inhibitor tests used to detect antimicrobials in milk. For this purpose, 16 milk bulk samples divided into two aliquots, preservative-free and with azidiol, spiked with 12 concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and oxytetracycline, were used. The milk samples were analysed using the BRT MRL, Delvotest MCS Accelerator and Eclipse 100 at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h stored at 4 °C. The logistic regression model was applied to study the effect of storage time (ST), preservative (P) and their interaction (ST×P). At a concentration equivalent to the Detection Limit (DL), the positive results of microbial inhibitor tests do not remain stable during storage time. These results are more reproducible if samples are stored with a preservative. At Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) concentration microbial inhibitor tests can detect penicillin for up to 72 h of storage. For oxytetracycline, the BRT MRL and Delvotest MCS tests presents DL exceeding the MRL, therefore they are not sensitivity to this tetracycline (0% positive results). By contrast Eclipse 100, whose DL is lower than the MRL, gave 100% positive results during the 72 h storage period. It can be concluded that it would be convenient to store milk samples with azidiol at 4 °C and to carry out analyses within the first 48 h since milk sampling.
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Souza F, Blagitz M, Penna C, Della Libera A, Heinemann M, Cerqueira M. Somatic cell count in small ruminants: Friend or foe? Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lasmar M, Leite M, Fonseca L, Souza M, Cerqueira M, Penna C, Couto C, Ferreira J. Detection of cheese whey in raw milk preserved with bronopol® through high performance liquid chromatography. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography was used in order to detect cheese whey in samples of raw milk preserved with Bronopol®. Six samples were collected and divided in 45 aliquots of 40mL. From these, 15 were used as control and stored frozen, 15 were added with Bronopol® and stored at 7ºC, and the other 15 were added with Bronopol® and stored at 30ºC. In all groups, five levels of cheese whey addition (0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%) were tested. The samples were submitted to high performance liquid chromatography on the 2nd, 4th, and 8th days of storage. A completely random design was used, following the factorial scheme (5x3x3) and the results were compared through the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. There was no difference among the treatments (P>0.05), which allows the conclusion that raw milk preserved with Bronopol® may be used for the determination of cheese whey addition in milk through high performance liquid chromatography.
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Effects of different storage conditions, the farm and the stage of lactation on renneting parameters of goat milk investigated using the Formagraph method. J DAIRY RES 2011; 78:343-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029911000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of storage on renneting properties of goat milk investigated using the Formagraph method. Milk samples from 169 goats in three farms (F1, F2 and F3) were analysed during an entire lactation (45, 75, 105, 135 and 165 days in milking DIM), to obtain renneting parameters, both from fresh milk and after storage with Bronopol and freezing at −20°C and −80°C. As regards fresh milk, mean values of clotting time were between 12·51 (45 DIM) and 13·29 min (105 DIM and F2), the curd firming time between 1·77 (45 DIM) and 2·15 min (F1) and curd firmness between 42·09 (165 DIM) and 49·55 mm (45 DIM). No statistical difference was recorded after storage. After regression analysis, all prediction models showed significance value at P<0·001 with the highest R2 value for clotting time, 0·710 (fresh vs. frozen milk at −20°C), and the lowest for clot firmness, 0·281 (fresh vs. frozen milk at −80°C). Results demonstrated that assessment of goat milk coagulation properties using the Formagraph method is also achievable after freezing or Bronopol addition.
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Koop G, van Werven T, Toft N, Nielen M. Estimating test characteristics of somatic cell count to detect Staphylococcus aureus-infected dairy goats using latent class analysis. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2902-11. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Garnica M, Santos J, Gonzalo C. Short communication: Influence of storage and preservation on microbiological quality of silo ovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1922-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Petersson K, Connor L, Petersson-Wolfe C, Rego K. Short communication: Evaluation of confirmatory stains used for direct microscopic somatic cell counting of sheep milk. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1908-12. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This work aimed to test if milk preserved with bronopol can be reliably used for fatty acid determination. Dairy production and milk quality are often monitored regularly to assess performance and contribute to selection indices. With evidence that fat composition can be influenced by selective breeding, there might be an interest in using samples collected in routine testing to evaluate individual cow fatty acid profiles, contributing to breeding indices. However, most recording services use a preservative such as bronopol and there is no published record if this influences subsequent fatty acid analysis. This study used milk from an oil seed supplementation trial, generating a wide range of milk fatty acid profiles, to test if the concentration of 31 individual fatty acids determined by GC were influenced by bronopol. Provided preserved samples are subsequently frozen, milk treated with bronopol can reliably be used to evaluate fatty acid composition in most cases; however bronopol might influence a few long-chain fatty acids present in relatively low concentrations. This is one small step towards simplifying milk compositional analysis but it could ultimately streamline the inclusion of milk fat quality into breeding indices, either with a view to 'healthier' milk or potentially reducing methane output and the environmental impact of dairy production.
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Tangorra FM, Zaninelli M, Costa A, Agazzi A, Savoini G. Milk electrical conductivity and mastitis status in dairy goats: Results from a pilot study. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sanchez-Macias D, Castro N, Moreno-Indias I, Morales-delaNuez A, Briggs H, Capote J, Argüello A. The effects of storage temperature on goat milk somatic cell count using the DeLaval counter. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1317-20. [PMID: 20419471 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of storage temperature and storage time on goat milk somatic cell counts (SCCs) determined using the DeLaval cell counter (DCC). SCCs were measured in 40 Majorera goat milk samples using the DCC device. Samples were grouped from high score (>2,750 x 10(3) cells/mL) to low score (<630 x 10(3) cell/mL) according to the SCC. Each milk sample was divided into four aliquots and stored at four different temperatures (4 degrees C, 21 degrees C, 36 degrees C or 45 degrees C). The SCC was recorded every hour for 12 hours. Storage of goat milk with a high SCC for 5, 5, 2 or 1 hour at 4 degrees C, 21 degrees C, 36 degrees C or 45 degrees C, respectively, decreased the SCC value compared to fresh milk. The goat milk SCC was lower after 1 hour of storage than that determined for fresh milk at any tested temperature in low-SCC samples. The data presented herein suggest that regardless of storage temperature, goat milk samples should not be stored for more than 1 hour before measurement of SCC with a DCC device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Sanchez-Macias
- Department of Animal Science, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, Arucas, 35413, Spain
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Sierra D, Sánchez A, Contreras A, Luengo C, Corrales JC, de la Fe C, Guirao I, Morales CT, Gonzalo C. Short communication: effect of storage and preservation on total bacterial counts determined by automated flow cytometry in bulk tank goat milk. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4841-5. [PMID: 19762799 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions on total bacterial count (TBC) determinations made in goat bulk tank milk using an automated flow cytometry method. The storage conditions tested were storage temperature (refrigeration at 4 and 10 degrees C or freezing at -20 degrees C), the use of a preservative (no preservative, NP; azidiol, AZ; or bronopol, BR), and the age of the milk samples for each analytical condition (storage times at 4 degrees C: from 0 h to 5 d for NP; and from 0 h to 22 d for AZ and BR; storage times at 10 degrees C: from 24 h to 2 d for NP and from 24 h to 22 for AZ and BR; storage times at -20 degrees C: from 24 h to 22 d for NP, AZ, and BR). Significant effects on individual bacterial count (IBC) variation were shown by the bulk tank milk sample, preservative, storage temperature, interaction preservative x storage temperature, and milk age within the interaction preservative x storage temperature. In preserved samples, the highest IBC were obtained for AZ and the lowest counts were obtained in samples preserved with BR. Because of the variation in IBC recorded in BR-preserved samples, we recommend that BR should not be used for TBC determinations using the automated flow cytometry method. The NP samples stored at 4 and 10 degrees C showed significantly higher IBC at 24 h postcollection, also invalidating these analytical conditions for TBC analyses. The practical implications of our findings are that goat milk samples preserved with AZ and stored at 10 or 4 degrees C are appropriate for TBC by the BactoScan flow cytometry method for up to 24 h and 11 d postcollection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sierra
- Laboratorio Agroalimentario y de Sanidad Animal, Consejería de Agricultura y Agua, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Regional accretion of gelatinase B in mammary gland during gradual and acute involution of dairy animals. J DAIRY RES 2008; 75:202-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029908003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The level of gelatinases in surrounding body fluids of actively remodelling tissue is indicative of basement membrane and extracellular matrix degradation under various physiological and pathological circumstances. To elucidate the association of gelatinase with mammary tissue remodelling during gradual or acute involution, in the first trial, goats milked twice daily (lactation) and goats receiving decreased milking frequency (involution) served to provide a total of 12 milk samples and 11 mammary secretion samples, respectively. In the second trial, 6 cows served to provide samples of dry secretion in 3 consecutive weeks immediately following milk stasis. Gelatin zymography was applied for gelatinase phenotyping and quantification on milk, plasma and the degranulation medium/lysate of milk somatic cells. Results indicated that the most prevalent gelatinase subtype switched from gelatinase A in milk to gelatinase B in involution secretion. Mammary secretion of goats during involution contained marginally higher protein level, significantly lower casein ratio and greater specific capacity of gelatinase B compared with those of milk during lactation. Specific capacities of gelatinases A and B in plasma of goats were similar during lactation and involution, while gelatinase B capacity in degranulation medium/lysates based on unit number of goat somatic cell was significantly higher during involution than during lactation. Milk stasis of cows induced a significant increase in specific capacity of gelatinase B, but not gelatinase A, of dry secretion up to the third week. Results of both trials agree that regional selective accretion of gelatinase B in milk might have played a role in mammary tissue remodelling during involution induced by either decreasing milking frequency or milk stasis. It is suggested that infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils are one of the potential contributors responsible for the accumulation of gelatinase B during involution.
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Chen W, Weng M, Chen S, Peh H, Liu W, Yu T, Huang M, Chen M, Nagahata H, Chang C. Profile of Gelatinolytic Capacity of Raw Goat Milk and the Implications for Milk Quality. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4954-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sánchez A, Sierra D, Luengo C, Corrales JC, de la Fe C, Morales CT, Contreras A, Gonzalo C. Evaluation of the MilkoScan FT 6000 Milk Analyzer for Determining the Freezing Point of Goat's Milk Under Different Analytical Conditions. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3153-61. [PMID: 17582097 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the Milko-Scan FT 6000 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) for determining the freezing point (FP) of goat's milk under different analytical conditions. The FP was determined in duplicate in 1,800 milk aliquots obtained from 45 bulk tank milk samples from 10 Murciano-Granadina goat herds, using the MilkoScan method and a reference thermistor cryoscopy method (Advanced Instrument Inc., Norwood, MA). Five different preservation strategies--no preservative, preservation with azidiol (0.006 or 0.018 g of sodium azide/100 mL), and preservation with bronopol (0.020 or 0.040 g/100 mL)--were then used to preserve the milk. For each preservation strategy, 8 different amounts of water were added (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7% total volume). The results obtained with each method under these 40 analytical conditions were examined by comparison of means, comparison of the standard deviations of repeatability (s(r) and its relative value s(r)%), and a regression analysis. Under most analytical conditions, the FP was recorded as lower by the MilkoScan method, with a mean difference of 1.5 m degrees C compared with the reference method. Both methods showed similar repeatabilities (the overall s(r)% was 0.22% for the MilkoScan method and 0.20% for the reference method). In comparisons of the 2 methods, the highest regression coefficients were obtained with aliquots containing >3% added water. The best regression coefficients (0.85 to 1.02) were obtained for milk samples preserved with bronopol at 0.020 g/100 mL. These results allow the MilkoScan method to be used with goat's milk for screening purposes. The factors of added water, preservative, analytical method, lactose concentration, and the effect of the bulk tank milk sample within each lactose group contributed significantly to the observed variation in FP. For practical purposes, either of the bronopol concentrations could be used when determining the FP of goat's milk with the methods tested. However, the increase in the concentration of sodium azide in the azidiol formula contributed to an important reduction in the FP recorded. Thus, the type and concentration of preservative should be taken into account when interpreting FP values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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Contreras A, Sierra D, Sánchez A, Corrales J, Marco J, Paape M, Gonzalo C. Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raynal-Ljutovac K, Pirisi A, de Crémoux R, Gonzalo C. Somatic cells of goat and sheep milk: Analytical, sanitary, productive and technological aspects. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gonzalo C, Linage B, Carriedo JA, de la Fuente F, Primitivo FS. Evaluation of the Overall Accuracy of the DeLaval Cell Counter for Somatic Cell Counts in Ovine Milk. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:4613-9. [PMID: 17106093 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The DeLaval cell counter (DCC) is a portable device designed for on-farm somatic cell count (SCC) analysis in bovine milk. This study evaluated the performance of the DCC when analyzing ovine milk. A total of 29 composite ovine milk samples, ranging between 20 x 10(3) and 2,200 x 10(3) cells/mL, were divided into 15 aliquots/milk sample corresponding to 5 SCC methods using 3 types of preservation (unpreserved, azidiol, and bronopol). The SCC methods were the Fossomatic (FSCC), the DCC in undiluted samples, and the DCC in samples diluted 1:1 in 3 different types of diluents (PBS + Triton X-100, PBS + ethidium bromide + Triton X-100, and PBS + propidium iodide + Triton X-100). All analyses were carried out in duplicate. In addition, each sample was analyzed in quadruplicate by the direct microscopic method (DMSCC) using Pyronin Y-methyl green as a stain. Comparison of methods was based on overall accuracy studies (means comparison, repeatability, and regression studies vs. DMSCC and FSCC as reference methods). The DCC methods used to analyze milk samples diluted in staining solution (with ethidium bromide or propidium iodide) showed large coefficients of regression (b = 0.91 to 1.01) and correlation (r > 0.99) when compared with the DMSCC and FSCC methods. In these samples the DCC gave repeatability values (s(r) = 33 to 48 x 10(3) cells/mL) similar to the DMSCC (s(r) = 36 x 10(3) cells/mL), and their log SCC means (5.52 to 5.54) did not differ from the reference value (5.54). However, undiluted samples analyzed by the DCC method showed large standard deviations of repeatability and SCC values lower than those by the DMSCC or FSCC methods, probably because of the high solids content in ovine milk. The type of preservation did not affect the outcomes. Consequently, the DCC was determined to be accurate when analyzing diluted ovine milk based on comparison with the SCC reference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071-León, Spain.
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