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Li F, Xu L, Li C, Hu F, Su Y. Immunological role of Gas6/TAM signaling in hemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb Res 2024; 238:161-171. [PMID: 38723521 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is an emerging regulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. The concept of immunothrombosis redefines the relationship between coagulation and immunomodulation, and the Gas6/Tyro3-Axl-MerTK (TAM) signaling pathway builds the bridge across them. During coagulation, Gas6/TAM signaling pathway not only activates platelets, but also promotes thrombosis through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells involved in inflammatory responses. Thrombosis appears to be a common result of a Gas6/TAM signaling pathway-mediated immune dysregulation. TAM TK and its ligands have been found to be involved in coagulation through the PI3K/AKT or JAK/STAT pathway in various systemic diseases, providing new perspectives in the understanding of immunothrombosis. Gas6/TAM signaling pathway serves as a breakthrough target for novel therapeutic strategies to improve disease management. Many preclinical and clinical studies of TAM receptor inhibitors are in process, confirming the pivotal role of Gas6/TAM signaling pathway in immunothrombosis. Therapeutics targeting the TAM receptor show potential both in anticoagulation management and immunotherapy. Here, we review the immunological functions of the Gas6/TAM signaling pathway in coagulation and its multiple mechanisms in diseases identified to date, and discuss the new clinical strategies that may generated by these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Liling Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; Peking University People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Solar P, Hendrych M, Barak M, Valekova H, Hermanova M, Jancalek R. Blood-Brain Barrier Alterations and Edema Formation in Different Brain Mass Lesions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:922181. [PMID: 35910247 PMCID: PMC9334679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.922181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of brain lesion pathologies is complex, but it is nevertheless crucial for appropriate clinical management. Advanced imaging methods, including diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient, can help discriminate between brain mass lesions such as glioblastoma, brain metastasis, brain abscesses as well as brain lymphomas. These pathologies are characterized by blood-brain barrier alterations and have been extensively studied. However, the changes in the blood-brain barrier that are observed around brain pathologies and that contribute to the development of vasogenic brain edema are not well described. Some infiltrative brain pathologies such as glioblastoma are characterized by glioma cell infiltration in the brain tissue around the tumor mass and thus affect the nature of the vasogenic edema. Interestingly, a common feature of primary and secondary brain tumors or tumor-like brain lesions characterized by vasogenic brain edema is the formation of various molecules that lead to alterations of tight junctions and result in blood-brain barrier damage. The resulting vasogenic edema, especially blood-brain barrier disruption, can be visualized using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient. This review presents a comprehensive overview of blood-brain barrier changes contributing to the development of vasogenic brain edema around glioblastoma, brain metastases, lymphomas, and abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solar
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Hendrych
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Barak
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Valekova
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radim Jancalek,
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Pan KF, Yang YC, Lee WJ, Hua KT, Chien MH. Proteoglycan Endocan: A multifaceted therapeutic target in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188672. [PMID: 34953930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocan is known to be a circulating dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that regulates endothelial cell function. Dysregulation of endocan expression is observed not only in the tumor vasculature but also in cancer cells. Accumulating evidence has revealed that disordered endocan facilitates cancer progression via enhancing cancer cell proliferation, cell mobility, and cancer stemness properties. Recently, various interacting proteins and diverse subcellular localizations of endocan were identified in cancer cells. Herein, we summarize the application of endocan in cancer diagnoses and prognoses using serum and tumor specimens. We further discuss that the aberrant molecular characteristics of endocan may be due to the mislocalization of endocan in cancer cells. Defining the specific cellular roles of endocan will provide a promising diagnostic factor and therapeutic target for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Fan Pan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tai Hua
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, González-Gómez M, García MDP, Díaz-Flores L, González-Marrero I, Ávila J, Martín-Vasallo P. Disproportion in Pericyte/Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Mechanisms of Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Participate in Bizarre Vessel Formation in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102625. [PMID: 34685606 PMCID: PMC8534221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant tumor in the brain. In addition to the vascular pattern with thin-walled vessels and findings of sprouting angiogenesis, GBM presents a bizarre microvasculature (BM) formed by vascular clusters, vascular garlands, and glomeruloid bodies. The mechanisms in BM morphogenesis are not well known. Our objective was to assess the role of pericyte/endothelial proliferation and intussusceptive angiogenic mechanisms in the formation of the BM. For this purpose, we studied specimens of 66 GBM cases using immunochemistry and confocal microscopy. In the BM, the results showed (a) transitional forms between the BM patterns, mostly with prominent pericytes covering all the abluminal endothelial cell (EC) surface of the vessels, (b) a proliferation index high in the prominent pericytes and low in ECs (47.85 times higher in pericytes than in ECs), (c) intravascular pillars (hallmark of intussusceptive angiogenesis) formed by transcapillary interendothelial bridges, endothelial contacts of opposite vessel walls, and vessel loops, and (d) the persistence of these findings in complex glomeruloid bodies. In conclusion, disproportion in pericyte/EC proliferation and mechanisms of intussusceptive angiogenesis participate in BM formation. The contributions have morphogenic and clinical interest since pericytes and intussusceptive angiogenesis can condition antiangiogenic therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - María-del-Pino García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins Megalab–Hospiten Hospitals, 38100 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Ibrahim González-Marrero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Julio Ávila
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, University of La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, University of La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-318358; Fax: +34-922-319279
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Abstract
Glioblastoma, also referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is an aggressive type of brain cancer. The prognosis for GBM is poor with an average medium survival rate of 12-15 months. GBM is highly challenging to treat due to neural stem cells phenotypic variations. These variations are determined by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which refers to all the molecules, cells, and structures that encompass and support other cells and tissues. Along with these, other vital components of the TME are fibroblasts, immune and inflammatory cells, blood and lymphatic vascular networks, extracellular matrix, and signaling molecules. This chapter provides an in-depth review of the vital components that form the TME and methods currently under development attempting to target each key area.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, associated with a high mortality rate and a survival of between 12 and 15 months after diagnosis. Due to current treatment limitations involving surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide, there is a high rate of treatment failure and recurrence. To try to overcome these limitations nanotechnology has emerged as a novel alternative. Lipid, polymeric, silica and magnetic nanoparticles, among others, are being developed to improve GBM treatment and diagnosis. These nanoformulations have many advantages, including lower toxicity, biocompatibility and the ability to be directed toward the tumor. This article reviews the progress that have been made and the large variety of nanoparticles currently under study for GBM.
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QKI deficiency maintains glioma stem cell stemness by activating the SHH/GLI1 signaling pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:801-813. [PMID: 31292920 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) have been found to be the main cause of malignant GBM progression. It has also been found that Quaking homolog (QKI) plays a predominant role in driving GBM development. Here, we aimed to asses the role of QKI in maintaining GSC stemness and inducing the invasiveness of GBM cells. METHODS Public databases were used to assess the expression of QKI and its correlation with stemness markers in primary GBMs. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to generate QKI knockout GBM cells, and RNA immunoprecipitation was used to assess QKI-GLI1 protein-mRNA interactions. In addition, in vitro and in vivo GBM cell proliferation, migration, xenografting and neurosphere formation assays were performed. RESULTS Using public GBM databases, QKI was identified as a potential GSC regulator. We found that QKI could inhibit stem-like cell (SLC) stemness and prolong the survival of xenografted mice. Mechanistically, we found that QKI knockout increased the GLI Family Zinc Finger 1 (GLI1) mRNA level, which is essential for maintaining the self-renewal ability of GSCs. In addition, we found that QKI knockout activated the Hedgehog signaling pathway via Tra-2 and GLI response element (TGE)-specific GLI1 mRNA disruption. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that upregulation of GLI1 induced by QKI deficiency maintains GSC stemness and enhances the invasiveness of GBM cells, thereby hinting at new options for the treatment of GBM.
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Up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression and inhibition of disease-associated features by cannabidiol in vascular smooth muscle cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34595-34616. [PMID: 30349652 PMCID: PMC6195385 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) have been closely linked to the development and progression of cardiovascular and cancer diseases. The cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to mediate anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects in VSMC. This study investigates the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, on HO-1 expression and disease-associated functions of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC). HO-1 protein and mRNA were significantly increased by CBD in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Although the expression of several cannabinoid-activated receptors (CB1, CB2, G protein-coupled receptor 55, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) was verified in HUASMC, CBD was shown to induce HO-1 via none of these targets. Instead, the CBD-mediated increase in HO-1 protein was reversed by the glutathione precursor N-acetylcysteine, indicating the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling; this was confirmed by flow cytometry-based ROS detection. CBD-induced HO-1 expression was accompanied by inhibition of growth factor-mediated proliferation and migration of HUASMC. However, neither inhibition of HO-1 activity nor knockdown of HO-1 protein attenuated CBD-mediated anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects. Indeed, inhibition or depletion of HO-1 resulted in induction of apoptosis and intensified CBD-mediated effects on proliferation and migration. Collectively, this work provides the first indication of CBD-mediated enhancement of HO-1 in VSMC and potential protective effects against aberrant VSMC proliferation and migration. On the other hand, our data argue against a role of HO-1 in CBD-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration while substantiating its anti-apoptotic role in oxidative stress-mediated cell fate.
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Yoshida H, Yoshimura H, Matsuda S, Ryoke T, Kiyoshima T, Kobayashi M, Sano K. Effects of peritumoral bevacizumab injection against oral squamous cell carcinoma in a nude mouse xenograft model: A preliminary study. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8627-8634. [PMID: 29805597 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis serves a crucial role in tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent regulator of tumor angiogenesis and is highly expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Bevacizumab, which binds to VEGF-A, inhibits the biological activity of VEGF and is clinically administered by intravenous injection. As intravenous chemotherapy intensifies the side effects experienced by OSCC patients, an alternative treatment option is desirable, particularly for older patients with OSCC who present with systemic disease complications. Generally, local injections of antitumor agents enhance tumoricidal activity and decrease side effects. However, the antitumor effects of peritumoral bevacizumab injections in OSCC are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of peritumoral bevacizumab injections in an experimental nude mouse model of OSCC through immunohistochemical staining for cluster of differentiation (CD)31 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and apoptosis assays. It was identified that peritumoral injections of bevacizumab significantly inhibited tumor growth in OSCC xenografts compared with peritumoral saline injections or no treatment (controls), and it was also revealed that treatment with bevacizumab significantly reduced CD31- and α-SMA-positive microvessel density (P<0.01) and increased level of tumor cell apoptosis (P<0.01) compared with the controls. In conclusion, these results collectively support the experimental basis for the clinical development of peritumoral bevacizumab injections for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Yoshida
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Unit of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Unit of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shinpei Matsuda
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Unit of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Ryoke
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Unit of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Unit of Pathological Sciences, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Unit of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Wu G, Ma Z, Cheng Y, Hu W, Deng C, Jiang S, Li T, Chen F, Yang Y. Targeting Gas6/TAM in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:20. [PMID: 29386018 PMCID: PMC5793417 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 6, also known as Gas6, is a human gene encoding the Gas6 protein, which was originally found to be upregulated in growth-arrested fibroblasts. Gas6 is a member of the vitamin K-dependent family of proteins expressed in many human tissues and regulates several biological processes in cells, including proliferation, survival and migration, by binding to its receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (TAM). In recent years, the roles of Gas6/TAM signalling in cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment have been studied, and some progress has made in targeted therapy, providing new potential directions for future investigations of cancer treatment. In this review, we introduce the Gas6 and TAM receptors and describe their involvement in different cancers and discuss the roles of Gas6 in cancer cells, the tumour microenvironment and metastasis. Finally, we introduce recent studies on Gas6/TAM targeting in cancer therapy, which will assist in the experimental design of future analyses and increase the potential use of Gas6 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Wu
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China ,0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- 0000 0004 1791 6584grid.460007.5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Yicheng Cheng
- 0000 0004 1765 1045grid.410745.3Department of Stomatology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Wei Hu
- 0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Chao Deng
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- 0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Tian Li
- 0000 0004 1765 1045grid.410745.3Department of Stomatology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Fulin Chen
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Yang Yang
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China ,0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
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Ventura E, Weller M, Macnair W, Eschbach K, Beisel C, Cordazzo C, Claassen M, Zardi L, Burghardt I. TGF-β induces oncofetal fibronectin that, in turn, modulates TGF-β superfamily signaling in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209619. [PMID: 29158223 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene splicing profiles are frequently altered in cancer, and the splice variants of fibronectin (FN) that contain the extra-domains A (EDA) or B (EDB), referred to as EDA+FN or EDB+FN, are highly upregulated in tumor vasculature. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has been attributed a pivotal role in glioblastoma, with TGF-β promoting angiogenesis and vessel remodeling. By using immunohistochemistry staining, we observed that the oncofetal FN isoforms EDA+FN and EDB+FN are expressed in glioblastoma vasculature. Ex vivo single-cell gene expression profiling of tumors by using CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as markers for endothelial cells, and pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively, confirmed the predominant expression of FN, EDA+FN and EDB+FN in the vascular compartment of glioblastoma. Specifically, within the CD31-positive cell population, we identified a positive correlation between the expression of EDA+FN and EDB+FN, and of molecules associated with TGF-β signaling. Further, TGF-β induced EDA+FN and EDB+FN in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and glioblastoma-derived endothelial cells in a SMAD3- and SMAD4-dependent manner. In turn, we found that FN modulated TGF-β superfamily signaling in endothelial cells via the EDA and EDB, pointing towards a bidirectional influence of oncofetal FN and TGF-β superfamily signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Macnair
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Eschbach
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Cordazzo
- Sirius-biotech, c/o Advanced Biotechnology Center, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Manfred Claassen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Zardi
- Sirius-biotech, c/o Advanced Biotechnology Center, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabel Burghardt
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Onken J, Vajkoczy P, Torka R, Hempt C, Patsouris V, Heppner FL, Radke J. Phospho-AXL is widely expressed in glioblastoma and associated with significant shorter overall survival. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50403-50414. [PMID: 28881571 PMCID: PMC5584143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (RTK-AXL) is regarded as a suitable target in glioblastoma (GBM) therapy. Since AXL kinase inhibitors are about to get approval for clinical use, patients with a potential benefit from therapy targeting AXL need to be identified. We therefore assessed the expression pattern of Phospho-AXL (P-AXL), the biologically active form of AXL, in 90 patients with newly diagnosed GBM, which was found to be detectable in 67 patients (corresponding to 74%). We identified three main P-AXL expression patterns: i) exclusively in the tumor vasculature (13%), ii) in areas of hypercellularity (35%), or iii) both, in the tumor vasculature and in hypercellular areas of the tumor tissue (52%). Pattern iii) is associated with significant decrease in overall survival (Hazard ratio 2.349, 95% confidence interval 1.069 to 5.162, *p=0.03). Our data suggest that P-AXL may serve as a therapeutic target in the majority of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Onken
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Hempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Patsouris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Partner Site Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Partner Site Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Okamoto S, Nitta M, Maruyama T, Sawada T, Komori T, Okada Y, Muragaki Y. Bevacizumab changes vascular structure and modulates the expression of angiogenic factors in recurrent malignant gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2016; 33:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-016-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Clinicopathologic features of small cell glioblastomas. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:337-44. [PMID: 26725094 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Small cell glioblastoma (SCGBM) is a variant of glioblastomas characterized by a predominant population of small and monomorphic glial cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate clinical, neuroimaging, pathologic, and genetic features of SCGBM. The clinicopathologic and genetic features were evaluated in 14 patients with SCGBM. All cases were divided into multifocal and solitary type by MRI, and extent of microvascular proliferation, intratumoral necrosis, and perivascular lymphocytic accumulation were investigated. IDH1 mutations by immunohistochemistry (IDH1 R132H) and 1p 19q codeletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization were detected. Patients ranged from 23 to 92 years of age (median: 71 years), with three females and eleven males. The overall survival time of the patients ranged from 7 to 23 months (mean: 11 months). Nine patients (64%) were the multifocal type. Pathologic study revealed that the microvascular proliferation, necrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration were limited in SCGBM. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were negative for IDH1 R132H in all patients. FISH analysis demonstrated that no SCGBM had 1p/19q codeletion in informative patients. Our investigation suggested that an elderly onset and multifocal lesions were characteristics of SCGBM associated with degradation of the immune response, infiltrative feature of tumor cells, and an unfavorable prognosis.
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Sun H, Guo D, Su Y, Yu D, Wang Q, Wang T, Zhou Q, Ran X, Zou Z. Hyperplasia of pericytes is one of the main characteristics of microvascular architecture in malignant glioma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114246. [PMID: 25478951 PMCID: PMC4257691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the role of pericytes in constructing the malformed microvessels (MVs) and participating microvascular architecture heterogeneity of glioma. Methods Forty human glioma tissue samples (WHO grade II-IV) were included in present study. Observation of blood vessel patterns, quantitative analysis of endothelial cells (ECs)- and pericyte-labeled MVs and comparison between malignant grades based on single- or double-immunohistochemical staining. The MV number density (MVND), microvascular pericyte number density (MPND), and microvascular pericyte area density (MPAD) were calculated. The expression of PDGFβ was also scored after immunostaining. Results In grade II glioma, most of tumor MVs were the thin-wall CD34+ vessels with near normal morphology. In addition to thin-wall CD34+ MVs, more thick-wall MVs were found in grade III glioma, which often showed α-SMA positive. Most of MVs in grade IV glioma were in the form of plexus, curled cell cords and glomeruloid microvascular proliferation while the α-SMA+ cells were the main components. The MVs usually showed disordered arrangement, loose connection and active cell proliferation as shown by Ki67 and α-SMA coexpression. With the increase of glioma grades, the α-SMA+ MVND, CD34+ MVND and MPND were significantly augmented although the increase of CD34+ MVND but not MPAD was statistically insignificant between grade III and IV. It was interesting that some vessel-like structures only consist of α-SMA+ cells, assuming the guiding role of pericytes in angiogenesis. The expression level of PDGFβ was upregulated and directly correlated with the MPND in different glioma grades. Conclusion Hyperplasia of pericytes was one of the significant characteristics of malignant glioma and locally proliferated pericytes were the main constituent of MVs in high grade glioma. The pathological characteristics of pericytes could be used as indexes of malignant grades of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Sun
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (ZZ)
| | - Deyu Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingliang Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinze Ran
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (ZZ)
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Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is a major hallmark in the process of malignant transformation in human glioblastomas. In diffusely infiltrating gliomas, enhanced angiogenesis is associated with decreased patient survival rates and therefore serves as a central diagnostic criterion according to the WHO (World Health Organization) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the assessment of what a newly built blood vessel really is and how the extent of glioma-associated angiogenesis can be estimated in vivo is often a highly subjective procedure with imprecise criteria depending on the experience of the neuropathologist. The increased interest in translational medicine and anti-angiogenic treatment strategies implies that basic researchers in glioma angiogenesis are frequently asked to validate their findings in patient material to provide evidence for potential clinical relevance of their results. Therefore, more precise methods and measurement techniques are needed to objectively measure the extent of angiogenesis in human glioblastoma samples. The present synopsis provides an overview about morphological methods to assess the formation of new blood vessels by quantitative imaging using histological and immunohistochemical marker profiles.
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Li ZQ, Gong LL, Wen ZH, Wang J, Xu CS, Huang XD. Delta-like ligand 4 correlates with endothelial proliferation and vessel maturation in human malignant glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23207622 DOI: 10.1159/000345116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) in the angiogenesis of high-grade malignant glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS DLL4 expression and microvessel density (MVD) were detected by immunohistochemistry in 51 human high-grade malignant glioma tissue samples. The vessel maturation index (VMI) was calculated as the percentage of a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)-positive vessels in relation to the amount of CD31-positive vessels. Double fluorescent immunostaining for CD31 and EphrinB2 or EphB4 was performed to identify the arterial (EphrinB2) or venous (EphB4) origins of glioma microvessels. RESULTS Strong immunostaining of DLL4 and a positive correlation of DLL4 with the MVD were observed in high-grade malignant gliomas. The VMI of the DLL4-positive group was significantly higher than that of the DLL4-negative group. However, no significant association was found between DLL4 and EphrinB2 or EphB4 in high-grade gliomas. CONCLUSION DLL4 may be an important regulator for vessel proliferation and maturation in human high-grade malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Glioblastoma angiogenesis: VEGF resistance solutions and new strategies based on molecular mechanisms of tumor vessel formation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 29:73-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Rahmah NN, Sakai K, Li Y, Sano K, Hongo K. Comparison of manual and digital microvascular density counting of RECK expression in glioma. Neuropathology 2011; 32:245-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Tafani M, Di Vito M, Frati A, Pellegrini L, De Santis E, Sette G, Eramo A, Sale P, Mari E, Santoro A, Raco A, Salvati M, De Maria R, Russo MA. Pro-inflammatory gene expression in solid glioblastoma microenvironment and in hypoxic stem cells from human glioblastoma. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:32. [PMID: 21489226 PMCID: PMC3098164 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptation to hypoxia and consequent pro-inflammatory gene expression of prostate and breast carcinomas have been implicated in the progression toward cancer malignant phenotype. Only partial data are available for the human tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The aim of our study was to analyze the hypoxic and pro-inflammatory microenvironment in GBMs and to demonstrate that in a stem/progenitor cell line derived from human glioblastoma (GBM-SCs), hypoxia activates a coordinated inflammatory response, evidencing an invasive and migratory phenotype. Methods From each of 10 human solid glioblastomas, clinically and histopathologically characterized, we obtained three surgical samples taken from the center and the periphery of the tumor, and from adjacent host normal tissue. Molecular and morphological analyses were carried out using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot (WB). GBM stem and differentiated cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions and analyzed for pro-inflammatory gene expression and for invasive/migratory behavior. Results A panel of selected representative pro-inflammatory genes (RAGE and P2X7R, COX2, NOS2 and, PTX3) were analyzed, comparing tumor, peritumor and host normal tissues. Tumors containing leukocyte infiltrates (as assessed using CD45 immunohistochemistry) were excluded. Selected genes were overexpressed in the central regions of the tumors (i.e. in the more hypoxic areas), less expressed in peripheral regions, and poorly expressed or absent in adjacent normal host tissues. Western blot analysis confirmed that the corresponding pro-inflammatory proteins were also differently expressed. Hypoxic stem cell lines showed a clear time-dependent activation of the entire panel of pro-inflammatory genes as compared to differentiated tumor cells. Biological assays showed that invasive and migratory behavior was strengthened by hypoxia only in GBM stem cells. Conclusions In human solid glioblastoma we have observed a coordinated overexpression of a panel of pro-inflammatory genes as compared to host normal tissue. We have also evidenced a similar pattern of overexpressed genes in GBM-SCs after hypoxic treatment, showing also a gain of invasive and migratory function that was lost when these stem cells differentiated. We suggest that, as has been previously described for prostatic and mammary carcinoma, in human glioblastoma acquisition of a proinflammatory phenotype may be relevant for malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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