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Mao Y, Su C, Yang H, Ma X, Zhao F, Qu B, Yang Y, Hou X, Zhao B, Cui Y. PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signalling pathway regulates MMP9 gene activation via transcription factor NF-κB in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2314100. [PMID: 38343377 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2314100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) plays a pivotal role in mammary ductal morphogenesis, angiogenesis and glandular tissue architecture remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism of MMP9 expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of MMP9 expression. In this study, to determine whether the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1/NF-κB signalling pathway participates in the regulation of MMP9 expression, we treated mammary epithelial cells with specific pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), mTORC1 (Rapamycin) or NF-κB (Celastrol), respectively. Western blotting results indicated that LY294002, Rapamycin and Celastrol markedly decreased MMP9 expression and P65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, we found that NF-κB (P65) overexpression resulted in elevated expression of MMP9 protein and activation of MMP9 promoter. In addition, we observed that Celastrol markedly decreases P65-overexpression-induced MMP9 promoter activity. Moreover, the results of the promoter assay indicated that the core regulation sequence for MMP9 promoter activation may be located at -420 ∼ -80 bp downstream from the transcription start site. These observations indicated that the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signalling pathway is involved in MMP9 expression by regulating MMP9 promoter activity via NF-κB in the mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chen Su
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
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Field SL, Davidson BD, Hoerl AF, Dado-Senn B, Hernandez LL, Laporta J. Amplifying local serotonin signaling prior to dry-off hastens mammary gland involution and redevelopment in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3719-3733. [PMID: 37002143 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been reported to inhibit milk protein gene expression and increase mammary epithelial cell (MEC) tight junction permeability after milk stasis. We hypothesized that increasing serotonin synthesis and signaling within the mammary epithelium before milk stasis would increase systemic and local involution markers, and downregulate the expression of milk protein and tight junction during involution, leading to more efficient tissue growth during the redevelopment phase. Herein, we examined the outcomes of increasing local mammary 5-HT synthesis before milk stasis on involution biomarkers, mammary gland microstructure, and gene and protein expression during the dry period. Multiparous Holstein cows were administered intramammary infusions (via the teat canal) of sterile water (CON, 4 mL/teat, n = 7) or 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP, serotonin precursor, 20 mg/teat, n = 7) once daily for 5 d before dry-off (d 0). Blood, milk, and mammary secretions were collected and analyzed for components and metabolites. Mammary secretions were collected 12 h after the last milking and on d 1 to 4 during the dry period at 1200 h. Mammary gland biopsies were performed on d 4 (i.e., involution phase) and d 36 (i.e., redevelopment phase) of the dry period for histological and molecular evaluation. Milk protein and tight junction gene expression was quantified via real-time PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry (Ki67), and immunofluorescence (serotonin, cleaved caspase 3) were performed to visualize tissue microstructure and to quantify serotonin intensity and cell turnover. Data were analyzed in SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) using 2-way ANOVA. After d 0, mammary secretions of 5-HTP cows had increased concentrations of 5-HT, lactoferrin, and bovine serum albumin. On d 1, 5-HTP cows had greater α-lactalbumin concentrations in plasma relative to CON. Serotonin intensity was increased in the mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows on d 4, relative to CON. On d 4, milk protein and tight junction gene expression was downregulated, MEC number was reduced, and cleaved caspase 3 protein was greater in mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. On d 36, milk protein genes were upregulated, and the lumen:outer alveolar area and Ki67-positive cells were increased in the mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. Amplifying serotonin signaling in the mammary epithelium before milk stasis at dry-off achieves greater apoptosis, leading to a reduction in MEC, allowing for greater cell proliferation, which results in more MEC during the redevelopment phase preceding the onset of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Field
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - B D Davidson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - A F Hoerl
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
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Ylioja CM, Carpenter AJ, Mamedova LK, Daniels KM, Ross PJ, Laflin SL, Swartz TH, Bradford BJ. Effects of sodium salicylate and time postpartum on mammary tissue proliferation, gene transcript profile, and DNA methylation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11259-11276. [PMID: 34304880 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment in early lactation had a positive impact on whole-lactation milk production in older cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate proliferative, transcriptional, and epigenetic changes in the mammary gland that could explain increased production responses due to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment. Sodium salicylate (SAL; 125 g/d) or water (CON) were administered via oral drench to multiparous Holstein cows (n = 8/treatment) once daily for 3 d beginning approximately 24 h after parturition, and mammary tissue was collected on d 1, 4, and 45 postpartum. Day 1 tissue was collected immediately preceding the initial drench, and d 4 tissue was collected 24 h following the final drench. Blood was collected twice weekly and analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, and prolactin. Cows were milked twice daily until d 7 of lactation, and thrice daily for the remainder of the study. Total RNA extracted from tissue was deep-sequenced and analyzed for differential gene expression using DESeq2. We detected no treatment effect on milk yield or plasma metabolites through 45 d of lactation; additionally, no change in mammary epithelial cell proliferation was detected when assessed by Ki67 labeling. Comparison of SAL versus CON revealed that only 16 of 18,286 genes were differentially expressed (false discovery rate <0.1) in mammary tissue collected on d 45, whereas no differentially expressed genes due to treatment were detected on d 1 or 4. Analysis of transcriptional differences over time showed downregulation of pathways related to immune cell recruitment and differentiation, and extensive overlap with pathways related to cholesterol synthesis and liver X receptor signaling. Global DNA methylation of mammary tissue was decreased for CON compared with SAL. Transcriptome analysis emphasized extensive involvement of immune-related signaling pathways in the switch from lactogenesis to galactopoiesis, and changes in methylation with SAL treatment merit future investigation into epigenetic effects on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ylioja
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - A J Carpenter
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K M Daniels
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - P J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S L Laflin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - T H Swartz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Zhang Y, Wu Q, Liu J, An X, Cao B. Circ-140/chi-miR-8516/ STC1- MMP1 Regulates αs1-/β-Casein Secretion and Lipid Formation in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050671. [PMID: 33946970 PMCID: PMC8146108 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an essential role in mammary gland development, and involution is a factor that limits lactation. Chi-miR-8516 is one of the validated microRNAs that regulates the expression of STC1 and MMP1, which surge during the involution of the mammary gland. This study aims to explore the direct or indirect regulation of STC1 and MMP1 by chi-miR-8516 and the regulation of chi-miR-8516 by circ-140. In goat mammary epithelial cells, we found that chi-miR-8516 takes circ-140 as a sponge and regulates MMP1 expression by targeting STC1 and promoting the phosphorylation of MAPK. The examination of αs1-/β-casein and lipid showed the modulation of the circ-140/chi-miR-8516/STC1-MMP1 axis in casein secretion and lipid formation, which was regulated by the phosphorylation of mTOR and STAT5. This study illustrates an axis that regulates the synthesis of milk components, and explores the pathways in which the axis participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (X.A.)
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (X.A.)
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Jidan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (X.A.)
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (X.A.)
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (X.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-87092102
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Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:30-39. [PMID: 33932820 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -- 9 and their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2) in mammary tissue of dairy cows with naturally occurring chronic S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI) during active involution. Moreover, the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary secretions was evaluated. Cows in late lactation that were either uninfected or with chronic naturally acquired S. aureus IMI were included in this study. Protein expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissues was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 14 and 21 of involution. Protein expression of TIMP-1 and -2 was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-2, MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratios were significantly higher in S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 14 of involution. The MMP-2 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 1, 2, 7 and 14 of involution. The MMP-9 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The increased expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissue as well as the high levels of activity observed in mammary secretion from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters during active involution, strongly suggests that these gelatinases could contribute to degradation of mammary tissue components during chronic S. aureus IMI. The MMPs/TIMPs imbalance could lead to greater proteolysis and potentially more damage to mammary tissue in S. aureus-infected quarters.
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Tsutsui S, Wakasa H, Tsugami Y, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Distinct Expression Patterns of Fibrillar Collagen Types I, III, and V in Association with Mammary Gland Remodeling during Pregnancy, Lactation and Weaning. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:219-232. [PMID: 32915396 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland structurally and functionally remodels during pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning. There are three types of fibrillar collagens, types I, III, and V, in mammary stromal tissue. While the importance of the fibrillar structure of collagens for mammary morphogenesis has been suggested, the expression patterns of each type of fibrillar collagen in conjunction with mammary remodeling remain unclear. In this study, we investigated their expression patterns during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and involution. Type I collagen showed a well-developed fibril structure during pregnancy, but the fibrillar structure of type I collagen then became sparse at parturition and during lactation, which was concurrent with the downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels. The well-developed fibrillar structure of type I collagen reappeared after weaning. On the other hand, type V collagen showed a well-developed fibrillar structure and upregulation in the lactation period but not in the periods of pregnancy and involution. Type III collagen transiently developed a dense fibrillar network at the time of parturition and exhibited drastic increases in mRNA expression. These results indicate that each type of fibrillar collagen is distinctly involved in structural and functional remodeling in mammary glands during pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and involution after weaning. Furthermore, in vitro studies of mammary epithelial cells showed regulatory effects of type I collagen on cell adhesion, cell proliferation, ductal branching, and β-casein secretion. Each type of fibrillar collagen may have different roles in defining the cellular microenvironment in conjunction with structural and functional mammary gland remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Haruka Wakasa
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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7
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Effects of micronutrient supplementation on performance and epigenetic status in dairy cows. Animal 2020; 14:2326-2335. [PMID: 32522297 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The postpartum period is crucial in dairy cows and is marked by major physiological and metabolic changes that affect milk production, immune response and fertility. Nutrition remains the most important lever for limiting the negative energy balance and its consequences on general health status in highly selected dairy cows. In order to analyze the effect of a commercial micronutrient on intrinsic parameters, performances and the epigenome of dairy cows, 2 groups of 12 Holstein cows were used: 1 fed a standard diet (mainly composed of corn silage, soybean meal and non-mineral supplement) and the other 1 fed the same diet supplemented with the commercial micronutrient (µ-nutrient supplementation) for 4 weeks before calving and 8 weeks thereafter. Milk production and composition, BW, body condition score (BCS), DM intake (DMI) and health (calving score, metritis and mastitis) were recorded over the study period. Milk samples were collected on D15 and D60 post-calving for analyses of casein, Na+ and K+ contents and metalloprotease activity. Milk leukocytes and milk mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) were purified and counted. The viability of mMECs was assessed, together with their activity, through an analysis of gene expression. At the same time points, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified and counted. Using genomic DNA extracted from PBMCs, mMECs and milk leukocytes, we assessed global DNA methylation (Me-CCGG) to evaluate the epigenetic imprinting associated with the µ-nutrient-supplemented diet. The µ-nutrient supplementation increased BCS and BW without modifying DMI or milk yield and composition. It also improved calving condition, reducing the time interval between calving and first service. Each easily collectable cell type displayed a specific pattern of Me-CCGG with only subtle changes associated with lactation stages in PBMCs. In conclusion, the response to the µ-nutrient supplementation improved the body condition without alteration of global epigenetic status in dairy cows.
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9
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Zhao X, Ponchon B, Lanctôt S, Lacasse P. Invited review: Accelerating mammary gland involution after drying-off in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6701-6717. [PMID: 31202662 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mammary gland involution, as a part of the reproductive cycle in dairy cows, is a very important remodeling transformation of the mammary gland for the subsequent lactation. There is considerable incentive to accelerate mammary gland involution to improve udder health, shorten the dry period, and simplify the management process by reducing dietary changes. The complex process of mammary involution is characterized by morphological changes in the epithelial cells and mammary tissue, changes in the composition of mammary secretions, and changes in the integrity of tight junctions. Involution is facilitated by elements of the immune system and several types of proteases and is coordinated by various types of hormones. This review first describes the involution process and then argues for the need to accelerate it. Last, this review focuses on various intervention methods for accelerating involution. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of bovine mammary gland involution as well as potential techniques and new opinions for dry cow management.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
| | - B Ponchon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - S Lanctôt
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
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Boutinaud M, Isaka N, Gandemer E, Lamberton P, Wiart S, Taranilla AIDP, Sordillo L, Lollivier V. Inhibiting prolactin by cabergoline accelerates mammary gland remodeling during the early dry period in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9787-9798. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zielniok K, Sobolewska A, Gajewska M. Mechanisms of autophagy induction by sex steroids in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:29-48. [PMID: 28428343 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cattle, mammary gland involution serves to remodel the secretory tissue and occurs in a period of overlap between mammogenic stimulation caused by the next developing pregnancy and tissue regression induced by milk stasis. At this time, high concentrations of 17β-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) support the regeneration of the mammary tissue, as well as enhance autophagy, a cellular process induced in response to stressful conditions for energy generation and homeostasis maintenance. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of autophagy induction by E2 and P4 using an in vitro model of involution based on 20-fold reduction of FBS content (from 10% to 0.5%) in the culture medium of BME-UV1 bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and EMSA analyses demonstrated that addition of E2 and P4 caused a genomic effect in BME-UV1 cells, stimulating the expression of autophagy-related genes (ATGs): BECN1, ATG5, LC3B and their corresponding proteins. Furthermore, knockdown of oestrogen receptor (ERα) and experiments with the use of oestrogen and progesterone antagonists (4-hydroxytamoxifen and RU-486, respectively) demonstrated that the observed genomic effect is mediated by steroid receptors. Finally, both steroids were shown to form complexes with beclin1 and regulate Bcl-2 phosphorylation, indicating that an indirect, non-genomic effect of E2 and P4 may also contribute to autophagy induction in bovine MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zielniok
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sobolewska
- Bioengineering DepartmentThe Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
AbstractThe bovine mammary gland is a dynamic and complex organ composed of various cell types that work together for the purpose of milk synthesis and secretion. A layer of endothelial cells establishes the blood–milk barrier, which exists to facilitate the exchange of solutes and macromolecules necessary for optimal milk production. During bacterial challenge, however, endothelial cells divert some of their lactation function to protect the underlying tissue from damage by initiating inflammation. At the onset of inflammation, endothelial cells tightly regulate the movement of plasma components and leukocytes into affected tissue. Unfortunately, endothelial dysfunction as a result of exacerbated or sustained inflammation can negatively affect both barrier integrity and the health of surrounding extravascular tissue. The objective of this review is to highlight the role of endothelial cells in supporting milk production and regulating optimal inflammatory responses. The consequences of endothelial dysfunction and sustained inflammation on milk synthesis and secretion are discussed. Given the important role of endothelial cells in orchestrating the inflammatory response, a better understanding of endothelial function during mastitis may support development of targeted therapies to protect bovine mammary tissue and mammary endothelium.
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Domènech A, Parés S, Bach A, Arís A. Mammary serum amyloid A3 activates involution of the mammary gland in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7595-605. [PMID: 25306281 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The dry period is a nonlactating phase in which senescent mammary cells are regenerated, which is thought to optimize milk production in the subsequent lactation. In bovines, the dry period normally coexists with pregnancy and the lactogenic hormones delay mammary gland involution and impair the activation of immune system to fight the risk of intramammary infections. Conventionally, long dry periods of up to 60 d are required to allow sufficient mammary regeneration for full milk yield in the next lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of mammary serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) as an activator of the involution of the mammary gland. One milligram of recombinant M-SAA3 and the corresponding negative controls (saline solution and lipopolysaccharide) were infused into the mammary gland via the teat canal, and mammary secretion samples were taken during the first 3 d after drying off to analyze metalloproteinase activity, somatic cell count, protein, and fat contents. Primary mammary gland epithelial cell cultures and bovine dendritic cells, obtained from necropsy tissue and blood, respectively, were incubated with and without M-SAA3 and cytokine expression was quantified. Last, the protective role of the M-SAA3 against infections was evaluated after a Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, a key protein that directly participates in the onset of the involution process, was greater in quarters treated with the M-SAA3. Protein content was increased in mammary secretions compared with control quarters. M-SAA3 increased cytokines directly related to innate immunity in both epithelial and dendritic cells and reduced the infection by Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domènech
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Parés
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Tiantong A, Peng HY, Chen SE, Piamya P, Liu WB, Chen MT, Yu C, Nagahata H, Chang CJ. Intramammary infusion of anEnterococcus faecium SF68 preparation promoted the involution of drying off Holstein cows partly related to neutrophil-associated matrix metalloproteinase 9. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:111-9. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attapol Tiantong
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Peng
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Piya Piamya
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bor Liu
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsao Chen
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chi Yu
- Department of Animal Science; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Hajime Nagahata
- Department of Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; Ebetsu Japan
| | - Chai-Ju Chang
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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Yart L, Lollivier V, Finot L, Dupont J, Wiart S, Boutinaud M, Marnet PG, Dessauge F. Changes in mammary secretory tissue during lactation in ovariectomized dairy cows. Steroids 2013; 78:973-81. [PMID: 23811017 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In dairy animals, the milk yield (MY) changes during a lactation and is influenced by several physiological, livestock management and environmental factors. The MY produced by a mammary gland depends on synthetic activity of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) as well as MEC number and mammary secretory tissue organization. It has been suggested that ovarian steroids (estradiol and progesterone) have a negative effect on MY in lactating cows. In a previous study, we showed that the suppression of ovarian secretions by an ovariectomy improved lactation persistency in dairy cows. Here we were interested in the effects of ovariectomy on plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations and on changes that occur in mammary secretory tissue during lactation. We demonstrated that the ovariectomy of lactating cows at the time of the lactation peak induced a rapid and dramatic drop in plasma progesterone and a smaller reduction in plasma estradiol. Interestingly, the study of the changes in mammary secretory tissue over time revealed that the improvement of MY measured in the ovariectomized cows was associated with a limited increase in estradiol receptivity in MECs, a reduced mammary tissue remodeling and reduced blood protein concentration in milk, in late lactation. These results suggest that ovarian secretions, particularly estradiol and progesterone, act to enhance processes for mammary gland involution in late-lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yart
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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16
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Boutinaud M, Galio L, Lollivier V, Finot L, Wiart S, Esquerré D, Devinoy E. Unilateral once daily milking locally induces differential gene expression in both mammary tissue and milk epithelial cells revealing mammary remodeling. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:973-85. [PMID: 23983197 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Once daily milking reduces milk yield, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Local regulation due to milk stasis in the tissue may contribute to this effect, but such mechanisms have not yet been fully described. To challenge this hypothesis, one udder half of six Holstein dairy cows was milked once a day (ODM), and the other twice a day (TDM). On the 8th day of unilateral ODM, mammary epithelial cells (MEC) were purified from the milk using immunomagnetic separation. Mammary biopsies were harvested from both udder halves. The differences in transcript profiles between biopsies from ODM and TDM udder halves were analyzed by a 22k bovine oligonucleotide array, revealing 490 transcripts that were differentially expressed. The principal category of upregulated transcripts concerned mechanisms involved in cell proliferation and death. We further confirmed remodeling of the mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry, which showed less cell proliferation and more apoptosis in ODM udder halves. Gene expression analyzed by RT-qPCR in MEC purified from milk and mammary biopsies showed a common downregulation of six transcripts (ABCG2, FABP3, NUCB2, RNASE1 and 5, and SLC34A2) but also some discrepancies. First, none of the upregulated transcripts in biopsies varied in milk-purified MEC. Second, only milk-purified MEC showed significant LALBA downregulation, which suggests therefore that they correspond to a mammary epithelial cell subpopulation. Our results, obtained after unilateral milking, suggest that cell remodeling during ODM is due to a local effect, which may be triggered by milk accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Boutinaud
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Wanyonyi SS, Lefevre C, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR. The extracellular matrix locally regulates asynchronous concurrent lactation in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Matrix Biol 2013; 32:342-51. [PMID: 23665481 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asynchronous concurrent lactation (ACL) is an extreme lactation strategy in macropod marsupials including the tammar wallaby, that may hold the key to understanding local control of mammary epithelial cell function. Marsupials have a short gestation and a long lactation consisting of three phases; P2A, P2B and P3, representing early, mid and late lactation respectively and characterised by profound changes in milk composition. A lactating tammar is able to concurrently produce phase 2A and 3 milk from adjacent glands in order to feed a young newborn and an older sibling at heel. Physiological effectors of ACL remain unknown and in this study the extracellular matrix (ECM) is investigated for its role in switching mammary phenotypes between phases of tammar wallaby lactation. Using the level of expression of the genes for the phase specific markers tELP, tWAP, and tLLP-B representing phases 2A, 2B and 3 respectively we show for the first time that tammar wallaby mammary epithelial cells (WallMECs) extracted from P2B acquire P3 phenotype when cultured on P3 ECM. Similarly P2A cells acquire P2B phenotype when cultured on P2B ECM. We further demonstrate that changes in phase phenotype correlate with phase-specific changes in ECM composition. This study shows that progressive changes in ECM composition in individual mammary glands provide a local regulatory mechanism for milk protein gene expression thereby enabling the mammary glands to lactate independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Wanyonyi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Systems Biology, BioDeakin, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd., 3217 VIC, Australia.
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Yart L, Dessauge F, Finot L, Barbey S, Marnet P, Lollivier V. Ovariectomy improves lactation persistency in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3794-802. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Involvement of TNF-α and MAPK pathway in the intramammary MMP-9 release via degranulation of cow neutrophils during acute mammary gland involution. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Suppression of ovarian secretions before puberty strongly affects mammogenesis in the goat. J DAIRY RES 2012; 79:157-67. [PMID: 22339801 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide insight into the biological mechanisms underlying mammary development and the role of the ovaries in prepubertal caprine mammogenesis using a serial ovariectomy approach. Young Alpine goats were ovariectomized (Ovx) or sham-operated (Int) at three periods before puberty (G1=1 month, G2=2 month and G3=3 months of age) and one after puberty (G7=7 months of age). The goats were slaughtered at 9 months of age and mammary glands were removed. Ovariectomy performed at 1, 2 and 3 months of age caused a 50% reduction in DNA concentration, in mammary tissue taken from the parenchyma-stroma border region. Morphological analysis of mammary tissue sections indicated that the parenchymal structures of Ovx goats were negatively affected by ovariectomy. Goats ovariectomized before 2 months of age (Ovx-1 and Ovx-2) showed a significant decrease in the percent of cells proliferating in mammary glands of 9-month old goats (proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and antigen Ki67-positive cell number). Also, goats ovariectomized at 1 and 2 months of age had reduced matrix metalloprotease 2 activity at 9 months of age. E-cadherin was strongly decreased in goats ovariectomized before 2 months of age (80 and 85% in Ovx-1 and Ovx-2 goats, respectively). Quantitative PCR analysis of transcripts encoding for oestrogen (ERα) and progesterone receptors (PR) and immunodetection of ERα showed that ovariectomy at 1 and 2 months of age strongly inhibited the transcription of ERα and PR in the mammary gland. We conclude that ovariectomy before 3 months of age markedly impaired parenchymal development. These findings suggest that prepubertal mammogenesis in goats depends on the ovaries to initiate mammary epithelial cell proliferation and mammary gland remodelling.
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Lampidonis A, Theodorou G, Pecorini C, Rebucci R, Baldi A, Politis I. Cloning of the 5′ regulatory regions and functional characterization of the core promoters of ovine PLAU (u-PA) and SERPIN1 (PAI-1). Gene 2011; 489:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Effect of growth factors and lactogenic hormones on expression of plasminogen activator-related genes and cell proliferation in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. J DAIRY RES 2011; 78:365-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s002202991100046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence in the literature as to whether up-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) expression is related to bovine mammary epithelial cell growth. The role of u-PA receptor (u-PAR) and that of the plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 and type 2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2) in bovine mammary epithelial cell proliferation is not known. The effect of growth factors and various hormones known to affect mammary function on expression of u-PA, u-PAR, PAI-1, PAI-2 and cell proliferation using the BME-UV1 bovine mammary epithelial cell line was examined. Cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay and direct cell enumeration. Results showed that both IGF-1 and EGF increased cell proliferation but EGF was a more potent mitogen than IGF-1. Furthermore, IGF-1 increased by 2-fold expression of both u-PA and u-PAR while EGF increased by 3·8-fold the expression of only u-PAR. Both growth factors had no effect on expression of PAI-1 and PAI-2. In a manner consistent with changes in gene expression, EGF and to a lesser extent IGF-1 up-regulated total cell associated, membrane-bound and secreted u-PA activity. Thus, a strong correlation exists between u-PAR gene expression along with the activity of u-PA present on cell membranes and cell proliferation. Dexamethasone, prolactin and surprisingly insulin had no effect on cell proliferation. Dexamethasone alone and when combined with insulin or prolactin up-regulated gene expression of both PAI- and PAI-2 but not that of u-PA and u-PAR. Decreased total cell-associated, membrane-bound and secreted u-PA activity was detected in cells cultured in the presence of dexamethasone when combined with insulin or prolactin. However no such effect was observed in the presence of dexamethasone alone. Thus, dexamethasone acting synergistically with prolactin or insulin inhibits the activation of the plasmin-plasminogen system but this inhibition is not correlated with any changes in cell proliferation.
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Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-14 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 during bovine placentation and at term with or without placental retention. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1104-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Piantoni P, Wang P, Drackley JK, Hurley WL, Loor JJ. Expression of metabolic, tissue remodeling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways in mammary tissue during involution in lactating dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights 2010; 4:85-97. [PMID: 20981268 PMCID: PMC2964046 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological and functional changes associated with involution in the mammary gland are partly regulated by changes in gene expression. At 42 d postpartum, Holstein cows underwent a period of 5 d during which they were milked 1X daily until complete cessation of milking. Percutaneous mammary biopsies (n = 5/time point) were obtained on d 1, 5, 14, and 21 relative to the start of 1X milking for transcript profiling via qPCR of 57 genes associated with metabolism, apoptosis/proliferation, immune response/inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling. Not surprisingly, there was clear downregulation of genes associated with milk fat synthesis (FASN, ACACA, CD36, FABP3, SCD) and lipid-related transcription regulation (SREBF1, SREBF2). Similar to milk fat synthesis-related genes, those encoding proteins required for glucose uptake (SLC2A1), casein synthesis (CSN2, CSN3), and lactose synthesis (LALBA) decreased during involution. Unlike metabolic genes, those associated with immune response and inflammation (C3, LTF, SAA3), oxidative stress (GPX1, SOD2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (SPP1, TNF) increased to peak levels by d 14 from the start of 1X milking. These adaptations appeared to be related with tissue remodeling as indicated by upregulation of proteins encoding matrix proteinases (MMP2), IGFBP3, and transcriptional regulation of apoptosis/cell proliferation (MYC). In contrast, the concerted upregulation of STAT3, TGFB1, and TGFB1R during the first 14 d was suggestive of an activation of these signaling pathways probably as an acute response to regulate differentiation and/or mammary cell survival upon the onset of a marked pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress response induced by the gradual reduction in milk removal. Results suggest a central role of STAT3, MYC, PPARG, SREBF1, and SREBF2 in regulating concerted alterations in metabolic and cell survival mechanisms, which were induced partly via oxidative stressed-triggered inflammation and the decline in metabolic activity.
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De Vries LD, Dover H, Casey T, VandeHaar MJ, Plaut K. Characterization of mammary stromal remodeling during the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2433-43. [PMID: 20494151 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the dry period between successive lactations, the mammary gland of dairy cows undergoes extensive remodeling that is marked by phases of involution and mammogenesis. Changes in the mammary epithelium during the dry period have been well characterized; however, few studies have examined the changes that occur in stromal tissue. The objective of this study was to characterize changes that occur in mammary stroma during the dry period. Mammary biopsies were taken from 9 multigravid Holstein cows in late lactation, at 1 wk after dry-off, 3 wk before expected calving date, and 1 wk before expected calving date. Tissue was fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 5-mum sections. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or with immunohistochemistry for expression of smooth muscle alpha actin (SMA), fibronectin, stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and TGF-beta receptor 2 (TGF-betaR2). Images of tissues were captured with light microscopy, and imaging software was used to measure intralobular stromal area, number of activated fibroblasts, as identified by expression of SMA, and percentage of intralobular stromal area expressing fibronectin, MMP3, TGF-beta1, and TGF-betaR2. Analyses of variance were conducted and statistical differences were based on the least squares means of biopsy stage. Number of activated fibroblasts was greater at 1 wk dry than at 1 wk before calving (2,720 vs. 1,800 cells/mm(2)), percentage intralobular stromal area was greater at 1 wk dry (32%) and 3 wk before calving (37%) than at 1 wk before calving (25%), and TGF-beta1 expression decreased 15% from late lactation to the dry period. The percentages of stromal area expressing fibronectin, MMP-3, and TGF-betaR2 and the percentage of myofibroblasts were not different across biopsy stages. These results support the concept that stromal expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and fibroblast proliferation may be important for remodeling during the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D De Vries
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225, USA
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Almeida RA, Dunlap JR, Oliver SP. Binding of Host Factors Influences Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of Streptococcus uberis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:319192. [PMID: 20614000 PMCID: PMC2896729 DOI: 10.4061/2010/319192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells occurred through receptor- (RME) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CME). We reported also that treatment of S. uberis with host proteins including lactoferrin (LF) enhanced its internalization into host cells. Since the underlying mechanism(s) involved in such enhancement was unknown we investigated if preincubation of S. uberis with host proteins drives internalization of this pathogen into host cells through CME. Thus, experiments involving coculture of collagen-, fibronectin-, and LF-pretreated S. uberis with bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with RME and CME inhibitors were conducted. Results showed that internalization of host proteins-pretreated S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells treated with RME inhibitors was higher than that of untreated controls. These results suggest that pretreatment with selected host proteins commits S. uberis to CME, thus avoiding intracellular bactericidal mechanisms and allowing its persistence into bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, The Food Safety Center of Excellence, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Theodorou G, Bizelis I, Rogdakis E, Politis I. The ovine plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 and type 2 cDNAs: Molecular cloning, characterization and expression in various tissues. Gene 2010; 454:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Theodorou G, Bizelis I, Rogdakis E, Politis I. The ovine urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor cDNAs: Molecular cloning, characterization and expression in various tissues. Gene 2009; 443:158-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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TNFα-mediated plasminogen activation on neutrophils is involved in the high plasmin activity in mammary secretion of drying-off cows. J DAIRY RES 2009; 76:459-68. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029909990069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between inflammatory cytokines and plasminogen (Pg) activation system on immune cells are yet to be established. In previous studies we reported a somatic cell-associated elevation of proteolytic activity in mammary secretion of drying-off goats and cows. The purposes of the present study were to examine the role of TNF-α in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-associated Pg activation, and the significance of this activation pathway for overall plasmin (Pm) activity in mammary secretion of drying-off cows. Results of experiments in vitro showed that the spontaneous Pg activation observed on fresh preparations of bovine blood PMN was completely blocked by anti bovine TNF-α antibody, and was further up-regulated by exogenous bovine TNF-α. Monitoring the parameters of mammary secretion of drying-off cows revealed that both somatic cell counts and differential PMN ratio was significantly elevated at weeks 1, 2 and 3 of milk stasis. Nevertheless, specific activity of soluble Pm in mammary secretion increased and the level of 17-kDa TNF-α decreased immediately following milk stasis. Iimmunoblotting revealed that although both 26-kDa pro-TNF-α and 17-kDa TNF-α were consistently present in somatic cells of mammary secretion collected at weeks 0, 1, 2 and 3 of milk stasis, only 26-kDa pro-TNF-α was present in somatic cells of milk during lactation. In-vitro assay indicated that cell-free mammary secretion of drying-off cows exerted no Pg activation bioactivity towards bovine blood PMN. Altogether, the current study suggests the existence of an active TNF-α-Pg-Pm autocrine/paracrine loop on the massively infiltrated PMN inside udders of drying-off cows, which involves extensive binding and internalization of 17-kDa TNF-α on PMN and consequently activation of Pg, resulting in high Pm activity and low 17-kDa TNF-α level in mammary secretion. These coordinated mechanisms may play a role in the defence of drying-off mammary gland.
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Tremblay G, Bernier-Dodier P, Delbecchi L, Wagner G, Talbot B, Lacasse P. Local control of mammary involution: Is stanniocalcin-1 involved? J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1998-2006. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Menzies KK, Lefèvre C, Macmillan KL, Nicholas KR. Insulin regulates milk protein synthesis at multiple levels in the bovine mammary gland. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 9:197-217. [PMID: 19107532 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-008-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of insulin in milk protein synthesis is unresolved in the bovine mammary gland. This study examined the potential role of insulin in the presence of two lactogenic hormones, hydrocortisone and prolactin, in milk protein synthesis. Insulin was shown to stimulate milk protein gene expression, casein synthesis and (14)C-lysine uptake in mammary explants from late pregnant cows. A global assessment of changes in gene expression in mammary explants in response to insulin was undertaken using Affymetrix microarray. The resulting data provided insight into the molecular mechanisms stimulated by insulin and showed that the hormone stimulated the expression of 28 genes directly involved in protein synthesis. These genes included the milk protein transcription factor, ELF5, translation factors, the folate metabolism genes, FOLR1 and MTHFR, as well as several genes encoding enzymes involved in catabolism of essential amino acids and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. These data show that insulin is not only essential for milk protein gene expression, but stimulates milk protein synthesis at multiple levels within bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karensa K Menzies
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Chen W, Weng M, Chen S, Peh H, Liu W, Yu T, Huang M, Chen M, Nagahata H, Chang C. Profile of Gelatinolytic Capacity of Raw Goat Milk and the Implications for Milk Quality. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4954-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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