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Debi MR, Wichert BA, Wolf P, Liesegang A. Effect of a two-step fermentation method with rumen liquor on protein quality of wheat bran and rice bran to use as poultry feed. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11921. [PMID: 36506376 PMCID: PMC9732305 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of high quality protein rich feed in many developing countries is limited as well as expensive. Low-quality agro-industrial by-products, i.e., rice bran (RB) and wheat bran (WB), are therefore used as poultry feed irrespective of their low protein content. The main objective of the present study was to improve the protein content and the amino acid profiles of these by-products through rumen liquor mixed fermentation process. A two-step fermentation of some agricultural by-products (e.g., WB and RB) was performed in a controlled environment for 3 h and 6 h. In the 1st and 2nd steps, feedstuff (brans), McDougall buffer as well as collected rumen liquor were mixed with following the proportion of 1:2:3, respectively. After fermentation, brans were dried at 100 °C in an oven. Dried sample were used to analyze the crude protein (CP) as well as amino acid (AA) content. In 1st and 2nd fermentation of the WB, CP content increased 3.3 ± 0.2% (3 h), 4.3 ± 0.2% (6 h) and 7.7 ± 0.1% (3 h), 8.5 ± 0.1% (6 h), respectively compared to control. On the other hand, RB protein content increased by 3.3 ± 0.1% (3 h), 0.8 ± 0.1% (6 h) and 7.3 ± 0.3% (3 h), 4.0 ± 0.1% (6 h) in the 1st and 2nd fermentation step, respectively compared to control. Majority of the AA increased compared to control during the 1st fermentation step for RB and WB. However, In WB, some of the AA did not show significant difference. A number of AA were decreased after the 2nd step for both RB and WB except Methionine, which increased in both steps. In 1st and 2nd steps, Methionine increased by 24.9 ± 5.1% (3 h), 25.9 ± 5.8% (6 h) for WB and 12.2 ± 3.2% (3 h), 13.0 ± 4.5% (6 h) for RB, respectively compared to control. In conclusion brans protein and amino acid quality optimization might be possible through methodical rumen liquor mixed fermentation process for better utilization as poultry diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momota Rani Debi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
| | - Brigitta A. Wichert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Wolf
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Witzig M, Lengowski MB, Zuber KH, Möhring J, Rodehutscord M. Effects of supplementing corn silage with different nitrogen sources on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in vitro. Anaerobe 2018; 51:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Grosse Brinkhaus A, Bee G, Schwarm A, Kreuzer M, Dohme-Meier F, Zeitz JO. Rumen microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen efficiency as affected by tanniferous and non-tanniferous forage legumes incubated individually or together in Rumen Simulation Technique. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1712-1718. [PMID: 28853148 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited availability of microbial protein can impair productivity in ruminants. Ruminal nitrogen efficiency might be optimised by combining high-quality forage legumes such as red clover (RC), which has unfavourably high ruminal protein degradability, with tanniferous legumes like sainfoin (SF) and birdsfoot trefoil (BT). Silages from SF and from BT cultivars [Bull (BB) and Polom (BP)] were incubated singly or in combination with RC using the Rumen Simulation Technique (n = 6). RESULTS The tanniferous legumes, when compared to RC, changed the total short-chain fatty acid profile by increasing propionate proportions at the expense of butyrate. Silage from SF contained the most condensed tannins (CTs) (136 g CT kg-1 dry matter) and clearly differed in various traits from the BT and RC silages. The apparent nutrient degradability (small with SF), microbial protein synthesis, and calculated content of potentially utilisable crude protein (large with SF) indicated that SF had the greatest efficiency in ruminal protein synthesis. The effects of combining SF with RC were mostly linear. CONCLUSION The potential of sainfoin to improve protein supply, demonstrated either individually or in combination with a high-performance forage legume, indicates its potential usefulness in complementing protein-deficient ruminant diets and high-quality forages rich in rumen-degradable protein. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Grosse Brinkhaus
- Agroscope, Posieux, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Angela Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johanna O Zeitz
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Giessen, Germany
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Wang B, Tu Y, Jiang LS, Liu JX. Effect of cereal straw and alfalfa hay diet on amino acid profile of gastrointestinal digesta in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:421-428. [PMID: 28608533 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing alfalfa hay with rice straw (RS) or corn stover (CS) on amino acid (AA) profiles of gastrointestinal digesta in lactating cows. Eighteen lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 6) and fed identical concentrate and corn silage with different forages on dry matter basis: (i) 23% alfalfa hay and 7% Chinese wild rye hay (AH); (ii) 30% CS; and (iii) 30% RS. After the 14-week feeding, a total of 18 cows were slaughtered to collect digesta from four representative organs, including rumen, omasum, duodenum and jejunum. The AA profiles of ruminal microbial fraction were similar among the treatments, except for greater Arg in cows fed RS than in cows fed AH or CS. Most of the analysed AA changed under different diets. Significant differences were found among the microbial fraction, rumen fluid and rumen digesta, with greater essential AA in digesta than in microbial fraction or rumen fluid and greater essential AA in microbial fraction than rumen fluid. Significant differences in individual AA profiles of digesta and relevant fluid were found across the four representative digestive tract parts, including rumen, omasum, duodenum and jejunum, showing much lower Leu proportion in CS and RS than in AH in duodenal fluid. In summary, ruminal microbes may prefer using essential AA, rather than non-essential AA. The AA profile of ruminal microbes was constant except for Arg. The AA composition of digesta across the four digestive tracts changed dramatically, which indicated differences in the ability and efficiency of AA absorption. The lower duodenum absorbable Leu proportion in cows fed CS or RS indicated the shortage of Leu in CS or RS diets, which might also restrict the balanced AA absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L S Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - J X Liu
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis on the diversity of liquid and solid-associated bacteria in the rumen of goats. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:669-80. [PMID: 24068532 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the impact of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the diversity of liquid (LAB) and solid-associated bacteria (SAB) following high-grain feeding. Six ruminally cannulated goats were divided into two groups: one group was fed a hay diet (COD), and the other group was fed a high grain diet (SAID). Rumen liquids and rumen solids were sampled after 2 weeks adaption. SARA was diagnosed with a pH below 5.8 for 8 h. SAID decreased ruminal pH (P < 0.001) and increased the acetate (P = 0.017), propionate (P = 0.001), butyrate (P < 0.001) and total volatile fatty acid (P < 0.001) concentration in rumen compared with the COD. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprints analysis revealed a clear separation between both the diet and the fraction of rumen digesta in bacterial communities. Pyrosequencing analysis showed that the proportion of phylum Bacteroidetes in the SAID-LAB and SAID-SAB communities was less than in the COD group, whereas the SAID group had a greater percentage of Firmicutes in both the LAB and SAB libraries. UniFrac analyses and a Venn diagram revealed a large difference between the two diets in the diversity of rumen bacterial communities. Overall, our findings revealed that SARA feeding did alter the community structure of rumen liquids and rumen solids. Thus, manipulation of dietary factors, such as ratio of forage to concentrate may have the potential to alter the microbial composition of rumen liquid and rumen solid.
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Hildebrand B, Boguhn J, Rodehutscord M. Investigations on the effect of forage source, grinding, and urea supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein flow in a semi-continuous rumen simulation system. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:402-14. [PMID: 22164961 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2011.609751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of maize silage and grass silage on microbial fermentation and protein flow in a semi-continuous rumen simulation system (Rusitec) when milling screen size (MSS) during grinding was varied. Oven-dried silages were milled through screens of 1, 4 or 9 mm pore size and incubated for 48 h in a Rusitec system. Furthermore, the effect of N supplementation to maize silage (MSS: 4 mm) was investigated and single dose vs. continuous infusion of urea-N were compared. Degradation of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), fibre fractions and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) as well as short-chain fatty acid production differed significantly between forage sources. Urea-N supplementation improved the degradation of NSC, but not that of fibre fractions in maize silage. The way of urea supply had only marginal effects on fermentation characteristics. An increase in MSS, and consequently in mean feed particle size, led to an improvement in the degradation of OM, CP and NSC, but efficiency of microbial net protein synthesis (EMPS; mg microbial N flow/g degraded OM) and the microbial amino acid profile were less affected. EMPS was higher in grass silage than in maize silage and was improved by urea-N supplementation in maize silage. This study indicates that fermentation of NSC as well as EMPS during incubation of maize silage was limited by availability of NH3-N. Furthermore, an increase in MSS above 1 mm seems to improve fermentation of silages in the Rusitec system.
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Castro-Montoya JM, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2010-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Castro-Montoya, J. M., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. 2011. Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 433–448. Post-rumen chemical composition of the microbial fraction is one of the factors that determines the nutrients absorbed and available for maintenance and production of the animal. The hypothesis was that tannins and saponins alter chemical composition of rumen microbes and fermentation parameters in the rumen. Purified quebracho, mimosa, chestnut and sumach tannins; and quillaja and gypsophilla saponins were incubated with 380 mg of substrate (hay:concentrate 70:30 wt/wt) for 24 h in an in vitro gas production system at concentrations from 0.25 to 1.25 mg mL−1. Saponins increased N and reduced sugar contents of the liquid-associated microbes. The ratio of crude protein to purine bases significantly increased on adding sumach and chestnut tannins and decreased on the addition of quebracho and mimosa tannins. Quebracho, mimosa and chestnut tannins reduced total short-chain fatty acid production. The acetate:propionate ratio decreased for all additives. Results suggest that in vitro (a) depending on the source and the concentration, tannins would have an effect on the nitrogen and sugar contents of the liquid associated microbes, (b) saponins are likely to increase N and reduce sugar contents of rumen liquid associated microbes, and (c) estimation of microbial protein synthesis based on purine bases may lead to under- or over-estimations in the presence of tannins and saponins. In vivo studies are required to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Castro-Montoya
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H. P. S. Makkar
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K. Becker
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Hildebrand B, Boguhn J, Dänicke S, Rodehutscord M. Effect of Fusarium toxin-contaminated triticale and forage-to-concentrate ratio on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:307-18. [PMID: 21466594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of Fusarium toxin-contaminated triticale (FUS) at high (60%) and low (30%) concentrate proportion in ruminant rations on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility was investigated, using in vivo and in vitro methods. Significant effects of the forage-to-concentrate ratio on ruminal degradation and digestibility of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as on the pH value and the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in rumen fluid were found. The production of SCFA was affected, and the degradation of crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre in the rumen was reduced by the inclusion of FUS at high concentrate proportion. The efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis was higher in diets with 60% than in diets with 30% concentrates, but was impaired in the presence of FUS in vitro at the high concentrate level. Marginal effects of FUS on the amino acid pattern of microbial protein were detected. It was concluded that the use of FUS in high concentrate diets can influence ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis at a dietary deoxynivalenol concentration below 5 mg/kg dry matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hildebrand
- Institut für Tierernährung, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on protein synthesis and amino acid profile in different microbial fractions in a semi-continuous rumen simulation. Animal 2011; 5:537-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Boguhn J, Neumann D, Helm A, Strobel E, Tebbe CC, Dänicke S, Rodehutscord M. Effects of concentrate proportion in the diet with or withoutFusariumtoxin-contaminated triticale on ruminal fermentation and the structural diversity of rumen microbial communitiesin vitro. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:467-83. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.511515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Molina-Alcaide E, Martín-García AI, Moumen A, Carro MD. Ruminal fermentation, microbial growth and amino acid flow in single-flow continuous culture fermenters fed a diet containing olive leaves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:227-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Boguhn J, Kluth H, Bulang M, Engelhard T, Spilke J, Rodehutscord M. Effects of using thermally treated lupins instead of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in total mixed rations on in vitro microbial yield and performance of dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:694-704. [PMID: 19012615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study whether thermally treated lupins (TTL) can replace solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in dairy cow rations. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They differed in the inclusion of the main protein feeds (TTL alone, TTL + RSM and RSM + SBM) but were equal in organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content. In vitro organic matter fermentation was not significantly different between the TMR. Efficiency of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis was significantly higher for TMR RSM + SBM than for TTL. In vitro gas production potential was similar for the three TMR. The maximal rate of gas production was achieved later in TMR TTL than in RSM + SBM. Feed intake of dairy cows was significantly lower when TMR TTL was fed than when TMR TTL + RSM or RSM + SBM were fed. Milk yield was significantly lower with the high inclusion rate of TTL in comparison with the other TMR. The contents of milk protein and milk fat were significantly lower when the two TTL containing TMR were fed in comparison with the RSM + SBM ration. Effects of TTL inclusion on MCP synthesis may affect the amino acid supply to the duodenum of cows to a greater extent than differences in the degradability of feed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boguhn
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Boguhn J, Strobel E, Witzig M, Tebbe CC, Rodehutscord M. Description of the structural diversity of rumen microbial communitiesin vitrousing single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:454-67. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390802453443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Molina-Alcaide E, Moumen A, Martín-García I, Carro MD. Comparison of bacterial pellets and microbial markers for the estimation of the microbial nitrogen and amino acids flows from single flow continuous culture fermenters fed diets containing two-stage olive cake. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 93:527-37. [PMID: 18537852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of using effluent bacteria (EB) and solid- (SAB) and liquid- (LAB) associated bacteria and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) or purine bases (PB) and partially substituting alfalfa hay (AH) by a concentrate including olive cake on the microbial N flow (MNF) and amino acids (AA) flow were investigated with continuous culture fermenters fed AH and a mixture of AH and a concentrate containing barley grains and two-stage olive cake (2:1 ratio) without (AHCO) or with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (AHCOP). The MNF was not different among diets with SAB or LAB (p = 0.302 and 0.203, respectively) and DAPA, but differed with PB (p = 0.021 and 0.014, respectively). With EB both markers detected similar differences, AHCOP showing a higher value (p < 0.05) than AH and AHCO. The MNF was higher (p < 0.001) with PB than DAPA. Daily flow of non-essential AA was not different (p = 0.356) among diets but essential AA flow was higher (p < 0.05) for AH and AHCOP than for AHCO. The SAB presented lower (p < 0.05) total AA than LAB and higher total AA (p < 0.05) for diet AH than AHCO. The AA profile of EB was similar to that of LAB, but alanine and leucine were higher (p < 0.05) in EB than in LAB. Microbial contribution to AA flow was 45.4%, 55.6% and 58.1% for diets AH, AHCO and AHCOP respectively. With both markers, microbial AA flow was higher (p < 0.05) for diet AHCOP compared with AH (451 and 355 mg/day, respectively), but not different (p > 0.05) for AHCOP and AHCO (389 mg/day). The results would indicate that olive cake could be used in the practical feeding of small ruminants without negatively affecting microbial AA N supply.
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