1
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Aljasir SF, D'Amico DJ. The effect of protective cultures on Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103541. [PMID: 32539968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning and is a common contaminant in milk. Despite efforts to control S. aureus, recalls and outbreaks continue to occur, highlighting the need for additional interventions. This study determined the potential for protective cultures (PC) that are commercially available to producers to control S. aureus growth in raw milk and attenuate virulence by impeding staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production in raw milk and laboratory medium. Cultures of Hafnia alvei and Lactococcus lactis effectively inhibited S. aureus growth in raw milk to counts ~5 log CFU/mL lower than control when cocultured following a cheesemaking time and temperature profile; two cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited growth to ~1.5 log CFU/mL less than control. Cocultures of S. aureus with Lc. lactis, H. alvei and Lb. plantarum in raw milk reduced SE levels by 24.9%, 62.4%, and 76%, respectively. Lc. lactis also decreased SE production in raw milk in the absence of PC-mediated growth inhibition. Significant reductions in SE production in the absence of pathogen growth inhibition were also achieved in laboratory medium. Together, these results demonstrate the potential for PCs to inhibit S. aureus growth and impede SE production in the absence of growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman F Aljasir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Dennis J D'Amico
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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2
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Dodoo CC, Stapleton P, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Use of a water-based probiotic to treat common gut pathogens. Int J Pharm 2018; 556:136-141. [PMID: 30543889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the anti-pathogenic effect of a commercially available water-based probiotic suspension, Symprove™, against three commonly encountered infectious organisms; Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Shigella sonnei. An isothermal calorimetric assay was used to the monitor growth of the species individually and in binary combinations, while colony plate counting was used to enumerate viable cell numbers. It was observed that all pathogenic species were faster growing than the probiotic bacteria in Symprove™ after inoculation into growth medium yet in all instances bacterial enumeration at the end of the experiments revealed a significant reduction in the pathogen population compared with the controls. A control population between 108 and 109 CFU/ml was obtained for E. coli and S. sonnei whilst approximately 106 CFU/ml was obtained for MRSA. Upon co-incubation for 48 h, no viable counts were obtained for E. coli; a 4-log reduction was obtained for S. sonnei whilst MRSA numbers were down to less than 10 cells/ml. The results show that Symprove™ has antipathogenic activity against E. coli, S. sonnei and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius C Dodoo
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Paul Stapleton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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3
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Fujikawa H, Nagaoka K, Arai K. Degradation of staphylococcal enterotoxin A by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from raw milk. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1436-1443. [PMID: 28417705 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1314755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains produced SEA in raw milk with microbial contaminants at high temperatures like 40 °C only. Moreover, the concentration of SEA produced in raw milk gradually decreased after the peak. The reason(s) for SEA degradation in raw milk was studied in this study. Degradation of SEA spiked in raw milk was observed at 40 °C, but not at 25 °C. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from raw milk degraded SEA spiked in broth at 40 °C. A sample partially purified with a chromatographic method from culture supernatant of the isolate degraded SEA. Two main proteolytic bands were observed in the sample by zymographic analysis with casein. These results suggested that the SEA in raw milk might be degraded by a protease(s) produced by the P. aeruginosa isolate. This finding might be the first report on SEA degradation by a proteolytic enzyme(s) derived from Pseudomonas bacteria to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujikawa
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- b Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Arai
- c Faculty of Agriculture, Sderoprotein and Leather Research Institute , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
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4
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Hunt K, Butler F, Jordan K. Factors affecting staphylococcal enterotoxin Cbovine production in milk. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Sabike II, Fujikawa H, Sakha MZ, Edris AM. Production of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin a in raw milk at high temperatures. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1612-6. [PMID: 25198856 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Improper processing and storage of raw milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus at elevated temperatures can result in the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins, especially type A (SEA), which is most frequently associated with food poisoning outbreaks such as the large one in Osaka, Japan, in 2000. In this study, the characteristics of S. aureus growth and SEA production at various high temperatures in raw milk samples were studied using two raw milk samples naturally containing low and high levels of natural microflora. The optimal temperatures found for SEA production in the two milk types were as high as 40 and 44°C (range, 36 to 48°C), and SEA production was dependent on the initial dose of S. aureus. These high temperatures were close to that of the outbreak in Japan. Thus, it was concluded that temperature was critical for SEA production in raw milk. It was also observed that natural microflora in the milk samples considerably suppressed SEA production but not staphylococcal growth. On the other hand, the amount of toxin in most milk samples decreased after peaking during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Sabike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - H Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - M Z Sakha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - A M Edris
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
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6
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7
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Charlier C, Cretenet M, Even S, Le Loir Y. Interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and lactic acid bacteria: An old story with new perspectives. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 131:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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MARCY JA, KRAFT AA, OLSON DG, WALKER HW, HOTCHKISS DK. Fate of Sfaphylococcus aureus in Reduced Sodium Fermented Sausage. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Arkoudelos JS, Samaras FJ, Tassou CC. Survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis on salted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) during ripening. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1479-81. [PMID: 12929841 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ripening period for salted sardines ranges from 4 to 6 months, depending on the season. Sometimes producing industries need to distribute the product earlier owing to market needs, and when this happens the product's safety needs to be assured. The purpose of this work was to study the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Enteritidis on salted sardines during a ripening period of 115 days. Salted sardines were inoculated with pure cultures of S. aureus and Salmonella Enteritidis (10(5) CFU/g of fish on day 0). After 5 days of ripening, the water activity value for the sardines decreased from 0.93 to 0.69. The survival of both pathogens and that of total viable cells were evaluated during the ripening process. Total viable counts decreased by 2 log units over the 115-day ripening period. Salmonella Enteritidis and S. aureus survived for 60 and 90 days, respectively. Therefore, the use of a 90-day ripening period could be effective in assuring the safety of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Arkoudelos
- National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, 1 S. Venizelou, 141 23, Lycovrissi Attiki, Greece.
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10
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Doan C, Davidson P. Growth and Production of Enterotoxin A by Staphylococcus aureus on "Home-style" French Fries. J Food Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Rowe MT. Predictive microbiology: Uses for assessing quality and safety of dairy products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01584210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Domenech A, Hernandez FJ, Orden JA, Goyache J, Lopez B, Suarez G, Gomez-Lucia E. Effect of six organic acids on staphylococcal growth and enterotoxin production. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1992; 194:124-8. [PMID: 1561842 DOI: 10.1007/bf01190181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Four Staphylococcus aureus strains were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h in broth progressively acidified with lactic, citric, ascorbic, acetic, pyruvic and propionic acids, and their survival rate and enterotoxin producing ability was studied. Acids were chosen based on their frequent use by the food industry. Periodically, samples were withdrawn to determine counts, pH and the presence of enterotoxins A, B, C, and D. For a given acid, the effect on growth and enterotoxin synthesis was different. The most inhibitory acid for the growth of strains FRI-100 and FRI-472 was pyruvic acid, for strain FRI-137 was lactic acid, all six acids were equally effective on strain S6. Lactic acid was very inhibitory to enterotoxin synthesis, but the effect on this parameter of acetic and citric acids was almost nil. Enterotoxins were seen to be inactivated at acid pH values; enterotoxin B was the most resistant to inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domenech
- Departamento de Patologia Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Umoh V, Adesiyun A, Gomwalk N. Seasonal variation, characteristics and enterotoxin production by staphylococcal isolates from fermented milk products. Food Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-0020(90)90023-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Otero A, García ML, García MC, Moreno B, Bergdoll MS. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins C1 and C2 and thermonuclease throughout the growth cycle. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:555-9. [PMID: 2306093 PMCID: PMC183377 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.2.555-559.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of enterotoxins C1 and C2 and thermonuclease throughout the growth cycle was investigated with Staphylococcus aureus type strains FRI137 and FRI361 and S. aureus isolates M5 (C1) and L2 (C2) of animal origin. Both enterotoxins were produced during the exponential growth phase or at the beginning of the stationary phase. The minimal incubation time (7 to 12 h) and the lowest population (10(7) to 2 x 10(9) CFU/ml) associated with detectable enterotoxin (1 to 6.5 ng/ml) were related to the total amount of toxin produced after 24 h. Thermonuclease was detected in all samples whenever enterotoxins were detected. Furthermore, strain FRI137 produced thermonuclease earlier and at lower cell populations than it did enterotoxin C1. Patterns of enterotoxin and thermonuclease synthesis did not correlate. The concentration of toxins increased throughout the growth cycle, while the concentration of thermonuclease remained constant during the last hours of the growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otero
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, University of León, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Behavior of Staphylococcus aureus strains 100-A, 196-E, 254, 473, 505, and 521 in sweet (18 to 80% milk fat) and neutralized sour cream was studied. Cream was inoculated to contain approximately 10(3) to 10(4) S. aureus/ml, depending on milk fat content, and was incubated at 4, 22, or 37 degrees C. Determinations were made of aerobic plate count, S. aureus count, and pH. When growth in cream exceeded 10(7) S. aureus/ml, enterotoxin analysis was done. Sweet and neutralized sour cream supported growth of all strains of S. aureus tested. Strains 100-A, 196-E, 473, 505, and 521 grew sufficiently to produce enterotoxin in sweet cream of 18 or 32% milk fat held at 37 degrees C for 18 h or at 22 degrees C for 52 h. Populations of strains 100-A, 196-E, 505, and 521 exceeded 10(6) cells/ml in sweet cream of 36% milk fat held for 18 h at 37 degrees C. Strains 100-A and 521 grew to more than 10(6) cells/ml in sweet cream of 40% milk fat held for 18 h at 37 degrees C. No strain of S. aureus grew to levels associated with detectable enterotoxin production at 4 degrees C within 14 d in any cream. Incubation temperature, milk fat content of cream, and variation among strains influenced the ability of S. aureus to grow and produce enterotoxin.
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16
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Orden JA, Goyache J, Blanco JL, Javier Hernández F, Doménech A, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and synthesis of enterotoxins in home-made yoghurt. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1989; 189:16-20. [PMID: 2781867 DOI: 10.1007/bf01120441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains FRI-100, S6, FRI-137 and FRI 472 were inoculated into milk to study growth and enterotoxin production in home-made yogurts. The yogurt used as starter was progressively weakened by successive inoculations (up to four) in milk to prepare other yogurts in order to study the ability of yogurt microflora to inhibit staphylococci. After elaboration, yogurts were stored at 4 degrees C, 22 degrees C, and 37 degrees C for a maximum of 21 days. Periodically, staphylococcal counts, pH and the production of enterotoxins A, B, C, and D were determined. Enterotoxins were only detected in the last batch. It was concluded that the inhibitory effect of the starter culture is not only due to the decrease of pH, but also to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Orden
- Departamento de Patología Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Otero A, García M, García M, Prieto M, Moreno B. Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus strains, producers of enterotoxins C1or C2, during the manufacture and storage of Burgos cheese. J Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb04424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Otero A, García MC, García ML, Prieto M, Moreno B. Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus strains, producers of enterotoxins C1 or C2, during the manufacture and storage of Burgos cheese. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1988; 64:117-22. [PMID: 3372397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb02730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Burgos cheese was manufactured from pasteurized ewes' milk inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus strains FRI 137 and FRI 361, at levels of ca 10(3) and 10(5) cfu/ml and stored at 4 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees C and at room temperature (10 degrees-15 degrees C). Populations of Staph. aureus and mesophilic aerobes, pH, and production of thermonuclease and enterotoxins C1 and C2 were investigated. Aerobic counts increased during cheese-making and storage. With both test strains, important growth was observed only during the storage period, the larger levels corresponding to the higher temperatures. Although Staph. aureus strains attained populations of over 10(8) cfu/g, no enterotoxin was detected. Strain FRI 361 reached 10(7) cfu/g without production of a detectable amount of thermonuclease. With strain FRI 137, the minimal population associated with enzyme activity was influenced by the inoculum size. Staphylococcus aureus counts are better indicators of staphylococcal growth in Burgos cheese than the thermonuclease test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otero
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Spain
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19
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Otero A, García MC, García ML, Moreno B. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins C1 and C2 and thermonuclease in ewe's milk. Food Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(87)80008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Metaxopoulos J, Genigeorgis C, Fanelli MJ, Franti C, Cosma E. Production of Italian Dry Salami: Effect of Starter Culture and Chemical Acidulation on Staphylococcal Growth in Salami Under Commercial Manufacturing Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 42:863-71. [PMID: 16345888 PMCID: PMC244120 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.5.863-871.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of starter culture and chemical acidulation on the growth and enterotoxigenesis of
Staphylococcus aureus
strain S-6 in Italian dry salami under commercial manufacturing conditions was studied. The experimental design included two levels of
S. aureus
(10
4
and 10
5
/g), three levels of starter culture (0, 10
5
, and 10
6
/g), three levels of initial pH (pH
0
) (6.1, 5.5, and 4.8), two manufacturing plants, and three replications.
S. aureus
growth in the salami was affected significantly (
P
< 0.005) by pH
0
, initial levels of
S. aureus
(staph
0
) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB
0
), day of fermentation, and by the interactions of pH
0
× day, pH
0
× LAB
0
, LAB
0
× staph
0
, pH
0
× staph
0
, and pH
0
× location of fermentation. In general, the lower the pH
0
and the higher the LAB
0
, the greater the inhibition of
S. aureus
. The LAB levels during the fermentation were affected significantly (
P
< 0.005) by pH
0
, LAB
0
, day of fermentation, location, LAB
0
× pH
0
, and LAB
0
× day. Derived regression equations related level of
S. aureus
and LAB at any day of fermentation to a number of microbiological and chemical variables. Close similarity of observed and predicted levels of
S. aureus
and LAB growth demonstrated the usefulness of the experimental approach in evaluating the safety of a process. No detectable enterotoxin or thermonuclease was found at any stage of processing even when
S. aureus
reached levels of 10
7
/g of salami.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Metaxopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Noleto AL, Bergdoll MS. Staphylococcal enterotoxin production in the presence of non-enterotoxigenic staphylococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39:1167-71. [PMID: 7406485 PMCID: PMC291501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.39.6.1167-1171.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains were grown with a non-enterotoxigenic strain in laboratory medium, in milk, and in ham. Differences in pigmentation were used to differentiate the enterotoxigenic strains from the non-enterotoxigenic ones. Enterotoxin was detectable in milk when the colony counts of the non-enterotoxigenic strain were 15 to 20 times greater than those of the enterotoxigenic ones and in ham when the ratio was 60 to 77:1. Enterotoxin was detectable in milk when the enterotoxigenic strains reached counts of 10(7) colony-forming units per ml and in ham when the counts reached 10(8) colony-forming units per ml. It may be necessary in some food poisoning outbreaks to examine many isolates (up to 50 or 60) for enterotoxin production to be able to detect the enterotoxigenic staphylococci.
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22
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BARTHOLOMEW DT, BLUMER TN. INHIBITION OF Staphylococcus BY ILACTIC ACID BACTERIA IN COUNTRY-STYLE HAMS. J Food Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb04065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Niskanen A, Koranen L, Roine K. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and thermonuclease production during induced bovine mastitis and the clinical reaction of enterotoxin in udders. Infect Immun 1978; 19:493-8. [PMID: 631886 PMCID: PMC414111 DOI: 10.1128/iai.19.2.493-498.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxin A- and C-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and partially and extensively purified enterotoxin A were inoculated into the udder quarters of cows. In the course of experimentally induced mastitis caused by the inoculated S. aureus strain, enterotoxin C but not A was detected in the infected udder. Enterotoxin C was observed in mastitic milk samples at very low S. aureus population levels (10(2) to 10(3) colony-forming units per ml). The results suggest that either the synthesis of enterotoxin C is stimulated in vitro or that growth of S. aureus cells in udders was, in fact, higher than the colony-forming unit values indicated. Thermonuclease was shown to be excreted into mastitic milk at a slower rate than was enterotoxin. An inoculation of 1 microgram of enterotoxin A in autogenic milk returned to the udder caused clinical reactions (swelling, palpation sensitivity, and increase in the level of somatic cells) within 6 h.
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TATINI SR, SOO HM, CORDS R, BENNETT RW. HEAT-STABLE NUCLEASE FOR ASSESSMENT OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL GROWTH AND LIKELY PRESENCE OF ENTEROTOXINS IN FOODS. J Food Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb02200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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27
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Tatini SR, Wesala WD, Jezeski JJ, Morris HA. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in Blue, Brick, Mozzarella, and Swiss cheeses. J Dairy Sci 1973; 56:429-35. [PMID: 4634171 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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29
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Tatini SR, Jezeski JJ, Morris HA, Olson JC, Casman EP. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in cheddar and colby cheese. J Dairy Sci 1971; 54:815-25. [PMID: 4258833 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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