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Gogoi-Tiwari J, Williams V, Waryah CB, Costantino P, Al-Salami H, Mathavan S, Wells K, Tiwari HK, Hegde N, Isloor S, Al-Sallami H, Mukkur T. Mammary Gland Pathology Subsequent to Acute Infection with Strong versus Weak Biofilm Forming Staphylococcus aureus Bovine Mastitis Isolates: A Pilot Study Using Non-Invasive Mouse Mastitis Model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170668. [PMID: 28129375 PMCID: PMC5271311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus is an important virulence attribute because of its potential to induce persistent antibiotic resistance, retard phagocytosis and either attenuate or promote inflammation, depending upon the disease syndrome, in vivo. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential significance of strength of biofilm formation by clinical bovine mastitis-associated S. aureus in mammary tissue damage by using a mouse mastitis model. Methods Two S. aureus strains of the same capsular phenotype with different biofilm forming strengths were used to non-invasively infect mammary glands of lactating mice. Biofilm forming potential of these strains were determined by tissue culture plate method, ica typing and virulence gene profile per detection by PCR. Delivery of the infectious dose of S. aureus was directly through the teat lactiferous duct without invasive scraping of the teat surface. Both bacteriological and histological methods were used for analysis of mammary gland pathology of mice post-infection. Results Histopathological analysis of the infected mammary glands revealed that mice inoculated with the strong biofilm forming S. aureus strain produced marked acute mastitic lesions, showing profuse infiltration predominantly with neutrophils, with evidence of necrosis in the affected mammary glands. In contrast, the damage was significantly less severe in mammary glands of mice infected with the weak biofilm-forming S. aureus strain. Although both IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory biomarkers were produced in infected mice, level of TNF-α produced was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mice inoculated with strong biofilm forming S. aureus than the weak biofilm forming strain. Conclusion This finding suggests an important role of TNF-α in mammary gland pathology post-infection with strong biofilm-forming S. aureus in the acute mouse mastitis model, and offers an opportunity for the development of novel strategies for reduction of mammary tissue damage, with or without use of antimicrobials and/or anti-inflammatory compounds for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Vincent Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charlene Babra Waryah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Costantino
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sangeetha Mathavan
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi Wells
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Harish Kumar Tiwari
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Trilochan Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mastitis is a major infectious disease affecting high yielding cows in dairy herds. Because of its economic impact and due to the animal welfare policy, the pathogenesis of this intramammary infection was studied extensively over the past 50 years. Still, the costs associated with the use of dairy cows for mastitis research constitute a major drawback. As an alternative, a mouse model of experimentally induced mastitis was developed some decades ago. This model has been increasingly used as it appears to be very suited for studying ruminant mastitis due to similarities between mice and cows. The various techniques for inducing mastitis in mice as well as the different pathogens and initial inoculum doses used are also compared in this review. Moreover, recent findings concerning the administration of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents are discussed. In addition, information is provided on the most novel approaches for the study of mastitis including the use of mutant pathogen strains and transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notebaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Brouillette E, Grondin G, Talbot BG, Malouin F. Inflammatory cell infiltration as an indicator of Staphylococcus aureus infection and therapeutic efficacy in experimental mouse mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 104:163-9. [PMID: 15734537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus intramammary colonization of the mouse mammary gland induces migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) similar to that observed during bovine mastitis. In the present study, a method combining acridine orange staining, fluorescence microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis has been developed to quantitate PMN infiltration in a mouse model of mastitis. This was carried out using paraffin embedded sections, and using this method, we showed that the presence of PMNs increased with the number of bacteria present in tissues. Nearly 400 and 1100 times more PMNs were counted in the mammary gland tissue after 12 and 24 h of infection, respectively, compared to mice infected for 6 h. Treatment with the antibiotic cephapirin at 10 or 25 mg/kg reduced PMN infiltration by 71 and 85%, respectively. In conclusion, this method can be used to quantitate PMN infiltration as a marker of inflammation and bacterial burden in infected tissue sections.
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MESH Headings
- Acridine Orange/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Cattle
- Cephapirin/therapeutic use
- Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mastitis, Bovine/immunology
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/veterinary
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouillette
- Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul, Université, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, J1K 2R1
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Brouillette E, Malouin F. The pathogenesis and control of Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis: study models in the mouse. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:560-8. [PMID: 15777742 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intramammary colonisation by Staphylococcus aureus provokes mastitis in the cow. Once established, the infection is difficult to eradicate with available therapies and may become chronic. The present article focuses on the use of the experimental mouse model of S. aureus-induced mastitis as a practical approach for the study of bovine mastitis. Results obtained regarding the pathogenesis of S. aureus and the development of new therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouillette
- Centre d'étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, J1K 2R1.
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Brouillette E, Grondin G, Lefebvre C, Talbot BG, Malouin F. Mouse mastitis model of infection for antimicrobial compound efficacy studies against intracellular and extracellular forms of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2004; 101:253-62. [PMID: 15261998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the general in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates that cause infectious bovine mastitis, the pathogen remains difficult to eradicate with the available antibiotics. The capacity to survive intracellularly has been proposed as a factor contributing to the persistence of S. aureus in the bovine mammary gland. The costs associated with the use of cows or goats to assess the in vivo efficacy of new antibacterial compounds constitute a major drawback. Therefore, in the present study, a mouse model of intramammary infection has been characterized for in vivo testing of new experimental drugs. An inoculum of 100 CFU of S. aureus per gland caused an important level of infection with minimal tissue damage as observed at 24 h post-inoculation. By microscopy, polymorphonuclear neutrophil cell infiltration of the infected mammary glands was observed to increase over time. At 12-24 h of infection, the pathogen was primarily found alive and dividing in neutrophils and occasionally within mammary epithelial cells. Intramuscular or intravenous injections of cephapirin at t = 0 and 10 h reduced the number of CFU/g of gland in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the mouse model of infectious mastitis proposed here is suitable for primary evaluation of experimental drugs after parenteral treatment of intramammary infection with a pathogen such as S. aureus that presents both intracellular and extracellular phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouillette
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Canada J1K 2R1
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Abstract
The activity of novobiocin against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and three E. coli strains that were isolated from cases of bovine mastitis was determined in timekill studies in the presence of bovine lactoferrin. Lactoferrin alone did not affect the growth of any of the strains of E. coli. A combination of 1.0 mg/ml of lactoferrin and novobiocin at 1/16x minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was bactericidal for E. coli ATCC 25922. When the concentration was increased to 3.0 mg/ml of lactoferrin, novobiocin was bactericidal at 1/64x MIC. Among the mastitis strains tested, 6789 and 6806 were more susceptible to killing by novobiocin than was strain 6800. Strains 6789 and 6806 were killed when treated with novobiocin concentrations of 2, 1/2, and 1/4x MIC. When these strains were also treated with lactoferrin at 3.0 mg/ml, there was a bacteriostatic effect at novobiocin concentrations of 1/8 and 1/16x MIC for strains 6789 and 6800. Strain 6806 appeared to be more susceptible to the combination of lactoferrin and novobiocin as was evidenced by a bactericidal effect over the 24-h testing period. The combination treatment with cephapirin and lactoferrin showed that there was a synergistic bactericidal effect against all of the E. coli strains tested. These studies indicate that lactoferrin can potentiate the activity of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Rivas AL, Deshler JD, Quimby FW, Mohammed HO, Wilson DJ, Gonzalez RN, Lein DH, Bruso P. Interdisciplinary question generation: Synthesis and validity analysis of the 1993–1997 bovine mastitis-related literature. Scientometrics 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02458378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guhad FA, Jensen HE, Aalbaek B, Rycroft A, Hau J. A murine model for the study of mycotic mastitis. J Comp Pathol 1995; 113:315-25. [PMID: 8746955 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study established a murine model for the study of mycotic mastitis. The mammary glands of BALB/c mice were inoculated on the fifth day of lactation with graded doses (10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) cells) of a pathogenic strain of Candida krusei isolated from bovine mastitis. The animals were killed 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days after inoculation. In the infected mammary glands, the pathological reaction consisted of primary infiltration with heterophils and mononuclear cells, focal necrosis, formation of microabscesses, epithelial hyperplasia and some fibrosis. The severity of the changes was dose-dependent and increased with time after infection. An increase in the plasma concentrations of complement factors C1, C3c, C4 and C5, factor B and alpha-2-macroglobulin suggested that an acute phase response and activation of the complement system had occurred as a result of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guhad
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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