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Mirhabibi S, Manafiazar G, Qaravisi S, Mahmoodi B. Inbreeding and its effect on some productive traits in buffaloes of South Iran. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Braake MFH, Groen AF, Lugt AW. Trends in inbreeding in Dutch Black and White dairy cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 111:356-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Croquet C, Mayeres P, Gillon A, Vanderick S, Gengler N. Inbreeding depression for global and partial economic indexes, production, type, and functional traits. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2257-67. [PMID: 16702293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to examine the effects of inbreeding in the population of Holstein cattle in the Walloon region of Belgium. The effects of inbreeding on the global economic index and its components were studied by using data from the genetic evaluations of February 2004 for production, somatic cell score (SCS), computed from somatic cell counts and type. Inbreeding coefficients for 956,516 animals were computed using a method that allows assigning an inbreeding coefficient to individuals without known parents. These coefficients were equal to the mean inbreeding coefficient of contemporary individuals with known parents. The significance of inbreeding effects on the different evaluated traits and on the different indexes were tested using a t-test comparing estimated standard errors and effects. The inbreeding effect was significantly different from zero for the vast majority of evaluated traits and for all of the indexes. Inbreeding had the greatest deleterious effects on production traits. Inbreeding decreased yield of milk, fat, and protein during a lactation by 19.68, 0.96, and 0.69 kg, respectively, per each 1% increase in inbreeding. The regression coefficient of SCS per 1% increase in inbreeding was +0.005 SCS units. The inbreeding depression was thus relatively low for SCS, but inbred animals had higher SCS than non-inbred animals, indicating that inbred animals would be slightly more sensitive to mastitis than non-inbred animals. Estimates of inbreeding effects on evaluated type traits per 1% increase were small. The most strongly affected type traits were chest width, rear leg, and overall development on a standardized scale. For several type traits, particularly traits linked to the udder, the estimates suggested a favorable effect of inbreeding. The global economic index was depressed by around 6.13 euro of lifetime profit per 1% increase in inbreeding for the Holstein animals in the Walloon region of Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Croquet
- National Fund for Scientific Research, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Responses of registered Jersey cows to various levels of inbreeding were examined with pedigree data supplied by the American Jersey Cattle Association and test-day production data from 1970 through 1998 obtained from the Animal Breeding Center at Cornell University. Rate of increase in level of inbreeding is accelerating with time, making it more difficult for producers to make matings that avoid the potentially deleterious effects of inbreeding. Production losses caused by inbreeding were significant and curvilinear for all traits studied except somatic cell linear score, with the greatest losses at higher levels of inbreeding. Inbreeding was found to have the greatest effect on production at early ages and early in lactation. Early onset of the deleterious effects of inbreeding resulted in larger net present value losses than if effects of inbreeding occurred later in the life of an animal. Losses were probably enhanced because of the need to freshen animals as early as possible to maximize net present value returns. Survival decreased as level of inbreeding increased and was likely to have a greater negative impact on the financial health of the dairy enterprise than production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thompson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
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Abstract
Responses of registered Holstein cows to various levels of inbreeding were examined with pedigree data supplied by the Holstein Association USA and test-day production data from 1970 through 1998 obtained from the Animal Breeding Center at Cornell University. Rate of increase in level of inbreeding has been accelerating over time, making it more difficult for producers to make matings that avoid the potentially deleterious effects of inbreeding. Milk production losses per lactation caused by inbreeding were generally 35 kg per percentage inbreeding level >0.01 but increased to 55 kg per percentage inbreeding level from 0.07 to 0.10. Somatic cell score was not affected by level of inbreeding. Inbreeding had the greatest effect on production at ages <22 mo and early in lactation. Early onset of the deleterious effects of inbreeding resulted in larger net present value losses than when effects of inbreeding occurred later. Losses were likely enhanced due to the need to freshen animals as early as possible to maximize net present value returns. Survival decreased as level of inbreeding increased and was likely to have a greater negative impact on the financial health of the dairy enterprise than production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thompson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
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Abstract
Animals most related or least related to current members of their breed were revealed by calculating the expected inbreeding of their future progeny. A sample of potential mates was chosen by randomly selecting 600 females from a recent birth year (1995). Relationships among the sample were computed by the tabular method. Relationships of other animals to the sample population were computed quickly from the relationships of their parents or ancestors. To-Mar Blackstar-ET and Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation were most related to the Holstein breed with expected inbreeding of 7.9 and 7.7%, respectively. Corresponding Jersey bulls were Highland Magic Duncan and Soldierboy Boomer Sooner of CJF with expected inbreeding of 10.9 and 9.5%, respectively. The highest expected inbreeding was 11.1% for Selwood Bettys Commander, 8.6% for Forest Lawn Simon Jetway, 10.1% for Dutch Mill Telestars Fayette, and 7.4% for Korncrest Pacesetter for Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, and Milking Shorthorn breeds, respectively. Regression on inbreeding in the genetic evaluation model removed effects of past inbreeding. Future inbreeding effects could be included for each potential mating or by adjusting breeding values for average inbreeding expected with random mating. The correlation between Holstein breeding values unadjusted and adjusted for inbreeding was 0.9976. The estimated genetic trend was 6% lower with future inbreeding included.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M VanRaden
- Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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Young CW, Seykora AJ. Estimates of inbreeding and relationship among registered Holstein females in the United States. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79:502-5. [PMID: 8708114 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The estimate of inbreeding for registered Holstein females born during 1990 was 5.1 +/- 0.4% for a random sample of 600 two-line pedigrees. Previously published estimates were 4.7% for 1970, 3.8% for 1976, and 4.3% for 1982 from similar samples of pedigrees. These estimates were calculated using a base of approximately 1884, or the initiation of herd-book registration in the US. The estimate of relationship between randomly paired females born during 1990 was 10.2 +/- 0.8%; relationships were 5.2% for 1970, 7.3% for 1976, and 9.8% for 1982. Average relationship within the breed increased significantly without a corresponding increase in inbreeding. Inbreeding was also estimated for alternative base years with 10-yr increments to determine the effect of base year on estimates of inbreeding. Using 1950 as the base year, inbreeding was estimated at 0.5% for 1970, 0.3% for 1976, 1.6% for 1982, and 2.1% for 1990. Estimates using 1920 as the base year were 2.0% for 1970, 1.9% for 1976, 2.3% for 1982, and 3.2% for 1990. More recent base years gave lower estimates of inbreeding, as expected, but showed an exaggerated percentage of increase in inbreeding from 1970 to 1990. However, the annual amount of increase of inbreeding from 1976 to 1990 was not significantly affected by time of base year and ranged from 0.08 to 0.12/yr. The five most influential bulls of the breed were Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief 1427381, Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation 1491007, S-W-D Valiant 1650414, Osborndale Ivanhoe 1189870, and Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 44931; estimated direct relationships to the breed were 0.123, 0.122, 0.096, 0.083, and 0.074, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Young
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Bernadina WE, Duits AJ, Kalsbeek HC, Wensing T, Leibold W, Elving L, Wentink GH. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in a Dutch Holstein calf: a case with a clear-cut family history. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 37:295-308. [PMID: 7901936 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90201-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A leukocyte adhesion deficiency characterized by recurrent (predominantly bacterial) infections, lack of extravascular polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and pus formation has been described first in humans and then in dogs, and recently also in cattle. Because of important clinical similarities, a unitary explanation for the leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome in mammals is proposed, inasmuch that an intrinsic leukocyte defect (i.e. mutations in genes encoding the common CD18 subunit), is thought to cause the disease. However, thus far, the hallmark of such intrinsic leukocyte defects, notably their heritability (or familial incidence), has not (yet) been unequivocally demonstrated. This is the first report to describe the occurrence of four Dutch bovine LAD (BLAD) cases with the clearest familial clustering observed to date. The diagnosis was based on the clinical features of very poor thriving, in general, of the calves, hyperneutrocytosis without appreciable left shift, and the absence of PMN CD11a, or CD11b, or CD11c using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and/or Concanavalin A binding activity of PMN lysates in immunoblots. Interestingly, a familial clustering was observed also for below-normal PMN CD11c expression. Thus, a cow with low CD11c expression (50.4%) and delivering three of the study BLAD calves, also had a healthy descendant with low (44.9%) PMN CD11c expression. These findings suggested the possibility that both subnormal expression and lack of PMN CD11 expression are inheritable factors in cattle. Furthermore, a large prospective study using the present mAb for selecting relatives expressing the complete spectrum (0 to > or = 90%) of PMN CD11/CD18 expression would create a comprehensive study population for understanding both the role of genetic factors and of survival strategies in BLAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bernadina
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Shuster DE, Kehrli ME, Ackermann MR, Gilbert RO. Identification and prevalence of a genetic defect that causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency in Holstein cattle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:9225-9. [PMID: 1384046 PMCID: PMC50098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.19.9225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two point mutations were identified within the gene encoding bovine CD18 in a Holstein calf afflicted with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). One mutation causes an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at amino acid 128 (D128G) in the highly conserved extracellular region of this adhesion glycoprotein, a region where several mutations have been found to cause human LAD. The other mutation is silent. Twenty calves with clinical symptoms of LAD were tested, and all were homozygous for the D128G allele. In addition, two calves homozygous for the D128G allele were identified during widespread DNA testing, and both were subsequently found to exhibit symptoms of LAD. The carrier frequency for the D128G allele among Holstein cattle in the United States is approximately 15% among bulls and 6% among cows. This mutation is also prevalent among Holstein cattle throughout the world, placing this disorder among the most common genetic diseases known in animal agriculture. All cattle with the mutant allele are related to one bull, who through the use of artificial insemination sired many calves in the 1950s and 1960s. The organization of the dairy industry and the diagnostic test described herein will enable nearly complete eradication of bovine LAD within 1 year. These results also demonstrate that bovine LAD is genetically homologous and phenotypically similar to human LAD, thus providing a useful animal model for studies of LAD and beta 2 integrin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Shuster
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA
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Syed M, Shanks RD. Incidence of atresia coli and relationships among the affected calves born in one herd of Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1357-64. [PMID: 1597591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen cases of atresia coli were observed in the University of Illinois Holstein herd from 1974 through August 1983 in 2367 births. The overall incidence of the abnormality was .76% during this period. All of the affected calves were related to one another, and 15 of them were inbred. More calves were born with atresia coli from dams in which pregnancy was diagnosed prior to d 41 of gestation than from dams in which pregnancy was diagnosed later. Early pregnancy diagnosis in dams may contribute, but was not essential, to atresia coli in Holstein calves. Thirteen of the affected calves were males. The proportion of calves aborted or born dead among the affected calves was greater than expected from the incidence of aborted or born dead among contemporary calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Syed
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Hoeschele I, VanRaden PM. Rapid inversion of dominance relationship matrices for noninbred populations by including sire by dam subclass effects. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:557-69. [PMID: 2045562 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For estimation of dominance effects and dominance variance, the inverse of a dominance relationship matrix is required. Dominance effects can be partitioned into sire x dam or sire x maternal grandsire subclass effects that are inherited and residuals within subclass that are not inherited. The subclass effects have immediate use in predicting performance of offspring from prospective matings. A rapid method for directly computing the inverse relationship matrix of subclass effects is presented. The procedure is similar to Henderson's simple method of computing an inverse additive genetic relationship matrix. The inverse relationship matrix among subclass effects consists of a contribution from each subclass of coefficients of a matrix of maximum size 9 x 9. The algorithm can be modified to compute the inverse of the relationship matrix among sire x dam or sire x maternal grandsire subclasses and among individual dominance effects. Computing cost increases approximately linearly with dimensions of inverses. Dimensions could be several times the number of subclasses in the data because subclasses without records but providing relationship ties must be added. Computation of the inverse relationship matrix among 136,827 sire x maternal grandsire subclasses in a population of 765,868 animals required 163 central processing unit seconds on an IBM 3090 and less than 4 Mbytes of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hoeschele
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-6999
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Tempelman RJ, Burnside EB. Additive and dominance genetic variation for dairy production traits under an animal model. J Anim Breed Genet 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1991.tb00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chang H, Fernando R, Gianola D. Inverse of an Additive × Additive Relationship Matrix Due to Sires and Maternal Grandsires. J Dairy Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shanks RD, Robinson JL. Embryonic mortality attributed to inherited deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:3035-9. [PMID: 2625493 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of uridine-5'-monophosphate synthase is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Heterozygotes are characterized by half normal activity of uridine monophosphate synthase, as measured in erythrocytes. Matings between heterozygotes for the deficiency have produced 31 pregnancies lasting at least one month, but only 23 full-term calves, including 9 homozygous normal and 14 heterozygotes. That the eight embryos were not carried to term is consistent with the probability of a homozygous-deficient genotype and are lost around 40 d of gestation. Although the homozygous deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase is lethal embryonically in cattle, homozygotes for the analogous human condition have been born alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Shanks
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana 61801
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