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Toral PG, Hervás G, Frutos P. INVITED REVIEW: Research on ruminal biohydrogenation: Achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future approaches from the perspective of dairy science. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01070-1. [PMID: 39154717 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Scientific knowledge about ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) has improved greatly since this metabolic process was empirically confirmed in 1951. For years, BH had mostly been perceived as a process to be avoided to increase the post-ruminal flow of UFA from the diet. Two milestones changed this perception and stimulated great interest in BH intermediates themselves: In 1987, the in vitro anticarcinogenic properties of CLA were described, and in 2000, the inhibition of milk fat synthesis by trans-10 cis-12 CLA was confirmed. Since then, numerous BH metabolites have been described in small and large ruminants, and the major deviation from the common BH pathway (i.e., the trans-10 shift) has been reasonably well established. However, there are some less well-characterized alterations, and the comprehensive description of new BH intermediates (e.g., using isotopic tracers) has not been coupled with research on their biological effects. In this regard, the low quality of some published fatty acid profiles may also be limiting the advance of knowledge in BH. Furthermore, although BH seems to no longer be considered a metabolic niche inhabited by a few bacterial species with a highly specific metabolic capability, researchers have failed to elucidate which specific microbial groups are involved in the process and the basis for alterations in BH pathways (i.e., changes in microbial populations or their activity). Unraveling both issues may be beneficial for the description of new microbial enzymes involved in ruminal lipid metabolism that have industrial interest. From the perspective of diary science, other knowledge gaps that require additional research in the coming years are evaluation of the relationship between BH and feed efficiency and enteric methane emissions, as well as improving our understanding of how alterations in BH are involved in milk fat depression. Addressing these issues will have relevant practical implications in dairy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
| | - G Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - P Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
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Effect of high-pressure homogenization on gelling and rheological properties of soybean protein isolate emulsion gel. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Grandison AS, Morgan R, Livingstone KM, Givens DI, Reynolds CK. Effect of a whey protein and rapeseed oil gel feed supplement on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:288-300. [PMID: 30447978 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoenergetic replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Supplementing dairy cow diets with plant oils lowers milk fat SFA concentrations. However, this feeding strategy can also increase milk fat trans fatty acids (FA) and negatively affect rumen fermentation. Protection of oil supplements from the rumen environment is therefore needed. In the present study a whey protein gel (WPG) of rapeseed oil (RO) was produced for feeding to dairy cows, in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were used in a change-over experiment, with 8-d treatment periods separated by a 5-d washout period. Total mixed ration diets containing 420 g of RO or WPG providing 420 g of RO were fed and the effects on milk production, composition, and FA concentration were measured. Experiment 2 involved 4 multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, with 28-d periods, to investigate the effect of incremental dietary inclusion (0, 271, 617, and 814 g/d supplemental oil) of WPG on milk production, composition, and FA concentration in the last week of each period. Whey protein gel had minimal effects on milk FA profile in experiment 1, but trans-18:1 and total trans-MUFA were higher after 8 d of supplementation with RO than with WPG. Incremental diet inclusion of WPG in experiment 2 resulted in linear increases in milk yield, cis- and trans-MUFA and PUFA, and linear decreases in SFA (from 73 to 58 g/100 g of FA) and milk fat concentration. The WPG supplement was effective at decreasing milk SFA concentration by replacement with MUFA and PUFA in experiment 2, but the increase in trans FA suggested that protection was incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kliem
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR.
| | - D J Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - A S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - R Morgan
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - K M Livingstone
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - D I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - C K Reynolds
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
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Wang B, Tu Y, Zhao S, Hao Y, Liu J, Liu F, Xiong B, Jiang L. Effect of tea saponins on milk performance, milk fatty acids, and immune function in dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8043-8052. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gadeyne F, De Neve N, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V. State of the art in rumen lipid protection technologies and emerging interfacial protein cross‐linking methods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Gadeyne
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nympha De Neve
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Bruno Vlaeminck
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Weinstein JA, Taylor SJ, Rosenberg M, DePeters EJ. Whey protein gel composites in the diet of goats increased the omega-3 and omega-6 content of milk fat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:789-800. [PMID: 26249647 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, feeding whey protein gels containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduced their rumen biohydrogenation and increased their concentration in milk fat of Holstein cows. Our objective was to test the efficacy of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels produced in a steam tunnel as a method to alter the fatty acid (FA) composition of the milk lipids. Four primiparous Lamancha goats in midlactation were fed three diets in a 3 × 4 Latin square design. The WPI gels were added to a basal concentrate mix that contained one of three lipid sources: (i) 100% soya bean oil (S) to create (WPI/S), (ii) a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of S and linseed (L) oil to create (WPI/SL), or (iii) 100% L to create (WPI/L). Periods were 22 days with the first 10 days used as an adjustment phase followed by a 12-day experimental phase. During the adjustment phase, all goats received a rumen available source of lipid, yellow grease, to provide a baseline for milk FA composition. During the experimental phase, each goat received its assigned WPI. Milk FA concentration of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 reached 9.3 and 1.64 g/100 g FA, respectively, when goats were fed WPI/S. Feeding WPI/SL increased the C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 concentration to 6.22 and 4.36 g/100 g FA, and WPI/L increased C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 to 3.96 and 6.13 g/100 g FA respectively. The adjusted transfer efficiency (%) of C18:3 n-3 to milk FA decreased significantly as dietary C18:3 n-3 intake increased. Adjusted transfer efficiency for C18:2 n-6 did not change with increasing intake of C18:2 n-6. The WPI gels were effective at reducing rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; however, we observed a change in the proportion increase of C18:3 n-3 in milk FA suggesting possible regulation of n-3 FA to the lactating caprine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Weinstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S J Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E J DePeters
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Scollan ND, Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K, Richardson I, MacKintosh S, Hocquette JF, Moloney AP. Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci 2014; 97:384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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He M, Yang W, Dugan M, Beauchemin K, McKinnon J, McAllister T. Substitution of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles for barley silage and barley grain in a finishing diet increases polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in beef. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Doreau M, Bauchart D, Chilliard Y. Enhancing fatty acid composition of milk and meat through animal feeding. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) results in numerous cis and trans isomers of 18:1 and of conjugated and non-conjugated 18:2, the incorporation of which into ruminant products depends on the composition of the diet (forage vs concentrate) and of dietary lipid supplements. The low amount of 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid) absorbed explains its limited incorporation in meat and milk lipids. Its protection against hydrogenation has been an objective for several decades, but only encapsulation in a protein matrix is efficient. In non-ruminants, the FA composition of products is determined by dietary FA, despite minor differences in digestibility and in metabolic activity. Physicochemical differences in intestinal absorption processes between ruminants and non-ruminants can explain the lower FA digestibility in non-ruminants, especially for saturated FA. Unlike in non-ruminants, FA digestibility in ruminants does not depend on FA intake, except for 18:0. The decrease in cow butterfat, especially with concentrate diets, is generally attributed to t10–18:1 or t10,c12–18:2, but the regulation is probably more complex. Differences in terms of butterfat content and FA composition of milk between cow, ewe and goat responses to the amount and composition of ingested lipids are due to between-species variations in mammary metabolism. In animals bred for meat production, dietary 18:3n-3 results in increases in this FA and in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (20:5n-3, 22:5n-3) in muscles. The extent of this increase depends both on animal and nutritional factors. Grass is a source of 18:3n-3, which contributes to increased 18:3n-3 in muscle of ruminants as well as of pigs. Conjugated linoleic acids are mainly present in fat tissues and milk due to t11–18:1 desaturation. Their concentration depends on tissue type and on animal species. Non-ruminants fed synthetic conjugated linoleic acids incorporate them in significant amounts in muscle, depending on the isomer. All dietary manipulations favouring polyunsaturated FA incorporation in milk and meat lipids increase the risk of lipoperoxidation, which can be efficiently prevented by use of dietary combined hydro- and lipophilic antioxidants in the diet. Putative effects on organoleptic and technological quality of products deserve further studies.
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van Vuuren A, van Wikselaar P, van Riel J, Klop A, Bastiaans J. Persistency of the effect of long-term administration of a whey protein gel composite of soybean and linseed oils on performance and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Or-Rashid MM, Wright TC, McBride BW. Microbial fatty acid conversion within the rumen and the subsequent utilization of these fatty acids to improve the healthfulness of ruminant food products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolism, Health, and Nutrition and for Modified Animal Product Foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Juchem S, Santos J, Cerri R, Chebel R, Galvão K, Bruno R, DePeters E, Scott T, Thatcher W, Luchini D. Effect of calcium salts of fish and palm oils on lactational performance of Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kronberg SL, Scholljegerdes EJ, Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Flaxseed Treatments to Reduce Biohydrogenation of α-Linolenic Acid by Rumen Microbes in Cattle. Lipids 2007; 42:1105-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jenkins TC, Bridges WC. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Milk composition of Holstein, Jersey, and Brown Swiss cows in response to increasing levels of dietary fat. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Heguy J, Juchem S, DePeters E, Rosenberg M, Santos J, Taylor S. Whey protein gel composites of soybean and linseed oils as a dietary method to modify the unsaturated fatty acid composition of milk lipids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci 2006; 74:17-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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