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Lowe G, Sutherland M, Stewart M, Waas J, Cox N, Schütz K. Effects of drinking water provision on the behavior and growth rate of group-housed calves with different milk allowances. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4449-4460. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jensen MB, Vestergaard M. Invited review: Freedom from thirst-Do dairy cows and calves have sufficient access to drinking water? J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11368-11385. [PMID: 34389150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of drinking water for production and animal welfare is widely recognized, but surveys and animal welfare assessment schemes suggest that many dairy calves and dairy cows do not have sufficient access. Limit milk-fed calves drink more water than calves fed milk ad libitum, but ad libitum milk-fed calves also require access to drinking water, as milk does not meet the animal's requirement for water. At hot ambient temperatures and when calves are sick, access to water is especially important and should be provided at all times. Many young calves do not have access to water throughout 24 h, and whether healthy young calves require free access to water at all times, or from which age, is not clear and requires further study. Dairy cow free water intake (FWI) is largely determined by milk yield, and high-yielding dairy cows may drink up 100 L of water per day. Dry matter, crude protein, and salt content of feed, as well as ambient temperature, have considerable effects on dairy cow water intake. Deprivation of water affects meal patterning for the cow, as well as increased subsequent rate of drinking and compensatory water intake. Although dairy cow ad libitum water intake may exceed the water provision necessary to maintain production, offering water for ad libitum intake may be necessary to safe guard animal welfare. Cattle are suction drinkers that prefer to drink from large open water surfaces, and Holstein dairy cows can drink at a rate of up to 24 L/min. Research on the effect of design and placement of water troughs for indoor-housed dairy cows on their drinking behavior and water intake is limited. Access to a water source at pasture increases the time cows spend there, and access to shade reduces water requirements during periods of warm weather. In both indoor and pastured cattle, there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of stocking of water troughs on competition, drinking behavior, and intake in dairy cows. Studies on the effect of available water trough length and placement, and of the number of cows being able to drink from the same trough of a given dimension, are needed to evaluate current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bak Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Vestergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; SEGES, Livestock Innovation, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Edrington TS, Garcia Buitrago JA, Hagevoort GR, Loneragan GH, Bricta-Harhay DM, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Effect of waste milk pasteurization on fecal shedding of Salmonella in preweaned calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9266-9274. [PMID: 30077443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current research was to determine if pasteurization of nonsaleable waste milk influences fecal Salmonella concentrations and prevalence, or antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype of the cultured isolates. Holstein dairy calves (n = 211) were housed on a single commercial dairy in the southwestern United States and randomly allotted to be fed either pasteurized (PWM; n = 128 calves) or nonpasteurized waste milk (NPWM; n = 83 calves). Fecal samples were collected via rectal palpation or from freshly voided, undisturbed fecal pats, weekly during the first 4 wk of the animal's life and then again at weaning. Eight total collections were made and 1,117 fecal samples cultured for Salmonella. One isolate from each culture-positive fecal sample was preserved for antimicrobial susceptibility screening and serotyping. Sixty-nine percent of the fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella with no difference due to treatment (67.7 and 69% Salmonella positive for PWM and NPWM treatments, respectively). Few fecal samples (178/1,117; 15.9%) contained Salmonella concentrations above the limit of detection (∼1 cfu/g of feces) with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 6.46 cfu (log10)/g of feces. Concentration was not affected by treatment. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, the majority of which were Montevideo and Anatum. A greater percentage of Typhimurium (87 vs. 13%), Muenchen (88 vs. 12%), and Derby (91 vs. 9%) were recovered from calves fed PWM compared with NPWM-fed calves. Conversely, Newport (12.5 vs. 86%), Bredeney (22.2 vs. 77.8%), and Muenster (12.5 vs. 87.5%) were lower in PWM compared with NPWM treatments. The majority (66.7%) of isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics examined. Results from this one commercial dairy suggest that milkborne Salmonella is not an important vector of transmission in dairy neonates, nor does pasteurization of waste milk influence fecal shedding of this pathogen. Caution should be used, however, when extrapolating results to other farms as Salmonella contamination of milk on farm is well documented. The potential benefits of pasteurization in disease prevention outweigh the potential risks of feeding a nonpasteurized product and warrants incorporation into any calf-rearing program using nonsaleable waste milk for feeding young dairy neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845.
| | | | - G Robert Hagevoort
- Agricultural Science Center at Clovis, New Mexico State University, Clovis 88101
| | - G H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, PO Box 42141, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - D M Bricta-Harhay
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845
| | - Robin C Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845
| | - David J Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845
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Zou Y, Wang Y, Deng Y, Cao Z, Li S, Wang J. Effects of feeding untreated, pasteurized and acidified waste milk and bunk tank milk on the performance, serum metabolic profiles, immunity, and intestinal development in Holstein calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:53. [PMID: 28630706 PMCID: PMC5471691 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk (BTM), untreated waste milk (UWM), pasteurized waste milk (PWM), and acidified waste milk (AWM) for 21 d. RESULTS Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter (P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group. Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest (P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group (P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and IgG in the BTM group (P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher (P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more (P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores (IHS) were higher (P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower (P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest (P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Youfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Duse A, Waller KP, Emanuelson U, Unnerstad HE, Persson Y, Bengtsson B. Farming practices in Sweden related to feeding milk and colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials to dairy calves. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:49. [PMID: 23837498 PMCID: PMC3720286 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk produced by cows in receipt of antimicrobial therapy may contain antimicrobial residues. Such antimicrobial-containing waste milk must be withdrawn from human consumption and is therefore sometimes used as calf feed. Unfortunately, this approach might promote selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves' intestinal microbiota. The objectives of this study were therefore to obtain an overview of waste milk feeding practices on Swedish dairy farms and to investigate if these practices were associated with certain farm characteristics. A representative group of 457 Swedish dairy farmers participated in a web-based survey with questions about the use of colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off or during lactation, respectively, as calf feed. RESULTS Colostrum (milk from the first milking after calving) and transition milk (milk from the second milking to the fourth day after calving) from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off was fed to calves on 89% and 85% of the farms in the study, respectively. When antimicrobial therapy was given to cows during lactation, 56% of the farms fed milk that was produced during the course of treatment to calves, whereas milk that was produced during the subsequent withdrawal period was fed to calves on 79% of the farms. Surveyed farmers were less prone to feed such milk if the antimicrobial therapy was due to mastitis than other infections. In Sweden, a majority of antimicrobial treatments during lactation are systemic administration of benzylpenicillin and thus, the bulk of waste milk in Sweden is likely to contain residues of this drug. Feeding waste milk to calves was more common on non-organic farms, and on farms located in Southern Sweden, and was less common on farms with cows housed in cold free stalls barns. CONCLUSIONS Waste milk that may contain antimicrobial residues is, at least occasionally, used as feed for calves on a majority of surveyed Swedish dairy farms. Future work should focus on the effect of waste milk feeding on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves' intestinal microbiota.
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Edrington TS, Dowd SE, Farrow RF, Hagevoort GR, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Development of colonic microflora as assessed by pyrosequencing in dairy calves fed waste milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4519-25. [PMID: 22818466 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of pasteurization of waste milk, used to feed dairy calves, on the bacterial diversity of their lower gut. Using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing, fecal samples from dairy calves, ages 1 wk to 6 mo old and fed either pasteurized or nonpasteurized waste milk, were analyzed for bacterial diversity. Calves were maintained on 2 separate farms and, aside from how the waste milk was treated, were housed and cared for similarly. Fifteen calves were sampled from each age group (1, 2, and 4 wk, and 2, 4, and 6 mo of age; n=90 samples per milk treatment, 180 total samples) on each farm via rectal palpation and the samples shipped and frozen before analysis. In general, bacterial diversity, as represented by the total number of different species, was greater for the calves fed pasteurized waste milk at all ages (except 1 wk of age) and increased with increasing age in both treatments. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla. Differences in phyla and class were observed among treatments and age of calf but with no consistent trends. Salmonella were detected in 9 out of 14 (64%) of the 1-wk-old calves fed nonpasteurized milk. Treponema, an important beneficial bacterium in cattle rumen, was more prevalent in the pasteurized waste milk-fed animals and became higher in the older animals from this group. Escherichia-Shigella were detected among treatments at all ages, and highest at 1 wk of age, averaging approximately 21 and 20% of all bacteria for calves fed pasteurized and nonpasteurized waste milk, respectively, and decreasing as calves aged (2.6 and 1.3%). The consistent detection of Salmonella in the younger animals fed nonpasteurized milk and its absence in all other groups is an important finding related to this feeding practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Aust V, Knappstein K, Kunz HJ, Kaspar H, Wallmann J, Kaske M. Feeding untreated and pasteurized waste milk and bulk milk to calves: effects on calf performance, health status and antibiotic resistance of faecal bacteria. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012. [PMID: 23205592 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-saleable milk (waste milk, WM) is contaminated with an undefined spectrum of potentially harmful pathogens and antimicrobial residues. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding bulk milk (BM) or WM - both pasteurized or not - on calf performance, health and the antibiotic resistance of specific faecal bacteria. A total of 114 calves from a large-scale dairy were housed outdoors in individual hutches and were randomly assigned to one of four feeding groups. The calves were fed either WM, pasteurized WM (pWM), BM or pasteurized BM (pBM) from day 3 to 56 of life. Milk samples taken from the pasteurizer and calves' nipple buckets were investigated at regular intervals for total plate count and counts of thermoduric bacteria, coliforms and mastitis pathogens. Faecal samples were taken on days 2, 14, 28 and 56 of life from randomly selected calves of the WM, pWM and BM groups (each N = 8-9) and processed to obtain from each sample preferably two isolates of Escherichia (E.) coli and Enterococcus spp. respectively. Isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility to 25 antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution. Daily weight gain, milk and calf starter intake and health parameters did not differ significantly between the calves of the four feeding groups. The proportion of resistant E. coli isolates was significantly higher in calves fed WM and in calves fed pWM (most pronounced for cephalosporins) than in calves receiving BM. No differences in resistance were found for Enterococus spp. Thus, the concerns for selecting resistant faecal bacteria by feeding WM seem to be justified. Nonetheless, pasteurized WM of cows not treated with antimicrobials represents an acceptable feed for young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Aust
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Max Rubner-Institut, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Kiel, Germany Chamber of Agriculture of Schleswig-Holstein, Experimental Station Futterkamp, Blekendorf, Germany Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Saftey (BVL), Unit 503 Biological Analyses, Resistance to Antibiotics, Reference Laboratory for GMO, Berlin, Germany
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Gallo GF, Block E. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on nutritional status of dairy cows during pregnancy and of their calves. J Dairy Sci 1990; 73:3266-75. [PMID: 2273153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)79019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this trial were to evaluate effects of rbST on the nutritional status of 24 Holstein cows during pregnancy and of their calves from birth to weaning. All cows conceived during injection with either a placebo or 350 mg of rbST in a sustained-release vehicle every 14 d commencing 98 to 112 d postpartum for their entire lactation. In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected at 90, 180, and 270 d postconception in cows. Concentrations of urea, glucose, albumin, total proteins, Ca, P, insulin, cortisol, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were unaffected by treatment as well as BW, body condition scores, and energy balances at conception and during pregnancy. Days open and calving interval were not significantly different but were numerically increased by 31 d in rbST-injected cows. Nonesterified fatty acids, bST, and insulin-like growth factor-I in plasma were elevated significantly in rbST-injected cows. In Experiment 2, blood samples were collected at birth and at 1, 3, 5, and 7 wk in calves born from cows of Experiment 1. Circulating concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, albumin, total proteins, hemoglobin, insulin, cortisol, bST, insulin-like growth factor-I, and hematocrit, blood pH, blood gases and buffer capacity, birth weight and rate of weight gain, height at withers, and heart girth from birth to weaning were not different due to treatment of dam. However, some parameters were significantly different based on age and sex. These data support previous assumptions that the magnitude of the modifications in nutrient partitioning produced by rbST do not affect the hierarchy of the partitioning process for the calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald College of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, PQ, Canada
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Keith EA, Windle LM, Keith NK, Gough RH. Feeding value of fermented waste milk with or without sodium bicarbonate for dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 1983; 66:833-9. [PMID: 6304164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)81864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Effects of feeding waste milk from antibiotic-treated cows on growth, feed efficiency, and incidence of scours of dairy calves were studied. Twenty-four newborn Holstein heifer calves were assigned at random to one of the following treatments: 1) fresh normal milk, 2) fresh waste milk, 3) fermented waste milk, or 4) fermented waste milk plus sodium bicarbonate. Means for fat, crude protein, and total solids in normal milk (3.25, 3.05, and 11.84%) were lower than the same components for fresh waste milk (3.82, 3.42, and 12.59%) and fermented waste milk (4.02, 3.42, and 12.74%). Mean pH's for normal milk, fresh waste milk, and fermented waste milk were 6.6, 6.6, and 5.1. Calves were fed colostrum the first 3 days of life, and their respective treatment milk at 10% of body weight for 42 days. Dry calf feed was offered ad libitum beginning on day 4, and water was available at all times. Mean weight gains (kg) and ratios of average dry feed to gain (kg/kg) for the 42-day treatments were: 1) 19.2, .6; 2) 17.6, .6; 3) 19.6, .7; and 4) 20.1, .6. Incidence of scours was measured as number of days that scours were present per calf during the 42 days. Mean scour days for each group were: 1) 2.0, 2) 1.8, 3) 3.0, and 4) 4.8. There were no detrimental effects on calves fed fresh or fermented milk from cows treated with antibiotics. Addition of sodium bicarbonate did not affect acceptance of fermented milk by calves.
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Abstract
Newborn calves from dams free of staphyloccocal udder infection were assigned to treatment groups in two experiments. Following colostrum feeding for 2 days, a culture of Staphylococcus aureus was added to pasteurized milk fed to one group twice weekly for a total of nine feedings. A control group received only pasteurized milk. Bull calves were in a short experiment to determine whether the organism was established in body tissues, and a second experiment was to determine the effect on incidence of mastitis at calving. No staphylococcus aureus was isolated from any body tissue or surfaces of bull calves necropsied at about 7 wk of age. Moreover, there was no difference in incidence of staphylococcal udder infection at first calving between heifers exposed to the organism as calves and controls. There appears little reason for concern about detrimental effects of feeding mastitic milk to calves under conditions where they are maintained in individual pens.
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