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Rojas-González AJ, Arriaga-Jordán CM, Sánchez-Torres JE, Mejía-Uribe LA, Rayas-Amor AA, Morales-Almaráz E. In vitro assessment of ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets with different types and levels of protected fat and diverse sources of fibre. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 56:28. [PMID: 38151553 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids of diets with two protected fat (PF) sources from soybean or linseed oil, two levels of PF (0 and 6%) and two forage sources (canola silage (CS) or alfalfa hay (AH)) in a factorial 2x2x2 completely randomised design. Only fatty acids content at final incubation was affected (P<0.05) by triple interaction, where C18:2 was highest with AH plus 6% soybean PF (4.41mg/g DM), while C18:3 was with CS plus 6% linseed oil protected (1.98mg/g DM). C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 had high concentration (308 mg/g DM; P<0.05) with AH plus 6% PF regardless PF type, and C18:1 trans-11 was higher with 6% PF than without PF (13.41 vs 7.89 mg/g DM). Cumulative methane production was not affected by treatments (0.9973 ± 0.1549 mmol/g DM; P>0.05). Gas production and in vitro NDF digestibility were lower with 6% PF of linseed than soybean (160.88 vs 150.97 ml; and 69.28vs 62.89 %, respectively P<0.05). With linseed PF the NH3-N concentration was highest in CS than AH (41.27 vs 27.95 mg/dL; P<0.05) but IVDMD had the opposite result (78.54 vs 85.04). In conclusion, although methane production was not affected and in vitro digestibility and gas production were reduced with linseed PF, the concentration of C18:3 and C18:1 trans-11 was increased, which could improve the lipid profile of milk. The negative effects on digestibility were less with AH than of CS regardless of PF type and level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jorge Rojas-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus UAEM El Cerrillo, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, CP 50295, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales (ICAR), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus UAEM El Cerrillo, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, CP 50295, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Juan Edrei Sánchez-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus UAEM El Cerrillo, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, CP 50295, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Luis Alberto Mejía-Uribe
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus UAEM El Cerrillo, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, CP 50295, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Av. De las Garzas No. 10, Colonia El Panteón, 52005, Lerma, Estado de México, México
| | - Ernesto Morales-Almaráz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus UAEM El Cerrillo, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, CP 50295, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
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Bakr MH, Abd Elazeim MG, Abd El Gawad AERM, Olafadehan OA, Kholif AE. Partial replacement of corn with chocolate byproducts or protected fat in diets of early lactating Holstein cows: feed utilization and lactational performance. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3718-3728. [PMID: 37165476 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2209604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of the partial replacement of corn with chocolate byproducts or protected fat on the performance of cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design for 90 d. The control diet was a complete diet containing 41.2% concentrate feed mixture, 41.2% corn silage, and 17.6% berseem hay. In the other experimental diets, each kg of crushed corn grain in the control diet (DM basis) was replaced with 600 g chocolate byproducts (CH), 400 g protected fat (PF), or 500 g of a mixture of chocolate byproducts and protected fat (1:1 DM basis) (CHPF). Both amounts of PF and CH had the same energy concentration as 1 kg of corn. The experimental treatments did not affect total intake; however, they increased (p < 0.001) daily production of milk, milk fat content, and feed efficiency. Moreover, treatments increased (p < 0.05) blood total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride. The CH, PF, and CHPF treatments increased (p < 0.01) nutrient digestibility. It is concluded that replacing 1 kg of corn in the diet of lactating Holstein cows with PF at 400 g, followed by CHPF at 500 g, and CH at 600 g enhanced milk production and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Bakr
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moemen G Abd Elazeim
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed E Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Chocolate byproducts and protected fats enriched with chromium to replace corn in diets of early lactation Holstein cows: feed utilization, blood profile, and lactational performance. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present experiment aimed to evaluate the partial replacement of corn with chocolate byproducts or protected fats in the diet of lactating cows on feed utilization, blood profile and lactation performance. Fifty multiparous Holstein cows (560±22 kg BW, 3±1 parity, 7±1 days in milk, and previous milk production of 34±3 kg/d), were randomly assigned to 5 treatments in a completely randomized design for 90 days. The control diet contained a concentrate feed mixture containing (per kg DM 412 g concentrate feed mixture, 412 g corn silage, and 176 g berseem hay). The control diet contained 17.6% crushed corn (DM basis). In another treatment, the control diet was supplemented with 1 g chromium daily (Chromium diet). In the other diets, each kg of crushed corn grain was replaced with 600 g chocolate byproducts (CH diet), 400 g protected fats (PF diet), or 500 g of chocolate byproducts and protected fats mixture (1:1 DM basis) (CHPF diet), DM basis, and each of the diets was also supplemented with 1 g chromium daily. Both amounts of protected fats and chocolate byproducts had the same energy concentration as 1 kg of corn. Without affecting feed intake, the replacement increased (P<0.01) milk production, milk fat concentration, and feed efficiency. The replacement (P<0.05) increased the concentrations of serum total proteins, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and chromium in comparison with the control diet. Higher (P<0.001) nutrient digestibility was observed with CH, PF, and CHPF treatments. It is concluded that chromium supplementation did not affect feed utilization or cows performance; however, partial replacement of corn with chromium supplemented protected fat, chocolate byproducts or their mixture improved milk production and feed efficiency.
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The enrichment of chocolate byproducts and protected fats with zinc to partially replace corn in diets of early lactation Holstein cows. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of corn with chocolate byproducts, protected fats, or their mixture supplemented with zinc in the diet of lactating cows on feed utilization and lactation performance for 90 days. Fifty multiparous Holstein cows (565±25 kg BW, 3±1 parity, 7±1 days in milk, a previous milk production of 35±2.9 kg/d), were randomly assigned to 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. The control diet contained (per kg DM): 412 g concentrate feed mixture, 412 g corn silage, and 176 g berseem hay. The control diet was supplemented with 1 g of zinc daily (Zinc diet). In the other diets, each kg of crushed corn grain was replaced with (DM basis) 600 g chocolate byproducts (CH diet), 400 g protected fats (PF diet), or 500 g of chocolate byproducts and protected fats mixture (1:1 DM basis) (CHPF diet). Both amounts of protected fats and chocolate byproducts had the same energy concentration as 1 kg of corn. The total mixed ration was prepared and distributed using a horizontal mixer system after mixing for 20 min. Chemical analysis showed that the replacement minimally affected the composition of the total mixed rations. Additionally, treatments did not affect feed intake. Compared to the control treatment, the zinc treatment did not affect milk production, milk composition, or feed efficiency. Increased (P<0.05) daily production of milk and component yields, and feed efficiency as well as fat concentration were observed by the CH, PF and CHPF treatments. Without affecting other measured blood parameters or hematocrit, treatments increased (P<0.05) the concentrations of total proteins, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and zinc in the blood of cows. Additionally, the CH, PF and CHPF treatments increased (P<0.01) the digestibility of nutrients compared to the control treatment. It is concluded that the addition of zinc to the control did not affect cow performance; however, its addition to chocolate byproducts, protected fats, or their mixture to partially replace corn improved the performance of cows.
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Protein fortification of model cheese matrices using whey protein-enriched double emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows fed Camelina sativa seeds or expeller. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Behan AA, Loh TC, Fakurazi S, Kaka U, Kaka A, Samsudin AA. Effects of Supplementation of Rumen Protected Fats on Rumen Ecology and Digestibility of Nutrients in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070400. [PMID: 31262072 PMCID: PMC6681056 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rising populations and urbanization are transforming into increased demand for livestock products, particularly in developing countries. The world will need more meat and more milk and in order to meet these demands, huge quantities of feed resources will be required. However, there is a substantial deficit of energy feeds affecting the growth and production of animals. The common method to increase energy value of ruminant diets is to provide them with fats. However, higher level of fats in the diet could prove toxic to rumen microbes and affect fibre digestibility, which ultimately results in reducing the feed intake and lowering animal production. These negative effects of fat supplementation can easily be overcome by feeding ruminants with specifically designed fats called rumen protected fats. In order to evaluate the efficacy of rumen protected fats (RPF), three different types of protected fats were examined in sheep. The results suggested that different types of protected fats have no unfavourable influences on the ruminal fermentation and productive parameters. Therefore, prilled fat, prilled fat with lecithin and calcium soaps did not improve animal performance as compared to the diet without protected fats in Dorper sheep. Abstract Rumen protected fats (RPF) are known to improve animal performance without affecting rumen metabolism in sheep. However, comparative effects of prilled fat, prilled fat with lecithin and calcium soap have not been fully studied. Hence this experiment was planned using 36 male Dorper sheep in a completely randomized design in four treatment groups. The diets included: Basal diet (70:30 concentrate to rice straw) with no added RPF as a control (CON), basal diet plus prilled fat (PF), basal diet plus prilled fat with lecithin (PFL) and basal diet plus calcium soap (CaS). The trial lasted 90 days following two weeks adaptation period. The body weights, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio were not affected by treatments. The intake and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were not affected, while those for ether extract and crude fibre differed (p < 0.05). RPF had no effect on concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and total bacterial population. The concentrations of rumen total saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, total n − 3, total n − 6, unsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids differed (p < 0.05) among the treatments with RPF supplementation. Hence supplementation of different types of protected fats did not influence animal performance in Dorper sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atique A Behan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok, 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Asmatullah Kaka
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Anjas Asmara Samsudin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Swanepoel N, Robinson P. Impacts of feeding a flax-seed based feed supplement on productive and reproductive performance of early lactation multiparous Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang F, Wang X, Tang H, Jie X, Jiang X, Wei W. A multichannel Au nanosensor for visual and pattern inspection of fatty acids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:065502. [PMID: 30523802 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf49d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are important dietary sources of fuel for animals and structural components for cells. The number, position and configuration of olefins in the alkyl chains play important roles in the impacts of FAs on human health. Currently, structural profiling of FAs in edible oils and fats is an important issue in nutrition industries and food safety. Due to the lack of distinct functional groups, it is extremely difficult to discriminate FAs with structural differences by facile and in situ sensing methods. A few chemosensors have been developed for shape selective sensing of FAs, but their capability and performance were still limited. Herein, for the first time, we proposed a multichannel Au nanosensor for visual and pattern-generating inspection of FAs based on the highly selective binding ability of Ag+ to olefinic bonds and Ag+ regulable color variation of Au nanoparticles. As a result, the nanosensor showed good selectivity for five FAs with subtle structural difference as low as 5 nM. By further deriving three channel signals in respect of color and color depth, a signature-like signal pattern could be generated by principal component analysis for each FA and even different FA mixtures such as edible oils. Hence, structural variation of FAs in edible hot pot oils with heat treatment was successfully monitored by this Au nanosensor over time. This sensor holds great promise in point-of-care inspection of edible oils and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Rd., Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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Freitas JE, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Barletta RV, Venturelli BC, Vendramini THA, Mingoti RD, Calomeni GD, Gardinal R, Gandra JR, Bettero VP, Ferreira de Jesus E, Oliveira MDS, Rennó FP. Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole soybeans, or calcium salts of fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7881-7891. [PMID: 30007815 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have a unique metabolism and digestion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Unlike monogastric animals, the fatty acid (FA) profile ingested by ruminants is not the same as that reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate whole raw soybeans (WS) in diets as a replacer for calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in terms of UFA profile in the abomasal digesta of early- to mid-lactation cows. Eight Holstein cows (80 ± 20 d in milk, 22.9 ± 0.69 kg/d of milk yield, and 580 ± 20 kg of body weight; mean ± standard deviation) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 22-d periods. The experiment evaluated different fat sources rich in linoleic acid on ruminal kinetics, ruminal fermentation, FA abomasal flow, and milk FA profile of cows assigned to treatment sequences containing a control (CON), with no fat source; soybean oil, added at 2.68% of diet dry matter (DM); WS, addition of WS at 14.3% of diet DM; and CSFA, addition of CSFA at 2.68% of diet DM. Dietary fat supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, with the exception of ether extract. Cows fed fat sources tended to have lower milk fat concentration than those fed CON. In general, diets containing fat sources tended to decrease ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility in relation to CON. Cows fed WS had lower ruminal digestibility of DM and higher abomasal flow of DM in comparison to cows fed CSFA. As expected, diets containing fat supplements increased FA abomasal flow of C18:0 and total FA. Cows fed WS tended to present a higher concentration of UFA in milk when compared with those fed CSFA. This study suggests that under some circumstances, abomasal flow of UFA in early lactation cows can be increased by supplementing their diet with fat supplements rich in linoleic acid, regardless of rumen protection, with small effects on ruminal DM digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Freitas
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, 0170-110
| | - C S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - T A Del Valle
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R V Barletta
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - B C Venturelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - T H A Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R D Mingoti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - G D Calomeni
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R Gardinal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - J R Gandra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil, 79825-070
| | - V P Bettero
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - E Ferreira de Jesus
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - M D S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900.
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Brandao VLN, Dai X, Paula EM, Silva LG, Marcondes MI, Shenkoru T, Poulson SR, Faciola AP. Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil with camelina seed at 2 dietary ether extract levels on digestion, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Camelina is a drought- and salt-tolerant oil seed, which in total ether extract (EE) contains up to 74% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of replacing calcium salts of palm oil (Megalac, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ) with camelina seed (CS) on ruminal fermentation, digestion, and flows of fatty acids (FA) and AA in a dual-flow continuous culture system when supplemented at 5 or 8% dietary EE. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermentors in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Treatments were (1) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 5% EE (MEG5); (2) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 8% EE (MEG8); (3) 7.7% CS supplementation at 5% EE (CS5); and (4) 17.7% CS supplementation at 8% EE (CS8). Diets contained 55% orchardgrass hay, and fermentors were fed 72 g of dry matter/d. On d 8, 9, and 10 of each period, digesta effluent samples were taken for ruminal NH3, volatile fatty acids, nitrogen metabolism analysis, and long-chain FA and AA flows. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). We detected an interaction between FA source and dietary EE level for acetate, where MEG8 had the greatest molar proportion of acetate. Molar proportions of propionate were greater and total volatile fatty acids were lower on CS diets. Supplementation of CS decreased overall ruminal nutrient true digestibility, but dietary EE level did not affect it. Diets containing CS had greater biohydrogenation of 18:2 and 18:3; however, biohydrogenation of 18:1 was greater in MEG diets. Additionally, CS diets had greater ruminal concentrations of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Dietary EE level at 8% negatively affected flows of NH3-N (g/d), nonammonia N, and bacterial N as well as the overall AA outflow. However, treatments had minor effects on individual ruminal AA digestibility. The shift from acetate to propionate observed on diets containing CS may be advantageous from an energetic standpoint. Moreover, CS diets had greater ruminal outflow of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid than MEG diets, suggesting a better FA profile available for postruminal absorption. However, dietary EE at 8% was deleterious to overall N metabolism and AA outflow, indicating that CS can be fed at 5% EE without compromising N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - X Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E M Paula
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - L G Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - T Shenkoru
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - S R Poulson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Abstract
During recent decades, the UK dairy industry has had to adjust to the introduction of milk quotas in 1984, the deregulation of milk markets in 1994, and accommodate changes in the demand for dairy products. The combination of these factors, in addition to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Foot and Mouth disease, and a fall in milk price has inevitably resulted in a restructuring of the industry, but also reinforced the need for all sectors of the industry to respond to the prevailing economic climate and changes in consumer preferences.
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Dai X, Weimer PJ, Dill-McFarland KA, Brandao VLN, Suen G, Faciola AP. Camelina Seed Supplementation at Two Dietary Fat Levels Change Ruminal Bacterial Community Composition in a Dual-Flow Continuous Culture System. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2147. [PMID: 29163431 PMCID: PMC5675879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to determine the effects of camelina seed (CS) supplementation at different dietary fat levels on ruminal bacterial community composition and how it relates to changes in ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters (1,200–1,250 mL) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with four 10-day experimental periods that consisted of 7 days for diet adaptation and 3 days for sample collection. Treatments were: (1) no CS at 5% ether extract (EE, NCS5); (2) no CS at 8% EE (NCS8); (3) 7.7% CS at 5% EE (CS5); and (4) 17.7% CS at 8% EE (CS8). Megalac was used as a control to adjust EE levels. Diets contained 55% orchardgrass hay and 45% concentrate, and fermenters were equally fed a total of 72 g/day (DM basis) twice daily. The bacterial community was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequencing data were analyzed using mothur and statistical analyses were performed in R and SAS. The most abundant phyla across treatments were the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, accounting for 49 and 39% of the total sequences, respectively. The bacterial community composition in both liquid and solid fractions of the effluent digesta changed with CS supplementation but not by dietary EE. Including CS in the diets decreased the relative abundances of Ruminococcus spp., Fibrobacter spp., and Butyrivibrio spp. The most abundant genus across treatments, Prevotella, was reduced by high dietary EE levels, while Megasphaera and Succinivibrio were increased by CS supplementation in the liquid fraction. Correlatively, the concentration of acetate was decreased while propionate increased; C18:0 was decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, were increased by CS supplementation. Based on the correlation analysis between genera and fermentation end products, this study revealed that CS supplementation could be energetically beneficial to dairy cows by increasing propionate-producing bacteria and suppressing ruminal bacteria associated with biohydrogenation. However, attention should be given to avoid the effects of CS supplementation on suppressing cellulolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Paul J Weimer
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Virginia L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard P. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8906-8927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids with different particle sizes on lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Reynolds CK, Morgan R, Givens DI. Effect of oilseed type on milk fatty acid composition of individual cows, and also bulk tank milk fatty acid composition from commercial farms. Animal 2017; 11:354-364. [PMID: 27388673 PMCID: PMC5259690 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing dairy cow diets with oilseed preparations has been shown to replace milk saturated fatty acids (SFA) with mono- and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA), which may reduce risk factors associated with cardio-metabolic diseases in humans consuming milk and dairy products. Previous studies demonstrating this are largely detailed, highly controlled experiments involving small numbers of animals, but in order to transfer this feeding strategy to commercial situations further studies are required involving whole herds varying in management practices. In experiment 1, three oilseed supplements (extruded linseed (EL), calcium salts of palm and linseed oil (CPLO) and milled rapeseed (MR)) were included in grass silage-based diets formulated to provide cows with ~350 g oil/day, and compared with a negative control (Control) diet containing no supplemental fat, and a positive control diet containing 350 g/cow per day oil as calcium salt of palm oil distillate (CPO). Diets were fed for 28-day periods in a 5×4 Latin Square design, and milk production, composition and fatty acid (FA) profile were analysed at the end of each period. Compared with Control, all lipid supplemented diets decreased milk fat SFA concentration by an average of 3.5 g/100 g FA, by replacement with both cis- and trans-MUFA/PUFA. Compared with CPO, only CPLO and MR resulted in lower milk SFA concentrations. In experiment 2, 24 commercial dairy farms (average herd size±SEM 191±19.3) from the south west of the United Kingdom were recruited and for a 1 month period asked to supplement their herd diets with either CPO, EL, CPLO or MR at the same inclusion level as the first study. Bulk tank milk was analysed weekly to determine FA concentration by Fourier Transform mid-IR spectroscopy prediction. After 4 weeks, EL, CPLO and MR all decreased herd milk SFA and increased MUFA to a similar extent (average -3.4 and +2.4 g/100 g FA, respectively) when compared with CPO. Differing responses observed between experiments 1 and 2 may be due in part to variations in farm management conditions (including basal diet) in experiment 2. This study demonstrates the importance of applying experimental research into commercial practice where variations in background conditions can augment different effects to those obtained under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Kliem
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK
| | - D. J. Humphries
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK
| | - C. K. Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK
| | - R. Morgan
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK
| | - D. I. Givens
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AR, UK
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Weld KA, Armentano LE. The effects of adding fat to diets of lactating dairy cows on total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1766-1779. [PMID: 28088408 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of supplemental fat on fiber digestibility in lactating dairy cattle. Published papers that evaluated the effects of adding fat to the diets of lactating dairy cattle on total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility (ttNDFd) and dry matter intake (DMI) were compiled. The final data set included 108 fat-supplemented treatment means, not including low-fat controls, from 38 publications. The fat-supplemented treatment means exhibited a wide range of ttNDFd (49.4% ± 9.3, mean ± standard deviation) and DMI (21.3 kg/d ± 3.5). Observations were summarized as the difference between the treatment means for fat-supplemented diets minus their respective low-fat control means. Additionally, those differences were divided by the difference in diet fatty acid (FA) concentration between the treatment and control diets. Treatment means were categorized by the type of fat supplement. Supplementing 3% FA in the diet as medium-chain fats (containing predominately 12- and 14-carbon saturated FA) or unsaturated vegetable oil decreased ttNDFd by 8.0 and 1.2 percentage units, respectively. Adding 3% calcium salts of long-chain FA or saturated fats increased ttNDFd by 3.2 and 1.3 percentage units, respectively. No other fat supplement type affected ttNDFd. Except for saturated fats and animal-vegetable fats, supplementing dietary fat decreased DMI. When the values for changes in ttNDFd are regressed on changes in DMI there was a positive relationship, though the coefficient of determination is only 0.20. When changes in ttNDFd were regressed on changes in DMI, within individual fat supplement types, there was no relationship within calcium salt supplements. There was a positive relationship between changes in ttNDFd and changes in DMI for saturated fats. Neither relationship suggested that the increased ttNDFd with calcium salts or saturated FA was due to decreased DMI for these fat sources. A subset of the means included measured ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestion. Analysis of this smaller data set did not suggest that ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility is depressed by fat supplementation more than ttNDFd. Adding fats, other than those with medium-chain FA, consistently increased digestible energy density of the diet. However, due to reduced DMI, this increased energy density may not result in increased digestible nutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Weld
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - L E Armentano
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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Gadeyne F, De Neve N, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V. State of the art in rumen lipid protection technologies and emerging interfacial protein cross‐linking methods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Gadeyne
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nympha De Neve
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Bruno Vlaeminck
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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20
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Mele M, Buccioni A, Serra A. Lipid requirements in the nutrition of dairy ewes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.1s.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Antongiovanni M, Buccioni A, Petacchi F, Secchiari P, Mele M, Serra A. Upgrading the lipid fraction of foods of animal origin by dietary means: rumen activity and presence of trans fatty acids and CLA in milk and meat. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2003.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Lerch S, Ferlay A, Graulet B, Cirié C, Verdier-Metz I, Montel M, Chilliard Y, Martin B. Extruded linseeds, vitamin E and plant extracts in corn silage-based diets of dairy cows: Effects on sensory properties of raw milk and uncooked pressed cheese. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Singh M, Roy A, Sharma S. Augmentation of Milk Production by Supplementing Bypass Fat in Dairy Animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2015.476.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Weinstein JA, Taylor SJ, Rosenberg M, DePeters EJ. Whey protein gel composites in the diet of goats increased the omega-3 and omega-6 content of milk fat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:789-800. [PMID: 26249647 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, feeding whey protein gels containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduced their rumen biohydrogenation and increased their concentration in milk fat of Holstein cows. Our objective was to test the efficacy of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels produced in a steam tunnel as a method to alter the fatty acid (FA) composition of the milk lipids. Four primiparous Lamancha goats in midlactation were fed three diets in a 3 × 4 Latin square design. The WPI gels were added to a basal concentrate mix that contained one of three lipid sources: (i) 100% soya bean oil (S) to create (WPI/S), (ii) a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of S and linseed (L) oil to create (WPI/SL), or (iii) 100% L to create (WPI/L). Periods were 22 days with the first 10 days used as an adjustment phase followed by a 12-day experimental phase. During the adjustment phase, all goats received a rumen available source of lipid, yellow grease, to provide a baseline for milk FA composition. During the experimental phase, each goat received its assigned WPI. Milk FA concentration of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 reached 9.3 and 1.64 g/100 g FA, respectively, when goats were fed WPI/S. Feeding WPI/SL increased the C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 concentration to 6.22 and 4.36 g/100 g FA, and WPI/L increased C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 to 3.96 and 6.13 g/100 g FA respectively. The adjusted transfer efficiency (%) of C18:3 n-3 to milk FA decreased significantly as dietary C18:3 n-3 intake increased. Adjusted transfer efficiency for C18:2 n-6 did not change with increasing intake of C18:2 n-6. The WPI gels were effective at reducing rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; however, we observed a change in the proportion increase of C18:3 n-3 in milk FA suggesting possible regulation of n-3 FA to the lactating caprine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Weinstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S J Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E J DePeters
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Pineda A, Cardoso F. Effects of rumen-protected choline with calcium salts of long chain fatty acids on milk yield and milk composition of middle and late lactation Holstein cows. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Guerra E, Gori A, Cevoli C, Losi G, Caboni MF. Lipid fraction of creams collected in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area in response to extruded linseed supplementation of dairy cows’ diets: GC-FID and FT-MIR evaluation. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
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27
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Kliem K, Reynolds C, Humphries D, Kirkland R, Barratt C, Livingstone K, Givens D. Incremental effect of a calcium salt of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids supplement on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3211-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rabiee AR, Breinhild K, Scott W, Golder HM, Block E, Lean IJ. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3225-47. [PMID: 22612958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to critically review randomized controlled trials, and quantify, using meta-analysis and meta-regression, the effects of supplementation with fats on milk production and components by dairy cows. We reviewed 59 papers, of which 38 (containing 86 comparisons) met eligibility criteria. Five groups of fats were evaluated: tallows, calcium salts of palm fat (Megalac, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ), oilseeds, prilled fat, and other calcium salts. Milk production responses to fats were significant, and the estimated mean difference was 1.05 kg/cow per day, but results were heterogeneous. Milk yield increased with increased difference in dry matter intake (DMI) between treatment and control groups, decreased with predicted metabolizable energy (ME) balance between these groups, and decreased with increased difference in soluble protein percentage of the diet between groups. Decreases in DMI were significant for Megalac, oilseeds, and other Ca salts, and approached significance for tallow. Feeding fat for a longer period increased DMI, as did greater differences in the amount of soluble protein percentage of the diet between control and treatment diets. Tallow, oilseeds, and other Ca salts reduced, whereas Megalac increased, milk fat percentage. Milk fat percentage effects were heterogeneous for fat source. Differences between treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of C18:2 and C 18:0 fatty acids and Mg percentage reduced the milk fat percentage standardized mean difference. Milk fat yield responses to fat treatments were very variable. The other Ca salts substantially decrease, and the Megalac and oilseeds increased, fat yield. Fat yield increased with increased DMI difference between groups and was lower with an increased estimated ME balance between treatment and control groups, indicating increased partitioning of fat to body tissue reserves. Feeding fats decreased milk protein percentage, but results were heterogeneous. An increased number of milkings increased the milk protein percentage, whereas the difference between the treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of 18:2 fatty acids and dietary Mg concentration reduced the milk protein percentage. None of the fat treatments influenced milk protein production. The range of responses to different fats fed approached or exceeded 5 standard deviations from the mean and differed in point direction for all variables studied, indicating the varied and profound biological effects of fats. Responses to fat feeding were highly heterogeneous for all variables studied and heterogeneity was present within responses to individual fat groups. The lower DMI combined with higher milk and milk fat production showed that fats could improve the efficiency of milk production. More studies are required to more completely characterize sources of variation in responses to fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rabiee
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden 2570, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Shelke S, Thakur S, Amrutkar S. Effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milk production, composition and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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30
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Production performance and milk composition of grazing dairy cows fed pelleted or non-pelleted concentrates treated with or without lignosulfonate and containing ground sunflower seeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Schmidely P, Andrade P. Dairy performance and milk fatty acid composition of dairy goats fed high or low concentrate diet in combination with soybeans or canola seed supplementation. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Shibata H, Hashizume N, Gazi MR, Sera K, Kato E, Ohmori T, Kanbe M, Obara Y, Kanda S, Kurokawa Y, Itabashi H. Effect of supplementation of soy sauce oil and Ca salts of fatty acids on rumen fermentation, milk production and conjugated linoleic acid in milk of dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:554-9. [PMID: 21794014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan.
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Mansoori H, Aghazadeh A, Nazeradl K. Sunflower Oil Seed (Raw-or Heat-Treated) in Lactating Dairy Cow's Diets: Effects on Milk Fatty Acids Profile and Milk Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2011.470.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Obeidat BS, Awawdeh MS, Titi HH, AbuGhazaleh AA, Al-Lataifeh FA, Alawneh IA, Abu Ishmais MA, Qudsieh RI, Subih HS. Effect of feeding calcium salts on performance of nursing Awassi ewes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1211-7. [PMID: 21448779 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty nursing Awassi ewes (BW = 50 ± 2.35 kg, age = 4.5 ± 1.2 years) with their lambs were used to evaluate the effects of feeding calcium salts in lactation diets on performance and pre-weaning growth of their lambs. Treatments were 0% calcium salts (CON) or 5% calcium salts (FAT). At the end of the study, a digestibility experiment was performed. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.05) for ewes fed the FAT diet than the CON diet. Milk composition was similar (P > 0.05) between diets. However, milk energy value (kcal/day) tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for the FAT diet than the CON diet. Concentrations of milk C18:1c9 and C20:0 were greater (P < 0.05) in ewes fed the FAT diet than the CON diet. However, concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was lower (P = 0.05) in the FAT diet than in the CON diet. No differences in feed intake and body weight change were detected between diets. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were similar (P > 0.05) for diets. For lambs, weaning weight was not affected by treatments. However, average daily gain and total gain were greater (P = 0.053) for the FAT diet than the CON diet. Results suggest that supplementing lactating ewes with calcium salts at the beginning of lactation phase improves daily milk yield of ewes and pre-weaning growth of their lambs with no major negative impact on feed intake and digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal S Obeidat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
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Incremental effects of feeding a rumen-inert MUFA supplement to dairy cows on milk trans fatty acid isomer composition. Proc Nutr Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Silvestre F, Carvalho T, Francisco N, Santos J, Staples C, Jenkins T, Thatcher W. Effects of differential supplementation of fatty acids during the peripartum and breeding periods of Holstein cows: I. Uterine and metabolic responses, reproduction, and lactation. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:189-204. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Côrtes C, da Silva-Kazama DC, Kazama R, Gagnon N, Benchaar C, Santos GTD, Zeoula LM, Petit HV. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3146-57. [PMID: 20630232 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four ruminally lactating Holstein cows averaging 602+/-25 kg of body weight and 64+/-6 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil on dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk production and composition, and milk fatty acid profile. The treatments were a control with no flaxseed products (CON) or a diet (on a dry matter basis) of 4.2% whole flaxseed (FLA), 1.9% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (SAL), or 2.3% whole flaxseed and 0.8% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (MIX). The 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were fed for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection and sampling. Dry matter intake, digestibility, milk production, and milk concentrations of protein, lactose, urea N, and total solids did not differ among treatments. Ruminal pH was reduced for cows fed the CON diet compared with those fed the SAL diet. Propionate proportion was higher in ruminal fluid of cows fed CON than in that of those fed SAL, and cows fed the SAL and CON diets had ruminal propionate concentrations similar to those of cows fed the FLA and MIX diets. Butyrate concentration was numerically higher for cows fed the SAL diet compared with those fed the FLA diet. Milk fat concentration was lower for cows fed SAL than for those fed CON, and there was no difference between cows fed CON and those fed FLA and MIX. Milk yields of protein, fat, lactose, and total solids were similar among treatments. Concentrations of cis-9 18:1 and of intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids such as trans-9 18:1 were higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than for those fed the CON diet. Concentration of rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) in milk fat was increased by 63% when feeding SAL compared with FLA. Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid was higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than in milk of cows fed CON (75 and 61%, respectively), whereas there was no difference between FLA and CON. Flaxseed products (FLA, SAL, and MIX diets) decreased the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in milk fat. Results confirm that flax products supplying 0.7 to 1.4% supplemental fat in the diet can slightly improve the nutritive value of milk fat for better human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Côrtes
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Stn. Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
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38
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Wang YM, Wang JH, Wang C, Chen B, Liu JX, Cao H, Guo FC, Vázquez-Añón M. Effect of different rumen-inert fatty acids supplemented with a dietary antioxidant on performance and antioxidative status of early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3738-45. [PMID: 20655443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with fatty acids of different degrees of saturation, in the absence or presence of an antioxidant (AOX; Agrado Plus, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO), on dairy cow lactation performance. Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids were supplemented as a source of lower saturation fatty acid, and a palm acid product was supplemented as the higher saturation fatty acid source. Sixty early-lactation Chinese Holstein cows (100+/-23 d in milk) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design: (1) lower saturation fatty acid (LS), (2) LS and AOX, (3) higher saturation fatty acid (HS), and (4) HS and AOX. The Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids and palm acid product were supplied at 1.8 and 1.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively, to form isoenergetic diets. The AOX was added at 0.025% in the ration. The experiment lasted 9 wk, including 1 wk for adaptation. Lactation performance was recorded and milk was sampled and analyzed weekly. Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal vein to determine metabolism parameters on d 16, 36, and 56 during the experiment. Neither fatty acid type nor AOX supplementation showed a significant effect on dry matter intake during the study. Milk yield was lower in the LS-fed cows compared with the cows fed HS. Milk fat and milk protein concentrations were not affected by fatty acid type or AOX supplementation. Adding AOX increased the yield of milk in the LS-fed cows, but did not affect those fed HS. Activity of plasma superoxide dismutase was significantly lower, plasma glucose tended to be lower, and plasma malondialdehyde was higher in the LS-fed animals compared with those fed HS. Addition of AOX decreased both plasma nonesterified fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide contents and increased total antioxidant capacity across the fatty acid types. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate was not affected by fatty acid type or AOX treatment. Cows fed LS had higher cis-9C(18:1) and trans-10, cis-12C(18:2) in milk at the expense of C(18:0), whereas AOX addition increased milk cis-9C(18:1) at the expense of milk C(12:0), C(16:0), and trans-10, cis-12C(18:2). It is inferred that feeding LS resulted in inferior lactation performance, whereas addition of antioxidant partially alleviated these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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Hurtaud C, Faucon F, Couvreur S, Peyraud JL. Linear relationship between increasing amounts of extruded linseed in dairy cow diet and milk fatty acid composition and butter properties. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1429-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li X, Long R, Yan C, Choi S, Jin G, Song M. Rumen microbial responses in fermentation characteristics and production of CLA and methane to linoleic acid in associated with malate or fumarate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Smet K, Coudijzer K, Fredrick E, De Campeneere S, De Block J, Wouters J, Raes K, Dewettinck K. Crystallization behavior of milk fat obtained from linseed-fed cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:495-505. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Neves C, dos Santos W, Santos G, da Silva D, Jobim C, Santos F, Visentainer J, Petit H. Production performance and milk composition of dairy cows fed extruded canola seeds treated with or without lignosulfonate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Theurer ML, Block E, Sanchez WK, McGuire MA. Calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids deliver more essential fatty acids to the lactating dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:2051-6. [PMID: 19389963 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has focused on the importance of supplying essential fatty acids to the lactating dairy cow. The addition of essential fatty acids, specifically linoleic and linolenic acid, to dairy cow diets has been investigated as a method to increase reproductive efficiency. Rumen bacteria, however, biohydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids. This is an important issue because it can also lead to milk fat depression when unsaturated fatty acids are fed. The formation of Ca salts has previously been shown to partially protect unsaturated fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate feed intake, milk production, and milk composition of cows fed Ca salts of palm fatty acids (CS) compared with those fed Ca salts of palm fatty acids with an increased content of PUFA (CS+PUFA). Nineteen lactating Holstein cows were used in a switchback experiment to determine any differences between CS and CS+PUFA on milk production and composition. This experiment consisted of 3 consecutive periods of 14 d. Treatments were formulated to provide 450 g/d (dry matter basis) of the Ca salt supplement and were mixed with the same basal ration. Milk weights and feed intakes were recorded daily for each cow. Milk samples were collected the last 2 d of each period and analyzed for milk composition and fatty acids. Dry matter intake [28.0 vs. 27.0 kg/d; standard error of the mean (SEM) = 0.4] and milk production (44.4 vs. 44.0 kg/d; SEM = 0.7) were not different between treatments for CS and CS+PUFA, respectively. Milk fat percentage (3.34 vs. 3.22%; SEM = 0.07) and milk protein percentage (2.78 vs. 2.80%; SEM = 0.01) were not different for CS- and CS+PUFA-fed cows. Feeding CS+PUFA reduced the concentration of palmitic acid in milk fat (28.3 vs. 26.8 wt%; SEM = 0.3). Supplementation of CS+PUFA increased the linoleic acid concentration (3.96 vs. 4.61 wt%; SEM = 0.1) of milk fat, indicating that linoleic acid was partially protected from rumen biohydrogenation. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid were also increased (0.44 vs. 0.52 wt%; SEM = 0.02) when cows consumed CS+PUFA, indicating that some biohydrogenation did occur. Supplementing CS+PUFA did not alter milk production, milk fat percentage, or dry matter intake when compared with CS. The CS+PUFA supplement supplied more linoleic acid to the small intestine for milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Theurer
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, USA
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Shin IS, Hanada M, Shin JS, Sung KI, Kim BW. Effect of dietary fermented fish waste on the digestion of feed and supply of unsaturated fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid in cattles. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700902780633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Glasser F, Ferlay A, Chilliard Y. Oilseed Lipid Supplements and Fatty Acid Composition of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:4687-703. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hurtaud C, Peyraud JL. Effects of feeding camelina (seeds or meal) on milk fatty acid composition and butter spreadability. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:5134-45. [PMID: 17954754 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional and rheological properties of butter depend on the fatty acid composition of milk. Therefore, feeding oilseeds rich in unsaturated fatty acids is likely to affect butter properties. The aim of this trial was to examine to what extent feeding the linolenic acid-rich cruciferous plant camelina can affect the fatty acid composition of dairy products and the properties of butter. A control diet composed of 60% corn silage-based ration and completed with high-energy and nitrogenous concentrates was compared with 2 experimental diets designed to provide the same amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids via either camelina seed (630 g/d, CS diet) or camelina meal (2 kg/d, CM diet). The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The trial followed a double 3 x 3 Latin-square design with 4-wk periods on 6 Holstein dairy cows. The camelina diets tended to decrease dry matter intake but did not have a significant effect on milk production. They generated a slight decrease in milk protein and a strong decrease in milk fat yield and content. The CM diet led to a stronger decrease in fat content. Camelina generated a greater proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, notably C18:1 trans isomers, including trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1, which increased by 11.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, with the CM diet. Camelina also led to an increase in conjugated linoleic acids, particularly rumenic acid, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2. Camelina did not affect parameters of buttermaking except churning time with milk from CM fed cows, which was longer. The butters of camelina diets were softer at all temperatures tested, especially with the CM diet. In conclusion, feeding camelina can modify milk fatty acid profile and butter spreadability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hurtaud
- INRA, Agrocampus Rennes, UMR1080, Production du Lait, F-35590 St-Gilles, France.
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Ortiz-Gonzalez G, Jimenez-Flores R, Bremmer D, Clark J, DePeters E, Schmidt S, Drackley J. Functional Properties of Butter Oil Made from Bovine Milk with Experimentally Altered Fat Composition. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5018-31. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jenkins TC, Bridges WC. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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LIU SJ, WANG JQ, BU DP, WEI HY, ZHOU LY, LUO QJ. The Effect of Dietary Vegetable Oilseeds Supplement on Fatty Acid Profiles in Milk Fat from Lactating Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(07)60140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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