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Optimal Production of β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus fermentum for the Synthesis of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides (Gos). JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal) has extensively used for improvement of lactose intolerance condition. Present study, was designed to assess the potential of β-gal enzyme produced by Lactobacillus fermentum, a kefir isolate, as a biocatalyst for the manufacture of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. The efficiency of L. fermentum to produce β-gal of 4,254 u/ml was determined by permeabilizing the cells with solvents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and chloroform. Different parameters contributing β-gal production including reaction time, temperature, pH, carbohydrates, and substrate concentration on L. fermentum were studied and optimum β-gal activity was found to be 6,232.13 u/ml. It was observed that different experimental parameters for pH (7.0), temperature (35°C), and carbohydrates (galactose) were statistically significant (p<0.05). L. fermentum was found to produce GOS by transgalactosylation catalysed by β-gal during lactose hydrolysis which yielded di, tri, and tetra oligosaccharides, confirmed by TLC and HPLC. The culture showed β-gal activity, suggesting biotechnological applications and a promising organism for industrial β-gal production.
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Mohamed MS, Elshaghabee FM, Alharbi SA, El-Hussein A. The Prospective Beneficial Effects of Red Laser Exposure on Lactocaseibacillus casei Fermentation of Skim Milk. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090256. [PMID: 32878056 PMCID: PMC7565532 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are crucial producers of fermented dairy products that are popular functional foods in many countries. The health benefits of probiotic bacteria are mainly attributed to their effective bioactive metabolites. The quality of fermented milk is mainly dependent on the bacterial strain used in the fermentation process. In this study, an innovative technique is used in order to enhance the activities of the probiotic bacteria, quality of fermented milk, and consequently the whole fermentation process. Red laser dosages, at the wavelength of 632.7 nm, were applied to the type strain Lacticaseibacillus casei NRRL-B-1922 before the fermentation of skim milk. The results revealed that the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical and total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased from 21% in untreated control to 56% after bacterial laser irradiation of 12 J/cm2 dosage for 40 min. The antioxidant activity was found to be increased as the red laser dosage increased in a dose-response relationship. Additionally, the lactose fermentation in skim milk medium of 43.22 mg/mL initial concentration into organic acids was enhanced after L. casei irradiation and recorded 23.15 mg/mL compared to control group 28.35 mg/mL without bacterial pre-treatment. These results are correlated with increase of the β-Galactosidase activity, where the L. casei that has been exposed to 40 min of red laser exhibited the higher activity of a 0.37 unit/mL relative to the control 0.25 unit/mL. The assessment of this fermented milk after L. casei laser exposure for 10, 20, and 40 min indicates multiple biological effects, including assimilation of cholesterol as well as proteolytic and antibacterial activity. Our data on the exposure of L. casei to laser beam suggest promising application of red laser in the fermentation process of skim milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S.M. Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.S.M.M.); (A.E.-H.)
| | | | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.S.M.M.); (A.E.-H.)
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Ravindran R, Hassan SS, Williams GA, Jaiswal AK. A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E93. [PMID: 30373279 PMCID: PMC6316327 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial waste is highly nutritious in nature and facilitates microbial growth. Most agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic in nature; a large fraction of it is composed of carbohydrates. Agricultural residues can thus be used for the production of various value-added products, such as industrially important enzymes. Agro-industrial wastes, such as sugar cane bagasse, corn cob and rice bran, have been widely investigated via different fermentation strategies for the production of enzymes. Solid-state fermentation holds much potential compared with submerged fermentation methods for the utilization of agro-based wastes for enzyme production. This is because the physical⁻chemical nature of many lignocellulosic substrates naturally lends itself to solid phase culture, and thereby represents a means to reap the acknowledged potential of this fermentation method. Recent studies have shown that pretreatment technologies can greatly enhance enzyme yields by several fold. This article gives an overview of how agricultural waste can be productively harnessed as a raw material for fermentation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of studies conducted in the production of different commercially important enzymes using lignocellulosic food waste has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ravindran
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Shady S Hassan
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gwilym A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
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Venkateswarulu TC, Prabhakar KV, Kumar RB, Krupanidhi S. Modeling and optimization of fermentation variables for enhanced production of lactase by isolated Bacillus subtilis strain VUVD001 using artificial neural networking and response surface methodology. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:186. [PMID: 28664372 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling and optimization were performed to enhance production of lactase through submerged fermentation by Bacillus subtilis VUVD001 using artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of process parameters namely temperature (°C), pH, and incubation time (h) and their combinational interactions on production was studied in shake flask culture by Box-Behnken design. The model was validated by conducting an experiment at optimized process variables which gave the maximum lactase activity of 91.32 U/ml. Compared to traditional activity, 3.48-folds improved production was obtained after RSM optimization. This study clearly shows that both RSM and ANN models provided desired predictions. However, compared with RSM (R 2 = 0.9496), the ANN model (R 2 = 0.99456) gave a better prediction for the production of lactase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Venkateswarulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India.
| | - K Vidya Prabhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524320, India
| | - R Bharath Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - S Krupanidhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
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Cardoso VM, Borelli BM, Lara CA, Soares MA, Pataro C, Bodevan EC, Rosa CA. The influence of seasons and ripening time on yeast communities of a traditional Brazilian cheese. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Construction of lactose-consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae for lactose fermentation into ethanol fuel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:353-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two lactose-consuming diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, AY-51024A and AY-51024M, were constructed by expressing the LAC4 and LAC12 genes of Kluyveromyces marxianus in the host strain AY-5. In AY-51024A, both genes were targeted to the ATH1 and NTH1 gene-encoding regions to abolish the activity of acid/neutral trehalase. In AY-51024M, both genes were respectively integrated into the MIG1 and NTH1 gene-encoding regions to relieve glucose repression. Physiologic studies of the two transformants under anaerobic cultivations in glucose and galactose media indicated that the expression of both LAC genes did not physiologically burden the cells, except for AY-51024A in glucose medium. Galactose consumption was initiated at higher glucose concentrations in the MIG1 deletion strain AY-51024M than in the corresponding wild-type strain and AY-51024A, wherein galactose was consumed until glucose was completely depleted in the mixture. In lactose medium, the Sp. growth rates of AY-51024A and AY-51024M under anaerobic shake-flasks were 0.025 and 0.067 h−1, respectively. The specific lactose uptake rate and ethanol production of AY-51024M were 2.50 g lactose g CDW−1 h−1 and 23.4 g l−1, respectively, whereas those of AY-51024A were 0.98 g lactose g CDW−1 h−1 and 24.3 g lactose g CDW−1 h−1, respectively. In concentrated cheese whey powder solutions, AY-51024M produced 63.3 g l−1 ethanol from approximately 150 g l−1 initial lactose in 120 h, conversely, AY-51024A consumed 63.7 % of the initial lactose and produced 35.9 g l−1 ethanol. Therefore, relieving glucose repression is an effective strategy for constructing lactose-consuming S. cerevisiae.
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Lima AF, Cavalcante KF, de Freitas MDFM, Rodrigues THS, Rocha MVP, Gonçalves LRB. Comparative biochemical characterization of soluble and chitosan immobilized β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y1564. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zoppellari F, Bardi L. Production of bioethanol from effluents of the dairy industry by Kluyveromyces marxianus. N Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23201075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Whey and scotta are effluents coming from cheese and ricotta processing respectively. Whey contains minerals, lipids, lactose and proteins; scotta contains mainly lactose. Whey can be reused in several ways, such as protein extraction or animal feeding, while nowadays scotta is just considered as a waste; moreover, due to very high volumes of whey produced in the world, it poses serious environmental and disposal problems. Alternative destinations of these effluents, such as biotechnological transformations, can be a way to reach both goals of improving the added value of the agroindustrial processes and reducing their environmental impact. In this work we investigated the way to produce bioethanol from lactose of whey and scotta and to optimize the fermentation yields. Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus was chosen as lactose-fermenting yeast. Batch, aerobic and anaerobic, fermentations and semicontinuous fermentations in dispersed phase and in packed bed reactor were carried out of row whey, scotta and mix 1:1 whey:scotta at a laboratory scale. Different temperatures (28-40°C) were also tested to check whether the thermotolerance of the chosen yeast could be useful to improve the ethanol yield. The best performances were reached at low temperatures (28°C); high temperatures are also compatible with good ethanol yields in whey fermentations, but not in scotta fermentations. Semicontinuous fermentations in dispersed phase gave the best fermentation performances, particularly with scotta. Then both effluents can be considered suitable for ethanol production. The good yields obtained from scotta allow us to transform this waste in a source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zoppellari
- C.R.A. - RPS Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (Agricultural Research Council), Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System - Turin Research Group, Environment Park - Regione Piemonte, Via Livorno, 60 (A2 laboratori), 10144 Turin, Italy
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Guo X, Wang R, Chen Y, Xiao D. Intergeneric yeast fusants with efficient ethanol production from cheese whey powder solution: Construction of aKluyveromyces marxianusandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAY-5 hybrid. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The high fermentative metabolism of Kluyveromyces marxianus UFV-3 relies on the increased expression of key lactose metabolic enzymes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:541-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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PINHO JEANMARCELRODRIGUES, PASSOS FLÁVIAMARIALOPES. SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF β-GALACTOSIDASE FROM KLUYVEROMYCES LACTIS YIELDS A STABLE AND HIGHLY ACTIVE ENZYME PREPARATION. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Farahnak F, Seki T, Ryu DD, Ogrydziak D. Construction of lactose-assimilating and high-ethanol-producing yeasts by protoplast fusion. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 51:362-7. [PMID: 16346992 PMCID: PMC238874 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.2.362-367.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of a yeast strain which is capable of fermenting lactose and at the same time is tolerant to high concentrations of ethanol would be useful for the production of ethanol from lactose. Kluyveromyces fragilis is capable of fermenting lactose, but it is not as tolerant as Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high concentrations of ethanol. In this study, we have used the protoplast fusion technique to construct hybrids between auxotrophic strains of S. cerevisiae having high ethanol tolerance and an auxotrophic strain of lactose-fermenting K. fragilis isolated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The fusants obtained were prototrophic and capable of assimilating lactose and producing ethanol in excess of 13% (vol/vol). The complementation frequency of fusion was about 0.7%. Formation of fusants was confirmed by the increased amount of chromosomal DNA per cell. Fusants contained 8 x 10 to 16 x 10 mug of DNA per cell as compared with about 4 x 10 mug of DNA per cell for the parental strains, suggesting that multiple fusions had taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farahnak
- University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Maximization of β-Galactosidase Production: A Simultaneous Investigation of Agitation and Aeration Effects. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1528-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Partial characterization of cheese-ripening proteinases produced by the yeastKluyveromyces lactis. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900032702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAn extract ofKluyveromyces lactis416 and a β-galactosidase preparation (Maxilact 40000) contaminated with proteinase, showed similar pH profiles of caseinolytic activity. Similar modes of casein hydrolysis (κ-, > αs-, ≥ β-) were observed at pH 5·0 (the pH of Cheddar cheese), without detection of bitterness. The contaminated Maxilact preparation contained similar proteinase types to those detected in an autolysate ofK. lactis. Both the autolysate and the Maxilact preparation contained acid endopeptidase (proteinase A), serine endopeptidase (proteinase B) and serine exopeptidase (carboxypeptidase Y) activities. Some aminopeptidase activity was also detected in both preparations. There were some differences in apparent molecular weight and charge properties between proteinase A and B and carboxypeptidase Y from the 2 proteinase sources.
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe stability of lactase fromStreptococcus thermophilusat 55 °C increased 7-fold, 2-fold and 1·5-fold in the presence of lactose, galactose and glucose respectively; maltose had no effect. Total stability over an 8 h period was more than 10-fold better in milk and sweet whey than in lactose solution, owing to the stabilizing influence of the milk proteins and the milk salts. Ovalbumin and reduced glutathione provided some extra stability but were not as effective as the milk components. In the absence of lactose the enzyme was less stable in milk and was not protected at all by sweet whey constituents. None of the milk protein fractions was as effective in the absence of lactose as when it was present. Enhanced thermostability of the enzyme in milk and sweet whey is due to contributions by all major milk components, but binding of lactose to the enzyme is the major factor controlling the extent of stabilization by other components.
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Oberoi HS, Bansal S, Dhillon GS. Enhanced -galactosidase production by supplementing whey with cauliflower waste. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bansal S, Oberoi HS, Dhillon GS, Patil RT. Production of β-galactosidase by Kluyveromyces marxianus MTCC 1388 using whey and effect of four different methods of enzyme extraction on β-galactosidase activity. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:337-41. [PMID: 23100731 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey containing 4.4% (w/v) lactose was inoculated with Kluyveromyces marxianus MTCC 1389 for carrying out studies related to β-galactosidase production. β-galactosidase activity was found to be maximum after 30 h and further incubation resulted in decline in activity. The maximum cell biomass of 2.54 mg mL(-1) was observed after 36 h of incubation. Lactose concentration dropped drastically to 0.04 % from 4.40% after 36 h of incubation. Out of the four methods tested for extraction of enzyme, SDS - Chlorofom method was found to be best followed by Toluene - Acetone, sonication and homogenization with glass beads in that order. It could be concluded through this study that SDS - Chloroform is cheap and simple method for enzyme extraction from Kluyveromyces cells, which resulted in higher enzyme activity as compared to the activity observed using the remaining extraction methods. The study could also establish that whey could effectively be utilized for β-galactosidase production thus alleviating water pollution problems caused due to its disposal into the water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bansal
- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, 141 004 India
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Fonseca GG, Heinzle E, Wittmann C, Gombert AK. The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:339-54. [PMID: 18427804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strains belonging to the yeast species Kluyveromyces marxianus have been isolated from a great variety of habitats, which results in a high metabolic diversity and a substantial degree of intraspecific polymorphism. As a consequence, several different biotechnological applications have been investigated with this yeast: production of enzymes (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, inulinase, and polygalacturonases, among others), of single-cell protein, of aroma compounds, and of ethanol (including high-temperature and simultaneous saccharification-fermentation processes); reduction of lactose content in food products; production of bioingredients from cheese-whey; bioremediation; as an anticholesterolemic agent; and as a host for heterologous protein production. Compared to its congener and model organism, Kluyveromyces lactis, the accumulated knowledge on K. marxianus is much smaller and spread over a number of different strains. Although there is no publicly available genome sequence for this species, 20% of the CBS 712 strain genome was randomly sequenced (Llorente et al. in FEBS Lett 487:71-75, 2000). In spite of these facts, K. marxianus can envisage a great biotechnological future because of some of its qualities, such as a broad substrate spectrum, thermotolerance, high growth rates, and less tendency to ferment when exposed to sugar excess, when compared to K. lactis. To increase our knowledge on the biology of this species and to enable the potential applications to be converted into industrial practice, a more systematic approach, including the careful choice of (a) reference strain(s) by the scientific community, would certainly be of great value.
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O'Connell S, Walsh G. Purification and properties of a β-galactosidase with potential application as a digestive supplement. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 141:1-14. [PMID: 17625262 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional-based screening of crude beta-galactosidase activities from 42 yeast strains resulted in the selection of a single enzyme of potential interest as a digestive supplement. beta-Galactosidase produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus DSM5418 was purified to homogeneity by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. The denatured (123 kDa) and native molecular masses (251 kDa) suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 6.8 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The unpurified beta-galactosidase in particular displayed a high level of stability when exposed to simulated intestinal conditions in vitro for 4 h. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass sectrometry analysis revealed that the enzyme's trypsin-generated peptide mass fingerprint shares several peptide fragment hits with beta-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis. This confirms the enzyme's identity and indicates that significant sequence homology exists between these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Connell
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences and MSSI, University of Limerick, Limerick City, Ireland
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MAHONEY RR, WHITAKER JR. PURIFICATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF β-GALACTOSIDASE FROM Kluyveromyces fragilis. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb02360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cortés G, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Ramı́rez OT, Galindo E. Production of β-galactosidase by Kluyveromyces marxianus under oscillating dissolved oxygen tension. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pinheiro R, Belo I, Mota M. Growth and beta-galactosidase activity in cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus under increased air pressure. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 37:438-42. [PMID: 14633095 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of total air pressure raise on cell growth and intracellular beta-galactosidase activity in batch cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 7894. METHODS AND RESULTS A pressurized bioreactor was used for K. marxianus batch cultivation under increased air pressure from 1.2 to 6 bar. Under these conditions no inhibition of cell growth was observed. Moreover, the improvement of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) from the gas to the culture medium by pressurization led to an enhancement of the cell growth rate obtained at atmospheric pressure without aeration. The specific beta-galactosidase productivity increased from 5.8 to 17.0 U gCD-1 h-1 using a 6-bar air pressure instead of air at atmospheric pressure. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was slightly induced by the air pressure raise, which indicates that the defensive mechanisms of the cells can cope with an air pressure up to 6 bar. CONCLUSIONS These experiments showed that the increase of air pressure up to 6 bar is an alternative to other methods of preventing the oxygen limitation and can be applied in the beta-galactosidase production by K. marxianus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results here reported proved that, in what biological aspects are concerned, it is possible to use the air pressure increase as an optimization parameter of beta-galactosidase production in high-density cell cultures of K. marxianus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pinheiro
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica - IBQF, Universidade do Minho, Largo do Paço, Braga Codex, Portugal
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Abstract
This review describes the transformation systems including vectors, replicons, genetic markers, transformation methods, vector stability, and copy numbers of 13 genera and 31 species of non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Schizosaccharomyces pombe was the first non-Saccharomyces yeast studied for transformation and genetics. The replicons of non-Saccharomyces yeast vectors are from native plasmids, chromosomal DNA, and mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-Saccharomyces yeasts, protozoan, plant, and animal. Vectors such as YAC, YCp, YEp, YIp, and YRp were developed for non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Forty-two types of genes from bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and plant were used as genetic markers that could be classified into biosynthetic, dominant, and colored groups to construct non-Saccharomyces yeasts vectors. The LEU2 gene and G418 resistance gene are the two most popular markers used in the yeast transformation. All known transformation methods such as spheroplast-mediating method, alkaline ion treatment method, electroporation, trans-kingdom conjugation, and biolistics have been developed successfully for non-Saccharomyces yeasts, among which the first three are most widely used. The highest copy number detected from non-Saccharomyces yeasts is 60 copies in Kluyveromyces lactis. No general rule is known to illustrate the transformation efficiency, vector stability, and copy number, although factors such as vector composition, host strain, transformation method, and selective pressure might influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Disruption of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 11842 cells for lactose hydrolysis in dairy products: a comparison of sonication, high-pressure homogenization and bead milling. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(00)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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ISMAIL S, MABROUK S, MAHONEY R. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ?-GALACTOSIDASE FROM MUCOR PUSILLUS. J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Bachhawat N, Gowda L, Bhat S. Single step method of preparation of detergent-permeabilized Kluyveromyces fragilis for lactose hydrolysis. Process Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(95)00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Rasouli I, Kulkarni PR. Enhancement of beta-galactosidase productivity of Aspergillus niger NCIM-616. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1994; 77:359-61. [PMID: 7989263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of mutations was carried out with Aspergillus niger NCIM-616 as the parent strain. A mutant strain NG-4 with 28% increased beta-galactosidase productivity was produced with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) at 1500 micrograms ml-1 concentration and exposure time of 60 min. This mutant yielded a third generation u.v.-treated strain, UV-5 with a 117.6% increase in beta-galactosidase productivity with respect to the parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rasouli
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, India
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Inchaurrondo VA, Yantorno OM, Voget CE. Yeast Growth and β-galactosidase production during aerobic batch cultures in lactose-limited synthetic medium. Process Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Bhat N, Naina NS, Gowda LR, Bhat SG. Detergent permeabilized yeast cells as the source of intracellular enzymes for estimation of biomolecules. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993; 15:796-800. [PMID: 7764009 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90012-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using permeabilized whole cells as a source of intracellular enzymes instead of isolated expensive enzymes for the estimation of biomolecules has been studied. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), hexokinase (HK), and beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL) activities of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-permeabilized whole yeast cells were employed to estimate ethyl alcohol, glucose, and lactose. The method using permeabilized cells was comparable to that of isolated enzymes and was applicable for the estimation of these analytes in complex samples such as blood, milk, and fermented samples. The usefulness of permeabilized cells as a single source of more than one enzyme required for coupled enzyme assays was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhat
- Department of Food Chemistry, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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34
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Espinoza P, Bárzana E, García-Garibay M, Gόmez-Ruiz L. Evaluation ofKluyveromyces marxianus for the production of lactase simultaneously to pectinase or inulinase. Biotechnol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Chen KC, Lee TC, Houng JY. Search method for the optimal medium for the production of lactase by Kluyveromyces fragilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90043-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Casas L, Peña C, Salvador M, Frías P. Influence of spray drying on the permeability ofK. fragilismeasured by ß‐galactosidase activity. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/08905439209549828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Blankenstein G, Kula MR. Cell permeabilization as a tool for measurement of intracellular enzyme activity in a flow-injection system. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Joshi M, Gowda L, Katwa L, Bhat S. Permeabilization of yeast cells (Kluyveromyces fragilis) to lactose by digitonin. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Selection of Strains and Extraction Procedures for Optimum Production of Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(89)80035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Gowda LR, Joshi MS, Bhat SG. In situ assay of intracellular enzymes of yeast (Kluyveromyces fragilis) by digitonin permeabilization of cell membrane. Anal Biochem 1988; 175:531-6. [PMID: 3149161 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The yeast, Kluyveromyces fragilis was permeabilized to a number of low-molecular-weight substrates using digitonin. The activities of intracellular yeast enzymes, viz., alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), beta-galactosidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aspartase, and hexokinase were found to be much higher in the permeabilized cells than the untreated cells. The optimum conditions for permeabilization with reference to ADH were 0.1% digitonin at 37 degrees C for 15 min. The ADH activity in permeabilized cells was several-fold higher than that in cell free extracts prepared by either physical or chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Gowda
- Department of Food Chemistry, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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43
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Champluvier B, Kamp B, Rouxhet P. Preparation and properties of β-galactosidase confined in cells of Kluyveromyces sp. Enzyme Microb Technol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(88)90108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Foda M, Mohammed S, Hussein L. Production of lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis propagated in media with different sodium chloride concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(88)80081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Permeabilization of yeast cells (Kluyveromyces fragilis) to lactose by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Biotechnol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01026659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Garc�a-Garibay M, Torres J, L�pez-Mungu�a-Canales A, Casas LT. Influence of oxygen transfer rate on ?-galactosidase production fromKluyveromyces marxianus. Biotechnol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01089007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Novotný Č, Sikyta B. Inducible synthesis of β-galactosidase inKluyveromyces fragilis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02877252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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BRODSKY J, GROOTWASSINK J. Development and Evaluation of Whole-Cell Yeast Lactase for Use in Dairy Processing. J Food Sci 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb11195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Chen KC, Houng JY, Ling AC. Product inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose. Enzyme Microb Technol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(85)90153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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