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Ye Q, Sun S, Deng J, Chen X, Zhang J, Lin S, Du H, Gao J, Zou X, Lin X, Cai Y, Lu Z. Using 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing technology to analyze the fecal microbiome of children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20253. [PMID: 37985845 PMCID: PMC10661725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the gut microbiota distribution and its functions in children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). A total of 135 children were enrolled in the study, including 102 children with ARFID and 33 healthy children. Fecal samples were analyzed to explore differences in gut microbiota composition and diversity and functional differences between the ARFID and healthy control (HC) groups via 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing. The gut microbiota composition and diversity in children with ARFID were different from those in heathy children, but there is no difference in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota between children at the age of 3-6 and 7-12 with ARFID. At the phylum level, the most abundant microbes in the two groups identified by 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing were the same. At the genus level, the abundance of Bacteroides was higher in the ARFID group (P > 0.05); however, different from the result of 16SrDNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing showed that the abundance of Bacteroides in the ARFID group was significantly higher than that in the HC group (P = 0.041). At the species level, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lachnospira eligens were the most abundant taxa in the ARFID group, and Prevotella copri, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and Ruminococcus gnavus were the top three microbial taxa in the HC group; there were no statistically significant differences between the abundance of these microbial taxa in the two groups. LefSe analysis indicated a greater abundance of the order Enterobacterales and its corresponding family Enterobacteriaceae, the family Bacteroidaceae and corresponding genus Bacteroides, the species Bacteroides vulgatus in ARFID group, while the abundance of the phylum Actinobacteriota and its corresponding class Actinobacteria , the order Bifidobacteriales and corresponding family Bifidobacteriaceae, the genus Bifidobacterium were enriched in the HC group. There were no statistically significant differences in the Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices between the Y1 and Y2 groups (P = 0.1, P = 0.06, P = 0.06). At the phylum level, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were the most abundant taxa in both groups, but there were no statistically significant differences among the abundance of these bacteria (P = 0.958, P = 0.456, P = 0.473, P = 0.065). At the genus level, Faecalibacterium was more abundant in the Y2 group than in the Y1 group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.037). The KEGG annotation results showed no significant difference in gut microbiota function between children with ARFID and healthy children; however, GT26 was significantly enriched in children with ARFID based on the CAZy database. The most abundant antibiotic resistance genes in the ARFID group were the vanT, tetQ, adeF, ermF genes, and the abundance of macrolide resistance genes in the ARFID group was significantly higher than that in the HC group (P = 0.041). Compared with healthy children, children with ARFID have a different distribution of the gut microbiota and functional genes. This indicates that the gut microbiome might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARFID.Clinical trial registration: ChiCTR2300074759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qina Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Shaodan Sun
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jian Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Suihua Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Jinxiong Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yawen Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhuoming Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
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Mukhtar H, Yaqub S, Haq IU. Production of probiotic Mozzarella cheese by incorporating locally isolated Lactobacillus acidophilus. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The present study was conducted to isolate and screen the potential probiotic strains for incorporation in Mozzarella cheese.
Methods
Probiotic cultures were isolated from different randomly purchased yogurt samples and were identified as Lactobacillus sp., Bifidobacteria sp., and Pediococcus sp. after morphological and biochemical characterization. Heat tolerance of isolates was tested at 55 °C and 65 °C to determine the survival of isolates in conditions similar to commercial cheese production. Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2) showed remarkable heat tolerance among all strains and was therefore selected to assess the probiotic potential. It showed good survival at acidic pH values (2–3). Moreover, it also showed > 50% tolerance to bile salt and was resistant to antibiotics, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, gentamycin, and vancomycin and also exhibited anti-microbial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, heat-tolerant Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2) isolate was an ideal strain for incorporation in Mozzarella cheese as probiotics. Three types of cheeses viz., cheese A with free cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2), cheese B with encapsulated cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2), and control cheese having no probiotics, were made.
Result
Microbiological analysis of prepared cheese revealed lesser loss of Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2) from encapsulated form (3.41 × 108 CFU/mL) compared to free cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus (S2) (1.10 × 107 CFU/mL). Coliforms were observed in control cheese after 10 days of storage, whereas no coliforms were observed in cheese A and cheese B even after 15 days of storage. Organoleptic properties of cheese A and cheese B were almost the same with an acceptability score of 2.7 ± 0.1 and 2.65 ± 0.1, respectively. Control cheese got the lowest scores after 15 days of storage.
Conclusion
The addition of probiotics in cheese not only prolongs the shelf-life of cheese but also increases the organoleptic properties of the cheese, making cheese a good delivery system for probiotics.
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Li C, Ji Q, He T, Liu Y, Ma Y. Characterization of a recombinant bile salt hydrolase (BSH) from Bifidobacterium bifidum for its glycine-conjugated bile salts specificity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1804881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chou Li
- College of Marine and Bio-engineering, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Qingzhi Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Tongyao He
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Yunqing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
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Wang C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Lee YK, Zhai Q, Chen W. Roles of intestinal bacteroides in human health and diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3518-3536. [PMID: 32757948 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1802695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides, an abundant genus in the intestines of mammals, has been recently considered as the next generation probiotics (NGP) candidate due to its potential role in promoting host health. However, the role of Bacteroides in the development of intestinal dysfunctions such as diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer should not be overlooked. In the present study, we focused on nine most widely occurred and abundant Bacteroides species and discussed their roles in host immunity, glucose and lipid metabolism and the prevention or induction of diseases. Besides, we also discussed the current methods used in the safety evaluation of Bacteroides species and key opinions about the concerns of these strains for the future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Institute, Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine, Wuxi, China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
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Sarin SK, Pande A, Schnabl B. Microbiome as a therapeutic target in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2019; 70:260-272. [PMID: 30658727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease is associated with significant changes in gut microbial composition. The transmissibility of ethanol-induced liver disease has been demonstrated using faecal microbiota transfer in preclinical models. This technique has also led to improved survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, suggesting that changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are causatively linked to alcohol-related liver disease. A major mechanism by which gut microbiota influence the development of alcohol-related liver disease is through a leaky intestinal barrier. This permits translocation of viable bacteria and microbial products to the liver, where they induce and promote inflammation, as well as contribute to hepatocyte death and the fibrotic response. In addition, gut dysbiosis is associated with changes in the metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota, bile acid composition and circulation, immune dysregulation during onset and progression of alcohol-related liver disease. Findings from preclinical and human studies will be used to demonstrate how alcohol causes intestinal pathology and contributes to alcohol-related liver disease and how the latter is self-perpetuating. Additionally, we summarise the effects of untargeted treatment approaches on the gut microbiota, such as diet, probiotics, antibiotics and faecal microbial transplantation in alcohol-related liver disease. We further discuss how targeted approaches can restore intestinal homeostasis and improve alcohol-related liver disease. These approaches are likely to add to the therapeutic options for alcohol-related liver disease independently or in conjunction with steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Apurva Pande
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Song Z, Cai Y, Lao X, Wang X, Lin X, Cui Y, Kalavagunta PK, Liao J, Jin L, Shang J, Li J. Taxonomic profiling and populational patterns of bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes based on worldwide human gut microbiome. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:9. [PMID: 30674356 PMCID: PMC6345003 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile salt hydrolase plays an important role in bile acid-mediated signaling pathways, which regulate lipid absorption, glucose metabolism, and energy homeostasis. Several reports suggest that changes in the composition of bile acids are found in many diseases caused by dysbacteriosis. RESULTS Here, we present the taxonomic identification of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) in human microbiota and elucidate the abundance and activity differences of various bacterial BSH among 11 different populations from six continents. For the first time, we revealed that bile salt hydrolase protein sequences (BSHs) are distributed in 591 intestinal bacterial strains within 117 genera in human microbiota, and 27.52% of these bacterial strains containing BSH paralogs. Significant variations are observed in BSH distribution patterns among different populations. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we reclassified these BSHs into eight phylotypes and investigated the abundance patterns of these phylotypes among different populations. From the inspection of enzyme activity among different BSH phylotypes, BSH-T3 showed the highest enzyme activity and is only found in Lactobaclillus. The phylotypes of BSH-T5 and BSH-T6 mainly from Bacteroides with high percentage of paralogs exhibit different enzyme activity and deconjugation activity. Furthermore, we found that there were significant differences between healthy individuals and patients with atherosclerosis and diabetes in some phylotypes of BSHs though the correlations were pleiotropic. CONCLUSION This study revealed the taxonomic and abundance profiling of BSH in human gut microbiome and provided a phylogenetic-based system to assess BSHs activity by classifying the target sequence into specific phylotype. Furthermore, the present work disclosed the variation patterns of BSHs among different populations of geographical regions and health/disease cohorts, which is essential to understand the role of BSH in the development and progression of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yuanyuan Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xingzhen Lao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yingyun Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | | | - Jun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Liang Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Jing Shang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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Ru X, Zhang CC, Yuan YH, Yue TL, Guo CF. Bile salt hydrolase activity is present in nonintestinal lactic acid bacteria at an intermediate level. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:893-902. [PMID: 30421106 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally considered that bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity is hardly detected in nonintestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and intensity of BSH activity in LAB isolated from naturally fermented vegetables and milk. A total of 624 lactic acid bacterial strains classified into 6 genera and 50 species were isolated from 144 naturally fermented vegetable samples and 103 naturally fermented milk samples, and their BSH activity was screened by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The BSH-positive strains were further analyzed quantitatively for their deconjugation ability against six human-conjugated bile salts by HPLC based on the disappearance of the conjugated bile salts from the reaction mixture. The results showed that 39% of the strains possessed BSH activity distributed in 24 lactic acid bacterial species. The strains of the fermented vegetable origin showed a 0.5-fold higher incidence of BSH-positive strains than those of the fermented milk origin, and the lactic acid bacilli exhibited 2.5-fold higher incidence of BSH-positive strains than the lactic acid cocci in general. The strains of the fermented vegetable origin generally had greater bile salt deconjugation ability than those of the fermented milk origin. More than 97% and 93% of the BSH-positive strains exhibited a greater substrate preference for glycoconjugated bile salts than tauroconjugated bile salts and for dihydroxy bile salts than trihydroxy bile salts, respectively. This study demonstrated that BSH activity was also present in nonintestinal LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ru
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ya-Hong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Li Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chun-Feng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Guo CF, Yuan YH, Yue TL, Li JY. Hamsters Are a Better Model System than Rats for Evaluating the Hypocholesterolemic Efficacy of Potential Probiotic Strains. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800170. [PMID: 29939474 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Rats and hamsters are the most commonly used animal models for evaluating the hypocholesterolemic activity of potential probiotic strains, whereas little or no information has been reported on whether the animal models would affect the experimental conclusions regarding the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of the strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Both high-cholesterol-fed rats and hamsters were intragastrically administered viable cells of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus acidophilus K16 once daily (1 × 1010 CFU per kg body weight) for 28 d. It was found that the strain did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in rats, whereas it significantly decreased (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) the serum total and non-HDL-cholesterol as well as hepatic-free, esterified, and total cholesterol levels in hamsters by 29.6%, 38.8%, 15.8%, 36.2%, and 34.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of L. acidophilus K16 is substantially different between high-cholesterol-fed hamsters and rats and that hamsters are a better model system than rats for evaluating the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of potential probiotic strains due to their similarity to humans in biliary bile acid composition, including types of bile acids and their conjugation form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ya-Hong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian-Li Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing-Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Ghatani K, Tamang B. Assessment of probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented yak milk products of Sikkim, India: Chhurpi, Shyow, and Khachu. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2017.1335212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Ghatani
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Buddhiman Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
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Chand D, Avinash VS, Yadav Y, Pundle AV, Suresh CG, Ramasamy S. Molecular features of bile salt hydrolases and relevance in human health. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2981-2991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Makete G, Aiyegoro OA, Thantsha MS. Isolation, Identification and Screening of Potential Probiotic Bacteria in Milk from South African Saanen Goats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 9:246-254. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yeo S, Lee S, Park H, Shin H, Holzapfel W, Huh CS. Development of putative probiotics as feed additives: validation in a porcine-specific gastrointestinal tract model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10043-10054. [PMID: 27633101 PMCID: PMC5102953 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enforced restrictions on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in animal production have prompted investigations into alternative feed additives in recent decades. Probiotics are currently the main feed additive used in livestock. However, the selection of probiotic candidates relies on human-based methods and little is known about the verification criteria for host-specific selection. We investigated the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from fed pig feces for their use as porcine feed additives. Two methods were developed that simulated the pig gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the intestinal epithelium, and these were compared with human-based in vitro methods and used for selecting porcine probiotics. Lactobacillus salivarius strain LS6 was identified as a promising probiotic strain for potential use as a porcine feed additive. This strain prevented disruption of the epithelial integrity of pig small intestine (PSI) cells by inhibiting the adherence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. It also showed high survival rates in the in vitro pig GI tract model and good adhesion to PSI cells. We propose that host target-specific screening and validation methods are important tools in the development of effective probiotic feed additives, and this approach may support future-oriented agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Yeo
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 232-916, South Korea
| | - Suro Lee
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 232-916, South Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Park
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Institute (AGEE), Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 791-708, South Korea
| | - Heuynkil Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 791-708, South Korea
| | - Wilhelm Holzapfel
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Institute (AGEE), Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 791-708, South Korea
| | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 232-916, South Korea.
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 232-916, South Korea.
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Guo CF, Zhao D, Yuan YH, Yue TL, Liu B, Li JY. Lactobacillus casei -fermented milk improves serum and hepatic lipid profiles in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic hamsters. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Abstract
A total of twenty-four Yorkshire gilt pigs of 6-7 weeks of age were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of the inclusion of two dietary factors (cholesterol rich, 3% β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures) on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in blood serum. Pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups (n 6). Total serum cholesterol concentrations decreased after 3 weeks in all the experimental treatment groups, including diets with BCD, L. acidophilus or both. Similar trends were observed for serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental treatments. No statistically significant differences from the control group were observed in either total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P<0·05) for each of the individual treatment groups: BCD or L. acidophilus. However, significant differences in total serum cholesterol concentrations were observed when comparing the combined treatment group (BCD and L. acidophilus) with the control group, which consisted of a basal diet and sterile milk. The combined treatment group exhibited 17·9% lower total serum cholesterol concentration after 3 weeks. Similar significant differences were observed when comparing the combined effect experimental group with the control group after 3 weeks. The combined treatment group exhibited 27·9% lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
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Cholesterol-lowering potentials of lactic acid bacteria based on bile-salt hydrolase activity and effect of potent strains on cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:690752. [PMID: 25538960 PMCID: PMC4235975 DOI: 10.1155/2014/690752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study collected different probiotic isolates from animal and plant sources to evaluate the bile-salt hydrolase activity of probiotics in vitro. The deconjugation potential of bile acid was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. HepG2 cells were cultured with probiotic strains with high BSH activity. The triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) secretion by HepG2 cells were evaluated. Our results show that the BSH activity and bile-acid deconjugation abilities of Pediococcus acidilactici NBHK002, Bifidobacterium adolescentis NBHK006, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NBHK007, and Lactobacillus acidophilus NBHK008 were higher than those of the other probiotic strains. The cholesterol concentration in cholesterol micelles was reduced within 24 h. NBHK007 reduced the TG secretion by 100% after 48 h of incubation. NBHK002, NBHK006, and NBHK007 could reduce apo B secretion by 33%, 38%, and 39%, respectively, after 24 h of incubation. The product PROBIO S-23 produced a greater decrease in the total concentration of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, TG, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in the serum or livers of hamsters with hypercholesterolemia compared with that of hamsters fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. These results show that the three probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria are better candidates for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Miremadi F, Ayyash M, Sherkat F, Stojanovska L. Cholesterol reduction mechanisms and fatty acid composition of cellular membranes of probiotic Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Characterization of the Cholesterol-Reducing Activity in a Cell-Free Supernatant ofLactobacillus acidophilusATCC 43121. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:1483-90. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Emami A, Bazargani A. Dual Effects of Lactobacilli as a Cholesterol Assimilator and an Inhibitor of Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Antimutagenicity activity of the putative probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans JG22 isolated from pepper leaves Jangajji. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this study, API 50CH strips and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were used to determine the species and genus of strain LD33 isolated from traditional dairy products, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA4 software with Neighbor-Joining method analysis, the results showed that LD33 had a closest relationship with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC19433T (DQ411814), there was 100% sequence similarity between them.
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Banwo K, Sanni A, Tan H. Functional Properties ofPediococcusSpecies Isolated from Traditional Fermented Cereal Gruel and Milk in Nigeria. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2012.755626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sirilun S, Chaiyasut C, Kantachote D, Luxananil P. Functional properties of β-glucosidase-producingLactobacillus plantarumSC 359 isolated from Thai fermented soybean food. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.41.2012.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Oh SJ, Chai CH, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Kim HS, Worobo RW. Comparison of Acid and Bile Tolerances, Cholesterol Assimilation, and CLA Production in Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Strains. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2012. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2012.32.4.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Characterization of Intestinal Lactobacillus reuteri Strains as Potential Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2012; 4:47-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-012-9090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar M, Nagpal R, Kumar R, Hemalatha R, Verma V, Kumar A, Chakraborty C, Singh B, Marotta F, Jain S, Yadav H. Cholesterol-lowering probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for metabolic diseases. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:902917. [PMID: 22611376 PMCID: PMC3352670 DOI: 10.1155/2012/902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of deaths in adults in the western world. Elevated levels of certain blood lipids have been reported to be the principal cause of cardiovascular disease and other disabilities in developed countries. Several animal and clinical trials have shown a positive association between cholesterol levels and the risks of coronary heart disease. Current dietary strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease advocate adherence to low-fat/low-saturated-fat diets. Although there is no doubt that, in experimental conditions, low-fat diets offer an effective means of reducing blood cholesterol concentrations on a population basis, these appear to be less effective, largely due to poor compliance, attributed to low palatability and acceptability of these diets to the consumers. Due to the low consumer compliance, attempts have been made to identify other dietary components that can reduce blood cholesterol levels. Supplementation of diet with fermented dairy products or lactic acid bacteria containing dairy products has shown the potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels. Various approaches have been used to alleviate this issue, including the use of probiotics, especially Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.. Probiotics, the living microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host when administered in adequate amounts, have received much attention on their proclaimed health benefits which include improvement in lactose intolerance, increase in natural resistance to infectious disease in gastrointestinal tract, suppression of cancer, antidiabetic, reduction in serum cholesterol level, and improved digestion. In addition, there are numerous reports on cholesterol removal ability of probiotics and their hypocholesterolemic effects. Several possible mechanisms for cholesterol removal by probiotics are assimilation of cholesterol by growing cells, binding of cholesterol to cellular surface, incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane, deconjugation of bile via bile salt hydrolase, coprecipitation of cholesterol with deconjugated bile, binding action of bile by fibre, and production of short-chain fatty acids by oligosaccharides. The present paper reviews the mechanisms of action of anti-cholesterolemic potential of probiotic microorganisms and probiotic food products, with the aim of lowering the risks of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 50007, India
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- 2Shaheed Udham Singh College of Research & Technology, Punjab, Mohali, Radaur, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 50007, India
| | - R. Hemalatha
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 50007, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- 3Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre, Singapore 1687521
| | - Ashok Kumar
- 4Department of Zoology, M.L.K. Post-Graduate College, Balrampur 271201, India
| | | | - Birbal Singh
- 6Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Francesco Marotta
- 7Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Vittore, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Shalini Jain
- 8Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- *Shalini Jain: and
| | - Hariom Yadav
- 9Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- *Hariom Yadav:
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Ren J, Sun K, Wu Z, Yao J, Guo B. All 4 Bile Salt Hydrolase Proteins Are Responsible for the Hydrolysis Activity in Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M622-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Guo CF, Zhang LW, Han X, Li JY, Du M, Yi HX, Feng Z, Zhang YC, Xu XR. A sensitive method for qualitative screening of bile salt hydrolase-active lactobacilli based on thin-layer chromatography. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1732-7. [PMID: 21426961 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive protocol based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was developed to screen qualitatively bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active lactobacilli. The sodium salts of glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid were used as substrates, and bacterial BSH activity was confirmed by detecting cholic acid as a product of the bile conjugates using a TLC assay with direct visual observation. Forty-five lactobacilli isolated from human fecal samples were tested for BSH activity by the TLC assay, a conventional plate assay, and a quantitative colorimetric assay. With the TLC and quantitative colorimetric assays, the same 24 BSH-positive strains were detected. No false-positive or false-negative results were detected by the TLC assay. However, only 20 BSH-positive strains were detected with the conventional plate assay. Compared with the conventional plate assay, the TLC assay is more sensitive for the detection of BSH activity of lactobacilli and, thus, more suitable for screening of BSH-active lactobacilli of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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Pan DD, Zeng XQ, Yan YT. Characterisation of Lactobacillus fermentum SM-7 isolated from koumiss, a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:512-518. [PMID: 21218486 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been demonstrated to have cholesterol-reducing effects in many studies. RESULTS Lactobacillus fermentum SM-7 screened from ten LAB strains isolated from koumiss, a fermented milk drink, reduced cholesterol by 66.8%. It also showed acid and bile tolerance as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus fermentum SM-7 cells assimilated 61.5% and co-precipitated and absorbed 38.5% of the cholesterol in the media. Co-precipitation of cholesterol with cholic acid increased rapidly at pH levels below 6. In vivo experiments using L. fermentum SM-7 on artificially induced hyperlipidaemial ICR mice significantly decreased serum total cholesterol and total triglyceride levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index (P < 0.01), while serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations did not increase significantly (P > 0.05). The body weight and liver weight/body weight ratio of SM-7 groups were lower than those of mice on a high-cholesterol diet that were not given lactobacilli. There was no bacterial translocation in the liver, spleen or kidney of experimental mice. CONCLUSION The results suggested that L. fermentum SM-7 is a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Dong Pan
- Life Science and Biotechnology College, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Ramasamy K, Abdullah N, Wong MC, Karuthan C, Ho YW. Bile salt deconjugation and cholesterol removal from media by Lactobacillus strains used as probiotics in chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:65-69. [PMID: 20355013 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile salt deconjugation by Lactobacillus strains is often closely linked to bile tolerance and survival of the strains in the gut and lowering of cholesterol in the host. The present study investigated the deconjugation of bile salts and removal of cholesterol by 12 Lactobacillus strains in vitro. The 12 strains were previously isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. RESULTS The 12 Lactobacillus strains could deconjugate sodium glycocholate (GCA, 16.87-100%) and sodium taurocholate (TCA, 1.69-57.43%) bile salts to varying degrees, with all strains except L. salivarius I 24 having a higher affinity for GCA. The 12 Lactobacillus strains also showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in their ability to remove cholesterol from the growth medium (26.74-85.41%). Significant (P < 0.05) correlations were observed between cholesterol removal and deconjugation of TCA (r = 0.83) among the L. reuteri strains (C1, C10 and C16) and between cholesterol removal and deconjugation of TCA (r = 0.38) and GCA (r = 0.70) among the L. brevis strains (I 12, I 23, I 25, I 211 and I 218). In contrast, although L. gallinarum I 16 and I 26 and L. panis C 17 showed high deconjugating activity, there was no correlation between cholesterol removal and deconjugation of bile salts in these strains. CONCLUSION The results showed that the 12 Lactobacillus strains were able to deconjugate bile salts and remove cholesterol in vitro, but not all strains with high deconjugating activity removed cholesterol effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
AIMS To isolate new lactobacilli strain with cholesterol-lowering effect and analyse its probiotic properties and possible mechanisms of cholesterol removal. METHODS AND RESULTS The strain with cholesterol-lowering effect was isolated from pickled juice. The acid and bile tolerance and antimicrobial activity were tested. The free cholalic acid, the cholesterol in supernatant fluid, washing buffer and cell extract, the cholesterol removed by growing, dead and resting cells were quantified. The isolated strain with high cholesterol-reducing rate of 43.95% was identified as Lactobacillus buchneri (Lact. buchneri) P2. It had acid and bile tolerance and antimicrobial activity. Moreover, it could remove cholesterol via coprecipitating with deconjugated bile salts, assimilating and adsorbing by cells. And the assimilation was considered to be the main reason of cholesterol removal. CONCLUSIONS The isolated Lact. buchneri P2 showed probiotic properties of cholesterol reduction, acid and bile tolerance and antimicrobial activity and could remove cholesterol via different ways. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A new strain of Lact. buchneri P2 with efficient cholesterol-reducing ability was isolated to provide species diversity of lactobacilli for functional dairy products. And the possible mechanism of cholesterol removal by Lact. buchneri was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Zeng
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Effect of prebiotics on bacteriocin production and cholesterol lowering activity of Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vinderola G, Capellini B, Villarreal F, Suárez V, Quiberoni A, Reinheimer J. Usefulness of a set of simple in vitro tests for the screening and identification of probiotic candidate strains for dairy use. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).
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Pumbwe L, Skilbeck CA, Nakano V, Avila-Campos MJ, Piazza RMF, Wexler HM. Bile salts enhance bacterial co-aggregation, bacterial-intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Bacteroides fragilis. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:78-87. [PMID: 17524609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is the most common anaerobic bacterium isolated from human intestinal tract infections. Before B. fragilis interacts with the intestinal epithelial cells, it is exposed to bile salts at physiological concentrations of 0.1-1.3%. The aim of this study was to determine how pre-treatment with bile salts affected B. fragilis cells and their interaction with intestinal epithelial cells. B. fragilis NCTC9343 was treated with conjugated bile salts (BSC) or non-conjugated bile salts (BSM). Cellular ultrastructure was assessed by electron microscopy, gene expression was quantified by comparative quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Adhesion to the HT-29 human intestinal cell line and to PVC microtitre plates (biofilm formation) was determined. Exposure to 0.15% BSC or BSM resulted in overproduction of fimbria-like appendages and outer membrane vesicles, and increased expression of genes encoding RND-type efflux pumps and the major outer membrane protein, OmpA. Bile salt-treated bacteria had increased resistance to structurally unrelated antimicrobial agents and showed a significant increase in bacterial co-aggregation, adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and biofilm formation. These data suggest that bile salts could enhance intestinal colonization by B. fragilis via several mechanisms, and could therefore be significant to host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Pumbwe
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare Systems, CA, USA.
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Screening of Locally Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria for Use as Probiotics in Poultry in Iran. J Poult Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.44.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ugarte MB, Guglielmotti D, Giraffa G, Reinheimer J, Hynes E. Nonstarter lactobacilli isolated from soft and semihard Argentinean cheeses: genetic characterization and resistance to biological barriers. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2983-91. [PMID: 17186668 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.12.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonstarter lactic acid bacteria isolated from Argentinean cheeses were identified and characterized by focusing on their resistance to biological barriers, along with other physiological features of potential interest, in the search for future probiotic organisms. Lactobacilli were enumerated and isolated from semihard and soft cheeses made with multistrain Streptococcus thermophilus starters. Lactobacilli counts in 1-week-old cheeses were between 10(5) and 10(7) CFU/g and then reached 10(7) CFU/ g in all 1-month samples, while streptococci were always above 10(9) CFU/g. A total number of 22 lactobacilli isolates were retained, identified, and characterized by in vitro tests. Species identity was determined by carbohydrate metabolism and species-specific PCR assays. Genetic diversity was explored by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR analysis. The Lactobacillus strains were assigned to the species L. casei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. curvatus, L. fermentum, and L. perolens. All the strains studied tolerated 25 ppm of lysozyme, and most of them showed resistance to 0.3% bile. After incubation in gastric solution (pH 2.0), counts decreased by several log units, ranging from 3.2 to 7.0. The strains were able to grow in the presence of bile salts, but only three isolates were capable of deconjugation. The nonstarter lactobacilli that were assayed fermented the prebiotic substrates (especially lactulose and inulin). Some strains showed high cell hydrophobicity and beta-galactosidase activity, as well as inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria. It was concluded that most of the lactobacilli isolated in this study demonstrated resistance to biological barriers and physiological characteristics compatible with probiotic properties, which make them suitable for further research in in vivo studies aimed at identifying new probiotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bude Ugarte
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000AOM Santa Fe, Argentina
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Pumbwe L, Skilbeck CA, Wexler HM. The Bacteroides fragilis cell envelope: quarterback, linebacker, coach-or all three? Anaerobe 2006; 12:211-20. [PMID: 17045496 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic commensal constituting only 1-2% of the micro-flora of the human gastrointestinal tract, yet it is the predominant anaerobic isolate in cases of intraabdominal sepsis and bacteremia. B. fragilis can play two roles in the host: in its role as friendly commensal, it must be able to establish itself in the host intestinal mucosa, to utilize and process polysaccharides for use by the host, and to resist the noxious effects of bile salts. In its role as pathogen, it must be able to attach itself to the site of infection, evade killing mechanisms by host defense, withstand antimicrobial treatment and produce factors that damage host tissue. The cell envelope of B. fragilis, likewise, must be able to function in the roles of aggressor, defender and strategist in allowing the organism to establish itself in the host--whether as friend or foe. Recent studies of the genomes and proteomes of the genus Bacteroides suggest that these organisms have evolved strategies to survive and dominate in the overcrowded gastrointestinal neighborhood. Analysis of the proteomes of B. fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron demonstrates both a tremendous capacity to use a wide range of dietary polysaccharides, and the capacity to create variable surface antigenicities by multiple DNA inversion systems. The latter characteristic is particularly pronounced in the species B. fragilis, which is more frequently found at the mucosal surface (i.e., often the site of attack by host defenses). The B. fragilis cell envelope undergoes major protein expression and ultrastructural changes in response to stressors such as bile or antimicrobial agents. These agents may also act as signals for attachment and colonization. Thus the bacterium manages its surface characteristics to enable it to bind to its target, to use the available nutrients, and to avoid or evade hostile forces (host-derived or external) in its multiple roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Pumbwe
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare Systems and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire Begley
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Secondary bile acids, produced solely by intestinal bacteria, can accumulate to high levels in the enterohepatic circulation of some individuals and may contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer, gallstones, and other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Bile salt hydrolysis and hydroxy group dehydrogenation reactions are carried out by a broad spectrum of intestinal anaerobic bacteria, whereas bile acid 7-dehydroxylation appears restricted to a limited number of intestinal anaerobes representing a small fraction of the total colonic flora. Microbial enzymes modifying bile salts differ between species with respect to pH optima, enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, cellular location, and possibly physiological function. Crystallization, site-directed mutagenesis, and comparisons of protein secondary structure have provided insight into the mechanisms of several bile acid-biotransforming enzymatic reactions. Molecular cloning of genes encoding bile salt-modifying enzymes has facilitated the understanding of the genetic organization of these pathways and is a means of developing probes for the detection of bile salt-modifying bacteria. The potential exists for altering the bile acid pool by targeting key enzymes in the 7alpha/beta-dehydroxylation pathway through the development of pharmaceuticals or sequestering bile acids biologically in probiotic bacteria, which may result in their effective removal from the host after excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Begley M, Gahan CGM, Hill C. The interaction between bacteria and bile. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:625-51. [PMID: 16102595 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal and pathogenic microorganisms must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Herein we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contend with bile stress. We describe the antimicrobial actions of bile, assess the variations in bile tolerance between bacterial genera and examine the interplay between bile stress and other stresses. The molecular mechanisms underlying bile tolerance are investigated and the relationship between bile and virulence is examined. Finally, the potential benefits of bile research are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire Begley
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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Liong MT, Shah NP. Acid and bile tolerance and cholesterol removal ability of lactobacilli strains. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:55-66. [PMID: 15591367 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleven strains of lactobacilli were studied for their acid and bile tolerance. Possible mechanisms of cholesterol removal by strains of lactobacilli were examined. Cholesterol assimilation as determined by the difference in cholesterol content in the medium before and after the incubation period showed that all lactobacilli strains were able to assimilate cholesterol at varying levels ranging from 12.03 to 32.25 microg/mL. Cholesterol removal was associated with growth of cultures. Binding of cholesterol to lactobacilli cells was determined using growing, heat-killed, and resting cells in phosphate buffer. Cholesterol removed by dead and resting cells ranged from 0.79 to 3.82 mg/g of dry weight compared with growing cells, which ranged from 4.53 to 16.03 mg/g of dry weight. Fatty acid methyl esters, as quantified using gas chromatography, showed changes in lipid profiles in cells grown in the presence of cholesterol compared with those grown without cholesterol. Fatty acid profiles, especially of hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, total saturated, and unsaturated acids suggested that cholesterol from the medium was incorporated into the cellular membrane. These findings suggest that strains of lactobacilli could remove cholesterol via various mechanisms and may be promising candidates for use as a dietary adjunct to lower serum cholesterol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Liong MT, Shah NP. Acid and Bile Tolerance and The Cholesterol Removal Ability of Bifidobacteria Strains. Biosci Microflora 2005. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.24.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min T. Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus
| | - Nagendra P. Shah
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus
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Patel H, Pandiella S, Wang R, Webb C. Influence of malt, wheat, and barley extracts on the bile tolerance of selected strains of lactobacilli. Food Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(03)00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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MARIAM RS, YAP KW, LIM LC, KHARIDAH M, SHUHAIMI M, ABDULLAH S, ALI AM, ATIQAH AN, YAZID AM. Strain Differences in Deconjugation of Bile Acids in Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Isolates. Biosci Microflora 2004. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.23.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keng Wai YAP
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Long Chang LIM
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | | | - Mustafa SHUHAIMI
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Sipat ABDULLAH
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Cuesta-Alonso E, Gilliland S. Binding of Bile Salts by Soluble Fibers and Its Effect on Deconjugation of Glycocholate by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria: a comparative “in vitro” study of probiotic characteristics and biological barrier resistance. Food Res Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(03)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Three strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, two from human intestinal origin (016 and L1) and one from porcine intestinal origin (ATCC 43121), were tested for their bile salt deconjugation activity. The L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 had more deconjugating activity of both sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate at pH 6.5 than did either L. acidophilus 016 or L1. The activity of intracellular bile salt hydrolase found in strain ATCC 43121 was 14-fold higher than that in either of the other two strains. The optimum pH for deconjugation of sodium glycocholate was between 4 and 5.5 for all three strains. For deconjugation of sodium taurocholate, the optimum pH was between 3.5 and 4.5 for strains L1 and ATCC 43121 and was between pH 5 and 6 for strain O16. The molecular mass of the enzyme in all three strains of L. acidophilus was estimated to be 126 kDa by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. All three strains exhibited more bile salt hydrolase activity towards sodium glycocholate than towards sodium taurocholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corzo
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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