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Lanctôt S, Blouin R, Thibault C, Lacasse P. Effect of milk stasis on mammary gland involution and the microRNA profile. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00819-1. [PMID: 38788842 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of an autocrine factor in milk that can trigger mammary gland involution was proposed more than 50 years ago. To provide evidences that one or more autocrine factor(s) exists, 10 multiparous cows in late lactation were quarter-milked for 7 d. Following this baseline period, the right front quarter of each cow was left unmilked while the other quarters were milked for 7 d. Before the last milking of that period, milk (mammary secretions) was collected aseptically from both front quarters. After that milking, 250 mL of the collected samples was infused in the cows' respective rear quarters. No quarters were milked for the following 7 d (milk stasis period), and then quarter milking was resumed in all quarters for the last 7 d of the experiment (remilking period). Quarter milk samples were collected during the baseline period, before the milk stasis period, and during the remilking period. These samples were used for measuring milk components and the concentration of involution markers (SCC, BSA and lactoferrin). Samples of mammary secretions were collected manually from the quarters during the milk stasis period for involution marker determination. RNA was extracted from samples collected from front quarters before the last milking before the milk stasis period for microRNA (miRNA) determination. As anticipated, the longer milk stasis period implemented for the right front quarter resulted in a more advanced involution than in the left front quarter, based on the concentration of involution markers in the mammary secretions, lower milk production recovery and changes in milk composition during the remilking period. All 3 involution marker concentrations in the mammary secretions increased in both rear quarters, but were greater in the right quarter secretions than in the left quarter secretions. Resuming milking reinitiated milk production in all quarters, but milk production recovery in the right rear quarters was less robust than that in the left rear quarters (54.3 ± 1.4% vs 61.6 ± 1.4%, respectively). Milk from the quarters infused with mammary secretions (right rear) had a lower lactose content, but a higher milk protein content and higher SCC than the quarters infused with milk. We detected a total of 359 miRNAs, 76 of which were differentially expressed in milk and mammary secretions. Expression of bta-miR-221 and bta-miR-223 were upregulated in mammary secretions 34- and 40-fold, respectively. The results of the present experiment support the contention that milk stasis leads to the accumulation of one or more factors that trigger involution. The results also indicate that milk stasis leads to changes in the miRNA profile of the milk, but whether such changes are a cause or a consequence of the involution process remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lanctôt
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - R Blouin
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - C Thibault
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Field SL, Davidson BD, Hoerl AF, Dado-Senn B, Hernandez LL, Laporta J. Amplifying local serotonin signaling prior to dry-off hastens mammary gland involution and redevelopment in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3719-3733. [PMID: 37002143 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been reported to inhibit milk protein gene expression and increase mammary epithelial cell (MEC) tight junction permeability after milk stasis. We hypothesized that increasing serotonin synthesis and signaling within the mammary epithelium before milk stasis would increase systemic and local involution markers, and downregulate the expression of milk protein and tight junction during involution, leading to more efficient tissue growth during the redevelopment phase. Herein, we examined the outcomes of increasing local mammary 5-HT synthesis before milk stasis on involution biomarkers, mammary gland microstructure, and gene and protein expression during the dry period. Multiparous Holstein cows were administered intramammary infusions (via the teat canal) of sterile water (CON, 4 mL/teat, n = 7) or 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP, serotonin precursor, 20 mg/teat, n = 7) once daily for 5 d before dry-off (d 0). Blood, milk, and mammary secretions were collected and analyzed for components and metabolites. Mammary secretions were collected 12 h after the last milking and on d 1 to 4 during the dry period at 1200 h. Mammary gland biopsies were performed on d 4 (i.e., involution phase) and d 36 (i.e., redevelopment phase) of the dry period for histological and molecular evaluation. Milk protein and tight junction gene expression was quantified via real-time PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry (Ki67), and immunofluorescence (serotonin, cleaved caspase 3) were performed to visualize tissue microstructure and to quantify serotonin intensity and cell turnover. Data were analyzed in SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) using 2-way ANOVA. After d 0, mammary secretions of 5-HTP cows had increased concentrations of 5-HT, lactoferrin, and bovine serum albumin. On d 1, 5-HTP cows had greater α-lactalbumin concentrations in plasma relative to CON. Serotonin intensity was increased in the mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows on d 4, relative to CON. On d 4, milk protein and tight junction gene expression was downregulated, MEC number was reduced, and cleaved caspase 3 protein was greater in mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. On d 36, milk protein genes were upregulated, and the lumen:outer alveolar area and Ki67-positive cells were increased in the mammary tissue of 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. Amplifying serotonin signaling in the mammary epithelium before milk stasis at dry-off achieves greater apoptosis, leading to a reduction in MEC, allowing for greater cell proliferation, which results in more MEC during the redevelopment phase preceding the onset of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Field
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - B D Davidson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - A F Hoerl
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
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Cattaneo L, Laporta J, Dahl GE. Programming effects of late gestation heat stress in dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 35:106-117. [PMID: 36592976 DOI: 10.1071/rd22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The final weeks of gestation represent a critical period for dairy cows that can determine the success of the subsequent lactation. Many physiological changes take place and additional exogenous stressors can alter the success of the transition into lactation. Moreover, this phase is pivotal for the final stage of intrauterine development of the fetus, which can have negative long-lasting postnatal effects. Heat stress is widely recognised as a threat to dairy cattle welfare, health, and productivity. Specifically, late gestation heat stress impairs the dam's productivity by undermining mammary gland remodelling during the dry period and altering metabolic and immune responses in early lactation. Heat stress also affects placental development and function, with relevant consequences on fetal development and programming. In utero heat stressed newborns have reduced birth weight, growth, and compromised passive immune transfer. Moreover, the liver and mammary DNA of in utero heat stressed calves show a clear divergence in the pattern of methylation relative to that of in utero cooled calves. These alterations in gene regulation might result in depressed immune function, as well as altered thermoregulation, hepatic metabolism, and mammary development jeopardising their survival in the herd and productivity. Furthermore, late gestation heat stress appears to exert multigenerational effects, influencing milk yield and survival up to the third generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cattaneo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Jiang N, Wu C, Li Y, Liu J, Yuan Y, Shi H. Identification and profiling of microRNAs involved in the regenerative involution of mammary gland. Genomics 2022; 114:110442. [PMID: 35931275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative involution is important for the subsequent lactation, but molecular mechanism has not been revealed. The crucial miRNA in tissue development indicates that miRNAs might participate in regenerative involution. In the present study, the mammary tissues of the dairy goats (n = 3) were collected via biopsy at wk-8 (time to dry off), -6, -4, -1, and + 1 relative to lambing for the Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and miRNA sequencing. Alveolar structures collapsed during regenerative involution, but the structures remained intact and distended. Among the 50 miRNA expression trajectories categorized by short time-series expression miner, two significant patterns were clustered. The differentially expressed miRNAs in the two patterns were mainly related to the self-renewal of tissue and enriched in pathways containing vesical-mediated transport, tissue development, tube development, vasculature development and epithelial development. The identification of the miRNA will help in elucidating the regulatory roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Jiang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, PR China.
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The Potential of Metalloproteinase-9 Administration to Accelerate Mammary Involution and Boost the Immune System at Dry-Off. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123415. [PMID: 34944191 PMCID: PMC8697945 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cow dry period is a critical period presenting a high risk of contracting intramammary infections. Active molecules to boost the innate immunity of the mammary gland and increase infection resilience could be decisive for the milking performance of dairy cows in the next lactation. Metalloproteinase-9 is a protein with a relevant role in facilitating the immune function and activating the regeneration of the mammary gland. The focus of this study was to test the role of the infusion of a recombinant version of metalloproteinase 9 at cow dry off, showing, contrary to expectations, that it is not able to enhance the innate immunity nor to improve the involution and regeneration of the mammary gland. Abstract The dry period is decisive for the milking performance of dairy cows. The promptness of mammary gland involution at dry-off affects not only the productivity in the next lactation, but also the risk of new intra-mammary infections since it is closely related with the activity of the immune system. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an enzyme present in the mammary gland and has an active role during involution by disrupting the extracellular matrix, mediating cell survival and the recruitment of immune cells. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of exogenous administration of a soluble and recombinant version of a truncated MMP-9 (rtMMP-9) to accelerate mammary involution and boost the immune system at dry-off, avoiding the use of antibiotics. Twelve Holstein cows were dried abruptly, and two quarters of each cow received an intra-mammary infusion of either soluble rtMMP-9 or a positive control based on immunostimulant inclusion bodies (IBs). The contralateral quarters were infused with saline solution as negative control. Samples of mammary secretion were collected during the week following dry-off to determine SCC, metalloproteinase activity, bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin, sodium, and potassium concentrations. The soluble form of rtMMP-9 increased endogenous metalloproteinase activity in the mammary gland compared with saline quarters but did not accelerate either the immune response or involution in comparison with control quarters. The results demonstrated that the strategy to increase the mammary gland immunocompetence by recombinant infusion of rtMMP-9 was unsuccessful.
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Comparison of Bovine Mammary Involution and Intramammary Infections Following Intramammary Treatment with Casein Hydrolysate and Other Conventional Treatments at Dry-Off. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082360. [PMID: 34438817 PMCID: PMC8388654 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alternatives to antibiotic therapy for mastitis in dairy cattle are of interest to the dairy industry and society. Reduced use of antibiotics while maintaining or improving animal welfare is desirable. We studied the intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate, alone or combined with standard dry cow treatment, at the beginning of the dry period before cows have their next calf. The effects on mammary involution and milk quality suggested that infusion of casein hydrolysate alone or combined with internal teat sealant may be an alternative to antibiotic dry cow therapy. Abstract Alternatives to routine antibiotic treatment of dairy cattle during the dry period before their next calving are of interest. This was a preliminary study of whether intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate, administered alone or combined with standard dry treatment, accelerated the rate of mammary involution early in the dry period. Four treatments were studied in a split udder design. One udder half was assigned a treatment, and the contralateral half was administered dry cow treatment + internal teat sealant as a control. Treatments were casein hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant. Cows (n = 16) were blocked by a number of intramammary infections per udder half (0 or 1+) and randomized to treatments. Milk production was not different between control or treated udder halves post-calving. A generalized linear mixed model tested for differences between the treatment groups in the concentration of mammary involution indicators in milk: somatic cell count, bovine lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin. At 7 days, dry udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate had higher milk concentrations of lactoferrin than those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and control. At 10 days dry, bovine serum albumin was higher in udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate than in those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant and control. Post-calving, casein hydrolysate-treated udder halves produced 51% of total milk, unchanged from before dry-off. There were seven total intramammary infections entering the dry period, all caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Cure rates (3/7, 43%) were not different among all treatments and control, partly because of the small sample size. Intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate at the end of lactation may be an alternative or possible adjunct to antibiotic dry cow therapy.
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Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:30-39. [PMID: 33932820 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -- 9 and their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2) in mammary tissue of dairy cows with naturally occurring chronic S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI) during active involution. Moreover, the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary secretions was evaluated. Cows in late lactation that were either uninfected or with chronic naturally acquired S. aureus IMI were included in this study. Protein expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissues was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 14 and 21 of involution. Protein expression of TIMP-1 and -2 was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-2, MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratios were significantly higher in S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 14 of involution. The MMP-2 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 1, 2, 7 and 14 of involution. The MMP-9 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The increased expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissue as well as the high levels of activity observed in mammary secretion from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters during active involution, strongly suggests that these gelatinases could contribute to degradation of mammary tissue components during chronic S. aureus IMI. The MMPs/TIMPs imbalance could lead to greater proteolysis and potentially more damage to mammary tissue in S. aureus-infected quarters.
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Bonelli F, Orsetti C, Turini L, Meucci V, Pierattini A, Sgorbini M, Citi S. Mammary Cistern Size during the Dry Period in Healthy Dairy Cows: A Preliminary Study for an Ultrasonographic Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112082. [PMID: 33182597 PMCID: PMC7698221 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dry period is a crucial moment for dairy cows since the udder may develop pathological conditions that could influence the next lactation. We propose a preliminary study for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the udder cistern during the dry period in healthy dairy cows. All four udder cisterns were evaluated and measured by ultrasound at different times. Our results showed a statistically significant negative linear correlation between the time and udder cistern size. In addition, this study showed that the udder cistern size decreased throughout the whole dry period and started to increase at the beginning of the next lactation. Abstract We evaluated the udder cistern (UC) size during the dry period using ultrasound. Forty healthy quarters were evaluated in both the longitudinal and cross-section of the UC. Quarters were evaluated at the drying-off (T0) and 24 h later (T1), then regularly until the end of the dry period (T7–T58), during the colostrum production phase (TCPP) and at 7 days in milking (T7PP). The Spearman test was applied to find the correlation between the ultrasonographic UC size (UUCS) assessment and time. The Friedman test and Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons as a post-hoc test were performed to compare the forequarter and hindquarter cross-sections (FQCSs and HQCSs, respectively) and the forequarter and hindquarter longitudinal sections (FQLSs and HQLSs, respectively) at T0 vs. T58 vs. TCPP vs. T7PP. A total of 440 images were evaluated. A negative linear correlation between time and FQCS and FQLS (r = −0.95; p < 0.0004) and between time and HQCS and HQLS (r = −0.90; p < 0.002) was found. The UUCS decreased throughout the dry period, starting to increase at the beginning of the next lactation. Measuring the UUCS provides useful information for monitoring the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessio Pierattini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
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Vilar MJ, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Dry-off and dairy cow udder health and welfare: Effects of different milk cessation methods. Vet J 2020; 262:105503. [PMID: 32792097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cessation of milking at the end of lactation is a routine management practice in dairy herds, and the importance of the dry period for milk production and udder health, has long been recognized. Among countries and herds, drying-off practices differ and include various milk cessation methods, such as changes in milking frequency and in feeding, the use of antibiotic dry cow therapy and teat sealants, and changes in housing. Published studies reporting methods of stopping milk production are scarce, and there are no uniform recommendations on optimal procedures to dry cows off for good udder health, cow welfare, and milk production. This review describes methods to stop mik production to prepare cows for the dry period and their effects on mammary involution, udder health, and dairy cow welfare. Milk yield at dry-off (the final milking at the end of lactation) is important for rapid involution, which stimulates the immune system and promotes good udder health and cow welfare. Based on the findings of this review, gradual cessation of milking over several days before the final milking can effectively reduce milk yield at dry-off and accelerate mammary gland involution while maximizing cow comfort and welfare. Data from this review indicate a target production level of 15 kg/day of milk or less at dry-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vilar
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - P J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
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Reinhardt TA, Lippolis JD. Characterization of bovine mammary gland dry secretions and their proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period. J Proteomics 2020; 223:103831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Parés S, Fàbregas F, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E, de Prado A, Arís A. Short communication: Recombinant mammary serum amyloid A3 as a potential strategy for preventing intramammary infections in dairy cows at dryoff. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3615-3621. [PMID: 32057432 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammary serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) has shown potential in stimulating innate immunity during intramammary infections, at calving and at dryoff. In this study, we produced recombinant caprine M-SAA3 to test its ability to reduce intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Escherichia coli, which are all common mastitis-producing pathogens. Recombinant production of M-SAA3 (followed by lipopolysaccharide removal to avoid lipopolysaccharide-nonspecific stimulation of the immune system) was successfully achieved. Mammary serum amyloid A3 stimulated the expression of IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner in primary mammary cultures. Although a direct killing effect on Staph. aureus by M-SAA3 was not detected, this acute phase protein was able to reduce Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, and Strep. dysgalactiae infections by up to 50% and induced a reduction in E. coli counts of 67%. In general, the best concentration of caprine M-SAA3 for inhibiting infections was the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), although higher concentrations (up to 160 μg/mL) increased its antimicrobial potential against some pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Parés
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Francesc Fàbregas
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Ana de Prado
- Corporate Ruminant Department, Ceva Sante Animale, Libourne, France 33500
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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Hop GE, de Prado-Taranilla AI, Isaka N, Ocak M, Bertet J, Supré K, Velthuis A, Schukken YH, Deflandre A. Efficacy of cabergoline in a double-blind randomized clinical trial on milk leakage reduction at drying-off and new intramammary infections across the dry period and postcalving. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11670-11680. [PMID: 31521356 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off may induce milk leakage, which may increase the risk of new intramammary infections (IMI). This study assessed the efficacy of 1 i.m. injection of 5.6 mg of cabergoline (Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France) at drying-off on milk leakage after dry-off and new IMI across the dry period and postcalving compared with a placebo (negative control) and an intramammary antibiotic treatment (positive control) under field conditions. The study was a double-blind, randomized, 3-arm, multicenter, clinical trial performed under Good Clinical Practice conditions. Data from 900 dairy cows of various breeds from 63 farms in France, Germany, and Hungary were analyzed. Only quarters with no bacterial growth at drying-off and a cow somatic cell count ≤200,000 cells/mL were included. Quarters infected with major or minor pathogens or cows with high somatic cell count at time of inclusion were excluded. Cows that qualified for the study were visited 7 times in total before and after drying-off and after calving. Presence (yes/no) of milk leakage was recorded on the day after dry-off. A new infected quarter (new IMI) was defined as one with a major pathogen present in any one of the 2 postcalving samples. Two mixed logistic regression models were fitted to the data to evaluate the efficacy of cabergoline in the reduction of milk leakage and new IMI. One i.m. injection of cabergoline at drying-off significantly reduced the incidence of milk leakage the day after dry-off compared with both placebo and antibiotic treatment. Cabergoline-treated cows significantly reduced the risk of new IMI by major pathogens across the dry period and postcalving by 21% when compared with placebo cows (20.5 vs. 26.0%, respectively). However, when milk leakage was added to the model, the significance of cabergoline was reduced. We interpreted this to show that milk leakage is an intervening variable between treatment with cabergoline and lower risk of new IMI. The antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the odds of new IMI compared with both cabergoline and placebo. However, because several countries are currently disallowing the preventive use of antibiotics at dry-off in noninfected quarters, the dry-off facilitator cabergoline may therefore be of particular value to reduce the risk of new IMI across the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hop
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | | | - N Isaka
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - M Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar, 82049 Pullach im Isartal, Germany
| | - J Bertet
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - K Supré
- Milk Control Centre Flanders, Hagenbroeksesteenweg, B-2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - A Velthuis
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - A Deflandre
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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15
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Zanin E, Zobel G, Cestari AA, Fregonesi JA. Intake, milk yield, and lying behavior of dairy cows fed on two hay diets at dry-off: A case study in Brazil. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Zhao X, Ponchon B, Lanctôt S, Lacasse P. Invited review: Accelerating mammary gland involution after drying-off in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6701-6717. [PMID: 31202662 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mammary gland involution, as a part of the reproductive cycle in dairy cows, is a very important remodeling transformation of the mammary gland for the subsequent lactation. There is considerable incentive to accelerate mammary gland involution to improve udder health, shorten the dry period, and simplify the management process by reducing dietary changes. The complex process of mammary involution is characterized by morphological changes in the epithelial cells and mammary tissue, changes in the composition of mammary secretions, and changes in the integrity of tight junctions. Involution is facilitated by elements of the immune system and several types of proteases and is coordinated by various types of hormones. This review first describes the involution process and then argues for the need to accelerate it. Last, this review focuses on various intervention methods for accelerating involution. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of bovine mammary gland involution as well as potential techniques and new opinions for dry cow management.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
| | - B Ponchon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - S Lanctôt
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
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17
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Andrée O'Hara E, Båge R, Emanuelson U, Holtenius K. Effects of dry period length on metabolic status, fertility, udder health, and colostrum production in 2 cow breeds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:595-606. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wente N, Paduch JH, Klocke D, Vries EMD, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V, Seeth MT. Different selective dry cow therapy concepts compared to blanket antibiotic dry cow treatment. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.15653/tpg-170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjective: The aim of the study was to investigate the use of somatic cell count (SCC) and aerobic bacterial counts as possible tools to choose animals for selective dry cow treatment (DCT) on cow level. Blanket antibiotic DCT is an approved and common method in Germany aimed at increasing the cure rate of existing intramammary infections (IMI) at the time of drying off and decreasing the risk of new infections during the dry period. However, not all animals benefit equally from an antibiotic DCT. Moreover, dairies, consumers and politicians demand a reduction in the use of antibiotics in farm animals. Several criteria for identifying animals which would benefit from antibiotic DCT have been described in the literature. Material and methods: Animals chosen for this investigation were divided into three study groups: Aerobic Count Petrifilm® group A (153 cows), SCC group S (160 cows) and control group C (169 cows). All quarters were treated with an internal teat sealant (ITS) no matter which group the cows belonged to. Results: Group C, in which all cows received an antibiotic DCT, achieved the best results referred to udder health, particularly regarding bacteriological dry period cure. However, the results of the two study groups A and S, in which the animals were dried off selectively, were only marginally worse. A significant difference regarding bacterial dry period cure was revealed between group S and group C (p = 0.039), whereas no significant difference concerning new IMI risk could be detected between the three study groups. Compared to a blanket antibiotic DCT of all cows in the corresponding study group, a reduction of the usage of antibiotics of 23.5 % (A) and 55 % (S) was noticed, respectively. Furthermore, it could be shown that the lactation number as well as the microorganisms present at the time of drying off influence udder health. Conclusion: Selective DCT is an alternative method to the widespread blanket antibiotic DCT. However, it has to be mentioned that selective DCT involves the described marginal decline in udder health and the additional amount of time, which might arise from the procedure of choosing the right animals and performing the applied rapid test methods.
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Boutinaud M, Isaka N, Gandemer E, Lamberton P, Wiart S, Taranilla AIDP, Sordillo L, Lollivier V. Inhibiting prolactin by cabergoline accelerates mammary gland remodeling during the early dry period in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9787-9798. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Andreotti CS, Baravalle C, Sacco SC, Lovato M, Pereyra EA, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Characterization of immune response in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Singh K, Phyn C, Reinsch M, Dobson J, Oden K, Davis S, Stelwagen K, Henderson H, Molenaar A. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in milk and immune-related gene expression during mammary gland involution in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7669-7685. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Ponchon B, Lacasse P, Ollier S, Zhao X. Effects of photoperiod modulation and melatonin feeding around drying-off on bovine mammary gland involution. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8496-8506. [PMID: 28755938 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The risk for a dairy cow to acquire new intramammary infections is high during the transition from lactation to the dry period, because of udder engorgement and altered immune functions. Once the gland is fully involuted, it becomes much more resistant to intramammary infections. Therefore, strategies to depress milk yield before drying-off and accelerate the involution process after drying-off could be beneficial for udder health. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of photoperiod manipulation and melatonin feeding from 14 d before to 14 d after drying-off on the speed of the involution process. Thirty Holstein cows in late lactation were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: (1) a long-day photoperiod (16 h of light: 8 h of darkness), (2) a short-day photoperiod (8 h of light: 16 h of darkness), and (3) a long-day photoperiod supplemented by melatonin feeding (4 mg/kg of body weight). Milk and blood samples were collected on d -26, -19, -12, -5, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to the last milking to determine concentrations of mammary gland involution markers and serum prolactin. Additional blood samples were taken around milking on d -15, before the start of the treatments, and on d -1, before drying-off, to evaluate the treatment effects on milking-induced prolactin release. The short-day photoperiod slightly decreased milk production and basal prolactin secretion during the dry period. The milking-induced prolactin surge was smaller on d -1 than on d -15 regardless of the treatments. Lactoferrin concentration, somatic cell count, and BSA concentration as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities increased in mammary secretions during the first 2 wk of the dry period, whereas milk citrate concentration and the citrate:lactoferrin molar ratio decreased. The rates of change of these parameters were not significantly affected by the treatments. The long-day photoperiod supplemented by melatonin feeding did not affect milk production, prolactin secretion, or mammary gland involution. Under the conditions in this study, photoperiod modulation and melatonin feeding did not appear to affect the rate of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ponchon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - S Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9.
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23
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Bertulat S, Isaka N, de Prado A, Lopez A, Hetreau T, Heuwieser W. Effect of a single injection of cabergoline at dry off on udder characteristics in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3220-3232. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Lanctôt S, Fustier P, Taherian A, Bisakowski B, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effect of intramammary infusion of chitosan hydrogels at drying-off on bovine mammary gland involution. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2269-2281. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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van Hoeij RJ, Lam TJGM, de Koning DB, Steeneveld W, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM. Cow characteristics and their association with udder health after different dry period lengths. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8330-8340. [PMID: 27423942 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shortening or omitting the dry period (DP) in dairy cows is of interest because of potential beneficial effects on energy balance and metabolic health. Reported effects of a short or omitted dry period on udder health are ambiguous. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of no DP (0d), a short DP (30d), or a conventional DP (60 d) on the occurrence of intramammary infections (IMI) during the precalving period and on somatic cell counts (SCC), elevations of SCC (SCC≥200,000 cells/mL), and clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation. The study also aimed to analyze which prepartum cow characteristics are associated with udder health after different DP lengths. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n=167) were randomly assigned to a DP length (0, 30, or 60 d). Cows with a 0-d DP had a greater occurrence of chronic IMI and a lower occurrence of cured IMI during the precalving period than cows with a 30-d or 60-d DP. Postpartum average SCC for lactation was greater in cows with a 0-d DP than in cows with a 30-d or 60-d DP. The number of cows with at least 1 elevation of SCC, the number of elevations of SCC per affected cow, the number of cows treated for clinical mastitis, and the number of cases of mastitis per affected cow did not differ among DP lengths. Cow characteristics related to postpartum average SCC for lactation were DP length, parity, and the following interactions: DP length with prepartum elevation of SCC, DP length with fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) reduction between 150 and 67d prepartum, DP length with parity and with average SCC for lactation, and last FPCM before the conventional drying-off day with average SCC for lactation. Cows with prepartum parity 1 had a lower occurrence of at least 1 elevation of SCC in subsequent lactation compared with cows with parity >2. Last SCC before the conventional drying-off day was positively associated with occurrence of clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation. In this study, DP length was not a risk factor for either elevation of SCC or occurrence of clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation. The identified cow characteristics could be used in a decision support model to optimize DP length for individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J van Hoeij
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - D B de Koning
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W Steeneveld
- Chair group Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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26
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Boutinaud M, Isaka N, Lollivier V, Dessauge F, Gandemer E, Lamberton P, De Prado Taranilla A, Deflandre A, Sordillo L. Cabergoline inhibits prolactin secretion and accelerates involution in dairy cows after dry-off. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5707-5718. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Dutreuil M, Guinard-Flament J, Boutinaud M, Hurtaud C. Effect of duration of milk accumulation in the udder on milk composition, especially on milk fat globule. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3934-3944. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Almeida RA, Kerro-Dego O, Prado ME, Headrick SI, Lewis MJ, Siebert LJ, Pighetti GM, Oliver SP. Protective effect of anti-SUAM antibodies on Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Vet Res 2015; 46:133. [PMID: 26582308 PMCID: PMC4652381 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of anti-recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) antibodies against S. uberis intramammary infections (IMI) was evaluated using a passive protection model. Mammary quarters of healthy cows were infused with S. uberis UT888 opsonized with affinity purified anti-rSUAM antibodies or hyperimmune sera. Non-opsonized S. uberis UT888 were used as a control. Mammary quarters infused with opsonized S. uberis showed mild-to undetectable clinical symptoms of mastitis, lower milk bacterial counts, and less infected mammary quarters as compared to mammary quarters infused with non-opsonized S. uberis. These findings suggest that anti-rSUAM antibodies interfered with infection of mammary gland by S. uberis which might be through preventing adherence to and internalization into mammary gland cells, thus facilitating clearance of S. uberis, reducing colonization, and causing less IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Oudessa Kerro-Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - María E Prado
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Susan I Headrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Mark J Lewis
- Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center, Walland, TN, 37886, USA.
| | - Lydia J Siebert
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Gina M Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Stephen P Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
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29
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Zobel G, Weary DM, Leslie KE, von Keyserlingk MAG. Invited review: Cessation of lactation: Effects on animal welfare. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8263-77. [PMID: 26409963 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The forced cessation of milk production, or dry-off, is a routine management practice in dairy cattle, sheep, and goats. This practice initiates a dry period, during which the animal is not milked. Milking begins again after parturition. Most of the literature on the dry period has focused on how various drying-off strategies affect milk production and disease; little work to date has addressed how dry-off affects the overall welfare of the dairy animal. The first aim of this review was to present an overview of the importance of dry-off and how it is commonly achieved. Our review shows that much scientific progress has been made in improving health status between lactations. The second aim was to identify important gaps in the literature, of which 2 key research disparities have been identified. We find that much of the work to date has focused on cattle and very little research has examined dry-off in dairy sheep and goats. We also find a lack of research addressing how common dry-off methodologies affect animal welfare on more than just a biological level, regardless of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Stewart Building, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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30
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Baravalle C, Silvestrini P, Cadoche MC, Beccaria C, Andreotti CS, Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking induces changes in the expression of toll-like receptors, MyD88 and NF-kB during early involution. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Ollier S, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effects of feed restriction and prolactin-release inhibition at drying-off on susceptibility to new intramammary infection in cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:221-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Ollier S, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effects of feed restriction and prolactin-release inhibition at drying off on metabolism and mammary gland involution in cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4942-54. [PMID: 24881791 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cow's risk of acquiring a new intramammary infection during the dry period increases with milk production at drying off and decreases as mammary gland involution progresses. A method commonly used to reduce milk production is a drastic reduction in feed supply in the days that precede drying off. Milk production can also be reduced by inhibiting the lactogenic signal driven by prolactin (PRL). This study aimed to compare the effects of these 2drying-off procedures on metabolism, immunity, and mammary gland involution in cows. A total of 24Holstein cows in late lactation were assigned to 1 of 3treatments based on milk yield, somatic cell count, and parity. The cows were fed a lactation diet until drying off (control; n=8), only dry hay during the last 5d before drying off (DH; n=8), or the same lactation diet as the control cows but with twice-daily i.m. injections of 4mg of quinagolide, a specific inhibitor of PRL release, from 5d before drying off until 13d after (QN; n=8). Quinagolide induced a decrease in PRL concentration in blood and in milk and mammary secretions on all the injection days. Interestingly, PRL was also depressed in the blood and milk of the hay-fed cows before drying off. Both the QN and DH treatments induced a decrease in milk production, which averaged 17.9 and 10.1kg/d for the QN and DH cows, respectively, at drying off in comparison with 24.8kg/d for the control cows. Both BSA concentration and Na(+)-to-K(+) ratio increased faster in the mammary secretions of both the DH and QN cows than in those of the control cows, whereas citrate-to-lactoferrin ratio, another indicator of involution rate, decreased faster. The DH treatment decreased blood concentrations of glucose and most amino acids and increased blood concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids. Quinagolide increased blood glucose but did not affect the other metabolites. The serum harvested on d-1 from the hay-fed cows reduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and IL-4 production, whereas the serum from the quinagolide-treated cows had no effect. In conclusion, this experiment shows that PRL-release inhibition could be a new alternative for reducing milk production before drying off and for hastening mammary gland involution without disturbing the metabolism of the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ollier
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - P Lacasse
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8.
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33
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Andreotti CS, Pereyra EAL, Baravalle C, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Staphylococcus aureus chronic intramammary infection modifies protein expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) subfamily components during active involution. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:5-14. [PMID: 24290236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine whether Staphylococcus aureus chronic intramammary infection (IMI) influences protein expression of TGF-β subfamily components and collagen I and to examine the histomorphometric changes that occur in mammary stroma and parenchyma during active mammary gland involution. Twenty-one Holstein non-pregnant cows in late lactation either uninfected or with chronic natural S. aureus IMI were included in this study. Cows were slaughtered at 7, 14 and 21d after cessation of milking and samples for immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis were taken. Protein expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 was significantly higher in chronically infected quarters than in uninfected controls at the three involution stages studied. Immunostaining of TGF-βR1 and TGF-βR3 and collagen I was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected quarters than in uninfected controls at every involution time evaluated. The percentages of tissue area composed of parenchyma and intralobular stroma were significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than in uninfected quarters. Chronic S. aureus mastitis modifies protein expression of the three TGF-β isoforms and type 1 and 3 receptors, which was associated with changes directed to limit the scope of inflammation and injury to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Andreotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), C.C. 22 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to review the significance of administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period/beginning of the dry-period in ewes. During the stage of active involution, there is an increased risk of new mastitis cases and recrudescence of subclinical infections that had occurred during the previous lactation period. The main pathogens involved in the so-called 'dry-period mastitis' are coagulase-negative staphylococci. The principle of antibiotic administration at the end of a lactation period involves the intramammary infusion of a preparation to both mammary glands of ewes in the flock. Although a variety of products is licensed for administration in ewes, preferably the product for administration should be selected on the results of susceptibility testing of bacteria to be isolated from samples from ewes in the flock. In many clinical studies from around the world, performed in dairy- or mutton-production flocks, administration of antimicrobial agents at the end of a lactation period has been found beneficial in curing intramammary infections present at cessation of a lactation period, as well as in minimising the risk for intramammary infections during the dry-period. In dairy flocks, there are also benefits from increase in milk yield and decrease flock bulk milk mean somatic cell counts during the subsequent lactation period. Antibiotic administration at drying-off may be performed to all animals in a flock ('complete') or only to those considered to be infected ('selective'). In all cases, after administration of the antibiotic, definite and complete cessation of the lactation period is essential for success of the procedure. Moreover, maintenance of the prescribed withdrawal periods is essential to safeguard public health. The procedure should always be applied as part of a strategic udder health management plan in a flock; implementation improves the welfare of animals and affords significant financial benefits to the farmer. A mastitis prevention scheme during lactation will minimise the incidence of the disease; effective treatment of cases of the disease during lactation will decrease the bacterial populations in the flock and limit risk of infection of other animals. Administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period will complement the above procedures and will contribute to improved mammary health for the forthcoming lactation period.
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Silanikove N, Merin U, Shapiro F, Leitner G. Early mammary gland metabolic and immune responses during natural-like and forceful drying-off in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6400-11. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zobel G, Leslie K, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Gradual cessation of milking reduces milk leakage and motivation to be milked in dairy cows at dry-off. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5064-71. [PMID: 23769368 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of gradual versus abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off in dairy cows are not well understood, but gradually reducing milk production in human mothers is known to reduce discomfort and milk leakage. This study compared the effects of abrupt versus gradual cessation of milking on milk leakage and dairy cow behavior. Holstein dairy cows were housed in groups of 6 and randomly assigned to either abrupt milk cessation (i.e., dry-off on d 0) or gradual milk cessation (i.e., skipped milkings beginning on d 0; dry-off on d 5). Four replicates were performed over time, for a total of 24 cows (mean ± SD; parity=2.3±1.2; milk production the day before d 0=24±5 kg/d). Intramammary antibiotic, internal teat sealer, and external teat sealant were administered at dry-off. Measurements were taken from d -3 to 8 relative to dry-off. Three periods were identified for behavior data: baseline (d -3 to 1), period 1 (abrupt cows dry, gradual cows milking; d 0-4), and period 2 (all cows dry; d 5-8). Lying time was recorded with data loggers. Video scan samples (5-min intervals) were used to measure feeding time and motivation to be milked (i.e., standing at the pen's exit gate). Milk leakage was monitored every 20 min during the 2-h period following the milking times of 0500 and 1500 h after complete cessation of milking (period 1 for abrupt vs. period 2 for gradual). Composite milk samples were taken before dry-off (d -1, 0, and 5) and at the start of the next lactation (colostrum, 24h and 7-10 d postcalving) to determine somatic cell score (SCS) and conduct bacteriological examinations in clinical mastitis cases. Regardless of treatment, dry-off resulted in reduced lying time [14.1 vs. 13.2h/d; standard error of the difference (SED)=0.2], reduced lying bouts (10.7 vs. 8.3 bouts/d; SED=0.2), increased lying bout duration (1.4 vs. 1.7h/bout; SED=0.03) and increased feeding time (5.0 vs. 5.9h/d; SED=0.2). Compared with baseline, the odds of standing at the gate increased for abrupt cows (period 1: odds ratio=6.2; 95% CI: 2.7-14.4; and period 2: odds ratio=5.2; 95% CI: 1.8-14.6). No increase in time spent standing at the gate was noted in gradual cows. Frequency of leakage was greater in abrupt versus gradual cows (75 vs. 27%). Although the gradual treatment showed an increase in SCS over the 5 d of reduced milking frequency, both treatments showed an increase in SCS at calving and both returned to pre-experiment levels within 7 to 10 d after calving. This work demonstrates that gradually reducing milking frequency in high-producing cows results in reduced time spent anticipating milking and reduced milk leakage after dry-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in the bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking modifies components of the insulin-like growth factor system during involution. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:462-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ollier S, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effect of prolactin-release inhibition on milk production and mammary gland involution at drying-off in cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:335-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trevisi E, Amadori M, Cogrossi S, Razzuoli E, Bertoni G. Metabolic stress and inflammatory response in high-yielding, periparturient dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Proinflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression in mammary tissue of cows following intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Leitner G, Jacoby S, Silanikove N. An evaluation of casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic for bacterial cure and subsequent increase in milk yield in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:3. [PMID: 21214910 PMCID: PMC3025865 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A 3-yr study examined whether prepartum treatment with casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic, as routinely used in Israel for dry cow therapy, improved bacterial cure and increased milk yield in subsequent lactations in comparison with treatment with antibiotic alone. The vast majority of bacterial isolates in samples collected prior to drying-off comprised coagulase-negative staphylococci, mostly as Staph. chromogenes. Results Bacterial cure associated with the combined treatment was 73.8% in cows, significantly higher than the 51.7% cure recorded when cows were treated only with antibiotic. During the study, the annual milk yield of non-casein hydrolyzate treated and treated control cows increased at ~2% per year, which is consistent with the national annual increase attributed to genetic selection. In cows treated with casein hydrolyzate the increase was 9% (above the 2% expected) in the first lactation after the treatment, and 6.3% (above the 4% expected for 2 years) in the second lactation after treatment. These increases were significantly higher than those in the controls and those expected through genetic improvement. Conclusions Treatment with casein hydrolyzate at dry-off was shown to be a viable mean to eliminate existing environmental bacterial infection, and to improve milk yield in the next lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leitner
- Biology of Lactation Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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42
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Oliver SP, Murinda SE, Jayarao BM. Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:337-55. [PMID: 21133795 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have saved millions of human lives, and their use has contributed significantly to improving human and animal health and well-being. Use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has resulted in healthier, more productive animals; lower disease incidence and reduced morbidity and mortality in humans and animals; and production of abundant quantities of nutritious, high-quality, and low-cost food for human consumption. In spite of these benefits, there is considerable concern from public health, food safety, and regulatory perspectives about the use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals. Over the last two decades, development of antimicrobial resistance resulting from agricultural use of antibiotics that could impact treatment of diseases affecting the human population that require antibiotic intervention has become a significant global public health concern. In the present review, we focus on antibiotic use in lactating and nonlactating cows in U.S. dairy herds, and address four key questions: (1) Are science-based data available to demonstrate antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens that cause disease in dairy cows associated with use of antibiotics in adult dairy cows? (2) Are science-based data available to demonstrate that antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens that cause disease in adult dairy cows impacts pathogens that cause disease in humans? (3) Does antimicrobial resistance impact the outcome of therapy? (4) Are antibiotics used prudently in the dairy industry? On the basis of this review, we conclude that scientific evidence does not support widespread, emerging resistance among pathogens isolated from dairy cows to antibacterial drugs even though many of these antibiotics have been used in the dairy industry for treatment and prevention of disease for several decades. However, it is clear that use of antibiotics in adult dairy cows and other food-producing animals does contribute to increased antimicrobial resistance. Although antimicrobial resistance does occur, we are of the opinion that the advantages of using antibiotics in adult dairy cows far outweigh the disadvantages. Last, as this debate continues, we need to consider the consequences of "what would happen if antibiotics are banned for use in the dairy industry and in other food-producing animals?" The implications of this question are far reaching and include such aspects as animal welfare, health, and well-being, and impacts on food quantity, quality, and food costs, among others. This question should be an important aspect in this ongoing and controversial debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Concentrations of bovine lactoferrin and citrate in milk during experimental endotoxin mastitis in early-versuslate-lactating dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2010; 77:474-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a molecule naturally present in bovine milk that affects the availability and transport systems of iron. Lf also binds endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and modulates the immunological response. In the present study, concentrations of bovine Lf (bLf) and citrate in milk were determined in early (EL) and late (LL) lactating dairy cows, using an experimentally induced endotoxin mastitis model and a crossover design. Nine clinically healthy Finnish Ayrshire cows were challenged twice with 100 μg endotoxin infused into one udder quarter. Milk samples were collected from the challenged and control quarters of each cow before and after endotoxin infusion during 3 d, and bLf and citrate concentrations were measured. In all cows, clinical signs of mastitis were seen at both times of challenge, but the response was more severe in EL than in LL. Concentration of bLf in the milk started to rise approximately 8 h after endotoxin infusion and was still higher than normal on the third day, especially in the late-lactating cows. In milk of the LL group, concentrations of bLf were significantly higher than in the EL group. In contrast, concentrations of citrate were higher in milk of the EL cows compared with the LL cows. Concentration of bLf and citrate varied substantially among cows. The molar ratio of citrate to bLf before and after challenge was significantly higher during the EL period. The results of this study partly explain why cows in early lactation are more susceptible to intramammary infections and why mastitis is more severe in them.
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Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Iguzquiza IA, Salvetti NR, Quaino OA, Calvinho LF. The effect of a single intramammary infusion of a biological response modifier in cows at drying off. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pezeshki A, Capuco AV, De Spiegeleer B, Peelman L, Stevens M, Collier RJ, Burvenich C. REVIEW ARTICLE: An integrated view on how the management of the dry period length of lactating cows could affect mammary biology and defence. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e7-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Adin G, Gelman A, Solomon R, Flamenbaum I, Nikbachat M, Yosef E, Zenou A, Shamay A, Feuermann Y, Mabjeesh S, Miron J. Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Concentration of natural protective factors (NPFs) which have the ability to inhibit growth of mastitis-causing pathogens increase rapidly following the cessation of milking of dairy cows. One such NPF is lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein present in high concentrations in dry-cow secretions. Earlier studies have demonstrated that intermittent milking at the end of lactation increases levels of NPFs in milk and may decrease prevalence of intramammary infections at calving; however, most of these studies date back several decades and may not apply to current high-producing cows. The objective of this study was to assess whether an intermittent milking schedule prior to dry-off increases the concentration of lactoferrin in mammary secretions at the end of lactation and what other factors influence lactoferrin concentration at dry-off. One week prior to dry-off (pre-dry), cows were randomly assigned to an intermittent milking schedule or they continued to be milked twice daily. Duplicate quarter milk samples for microbiological culture were taken at pre-dry and at dry-off to determine infection status of quarters. Quarter somatic cell counts (SCC) were measured on the day of dry-off. Lactoferrin concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Intermittent milking, mean SCC for the last three months prior to dry-off, SCC at dry-off, lactoferrin concentration at pre-dry, quarter infection status at pre-dry and dry-off, days in milk at dry-off, breed, parity, cumulative milk yield for the final week of lactation and season were considered as potential explanatory variables. Their effect on lactoferrin concentration at dry-off was assessed using a mixed-effects linear regression model. Lactoferrin concentration increased significantly during the final week of lactation for cows on an intermittent milking schedule and was significantly associated with initial lactoferrin concentration and infection status at dry-off.
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O’Brien J, Schedin P. Macrophages in breast cancer: do involution macrophages account for the poor prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:145-57. [PMID: 19350209 PMCID: PMC2693782 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage influx is associated with negative outcomes for women with breast cancer and has been demonstrated to be required for metastasis of mammary tumors in mouse models. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is characterized by particularly poor outcomes, however the reasons remain obscure. Recently, post-pregnancy mammary involution has been characterized as having a wound healing signature. We have proposed the involution-hypothesis, which states that the wound healing microenvironment of the involuting gland is tumor promotional. Macrophage influx is one of the prominent features of the involuting gland, identifying the macrophage a potential instigator of tumor progression and a novel target for breast cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenean O’Brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- AMC Cancer Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
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Leitner G, Krifucks O, Jacoby S, Lavi Y, Silanikove N. Concentrations of ganglioside type M1 and immunoglobulin G in colostrum are inversely related to bacterial infection at early lactation in cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3337-42. [PMID: 18765592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in the colostrum of cows and heifers were analyzed to examine their utility in predicting acquisition of intramammary infection (IMI) during the first weeks postpartum. In general, high levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in cows were associated with lower new incidence of IMI, and linear discriminate analysis based on these 2 variables yielded 69.4% successful classification into cows that did or did not acquire new IMI. This analysis was less successful in heifers because a high proportion of them joined the herd when already infected with bacteria in their udders. It is suggested that application of a wider range of measures that reflect the immune status would enable the identification of most cows prone to new IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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50
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Lim GH, Kelton DF, Leslie KE, Timms LL, Church C, Dingwell RT. Herd management factors that affect duration and variation of adherence of an external teat sealant. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1301-9. [PMID: 17297106 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 1998 and 1999, a purposive sample of Ontario dairy herds was enrolled in a study to examine management factors associated with adherence of an external teat sealant. A total of 74 herds were recruited that had previously complied with a provincial Sentinel Herd mastitis study. All herds were sent a management survey and a commercially available external teat sealant product. The sealant was applied to all cows in first lactation or greater that were scheduled to go dry. Adherence of the teat sealant was scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = sealant completely removed) for the first 12 d following dry off. Complete data were analyzed from 806 cows in 48 herds (mean of 17 cows/herd). Mean duration of adherence of the teat sealant was 4 d (range 1 to 7 d). Of the management factors recorded, only changing the feed to reduce milk production prior to drying off was significantly associated with 0.78-d prolonged adherence. No factors related to dry cow housing, bedding material, or floor surface were associated with the duration of adherence. The variance around the duration of adherence was examined. The median variance of adherence was 3.0 d(2), which was equivalent to a standard deviation of 2.6 d. Herds in which dry cows were housed in tie-stall barns, and the herds that used a penicillin and novobiocin combination dry cow antibiotic had the greatest variation. We concluded that modifying the ration to reduce milk production enhanced adherence of an external teat sealant. Teat-end preparation prior to application of the teat sealant is an important factor to consider when choosing to adopt this dry period mastitis prevention strategy. This study demonstrates that beyond cow- and quarter-level factors, herd management factors can influence the duration and variation of sealant adherence experienced among different herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Lim
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
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