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Balkaya M, Dohare P, Chen S, Schober AL, Fidaleo AM, Nalwalk JW, Sah R, Mongin AA. Conditional deletion of LRRC8A in the brain reduces stroke damage independently of swelling-activated glutamate release. iScience 2023; 26:106669. [PMID: 37182109 PMCID: PMC10173736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) facilitate cell volume control and contribute to many other physiological processes. Treatment with non-specific VRAC blockers or brain-specific deletion of the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A is highly protective in rodent models of stroke. Here, we tested the widely accepted idea that the harmful effects of VRACs are mediated by release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. We produced conditional LRRC8A knockout either exclusively in astrocytes or in the majority of brain cells. Genetically modified mice were subjected to an experimental stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion). The astrocytic LRRC8A knockout yielded no protection. Conversely, the brain-wide LRRC8A deletion strongly reduced cerebral infarction in both heterozygous (Het) and full KO mice. Yet, despite identical protection, Het mice had full swelling-activated glutamate release, whereas KO animals showed its virtual absence. These findings suggest that LRRC8A contributes to ischemic brain injury via a mechanism other than VRAC-mediated glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Schober
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Antonio M. Fidaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W. Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander A. Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Corresponding author
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Zakeri AS, Wheeler DG, Huttinger A, Carfora A, Kini A, Stork T, Yacoub S, Anderson C, Joseph M, Shujaat MT, Nimjee SM. A canine thromboembolic model of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14692. [PMID: 37089293 PMCID: PMC10119506 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a large animal preclinical model of thromboembolic stroke with stable, protracted large vessel occlusion (LVO) utilizing an autologous clot. Materials and methods A reproducible canine model of large vessel occlusion stroke was established by endovascular placement of an autologous clot into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of six adult hounds and confirmed using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Infarct volume and evidence of hemorrhage were determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 7 h after occlusion and Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale (TICI) was assessed before and after clot placement and at 1, 6, 7, and 9 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored continuously and invasively through an arterial sheath throughout the procedures and complete blood count and blood gas analysis completed at time of sacrifice. Histopathological findings at time of sacrifice were used to confirm stroke volume and hemorrhage. Results MCAO with resulting TICI 0 flow was observed in all six animals, verified by serial DSA, and lack of collateral flow persisted for 9 h after clot placement until time of sacrifice. The mean infarct volume was 47.0 ± 6.7% of the ipsilateral hemisphere and no events of spontaneous recanalization or clot autolysis were observed. Conclusion We demonstrate a thromboembolic canine model of MCAO that is both feasible and results in consistent infarct volumes to generate a clinically relevant LVO. This model is important to evaluate treatment of LVO in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) outside the established 4.5 h recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) therapeutic window utilizing a prolonged occlusive thrombus.
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Nonhuman Primate Models of Ischemic Stroke and Neurological Evaluation After Stroke. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 376:109611. [PMID: 35487315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are closer to human beings than rodents in genetics, neuroanatomy, physiology and immunology. Nonhuman primates are therefore considered an ideal preclinical model to replicate various aspects of human stroke. Ischemia stroke models in nonhuman primates can better fit the physiological symptoms and changes in humans after cerebral ischemia. Currently, various construction methods and neurological evaluation methods have been developed and applied to stroke models of nonhuman primates, including craniectomy models, endovascular stroke models, autologous thrombus models and intraluminal filament models. Meanwhile, new innovative methods have emerged, such as the endothelin-1 model and photothrombosis model. In the past thirty years, these model studies have explored various mechanisms that are initiated in the first minutes, hours, and days after a stroke. Permanent and temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion models have been trying to simulate the complex situation of human stroke. However, a comprehensive comparison of the above methods, including their advantages and disadvantages, difficulty and application fields, is limited. Here, we introduce various modeling methods that are currently available for nonhuman primate stroke models, compare the differences between these different preparation methods, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and the fields of application. The imaging detection methods of nonhuman primates after cerebral ischemia and the neurological evaluation methods after stroke are also discussed briefly. Methods are sorted and compared so that scholars can choose appropriate modeling methods and evaluation methods to establish nonhuman primate stroke models.
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Finney CA, Shvetcov A, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ, Jones NM. Tamoxifen offers long-term neuroprotection after hippocampal silent infarct in male rats. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105085. [PMID: 34749277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silent infarcts (SI) are a cerebral small vessel disease characterized by small subcortical infarcts. These occur in the absence of typical ischemia symptoms but are linked to cognitive decline and dementia. While there are no approved treatments for SI, recent results from our laboratory suggest that tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is a viable candidate. In the present study, we induced SI in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region of rats and assessed the effects of systemic administration of tamoxifen (5 mg/kg, twice) 21 days after injury on cognitive and pathophysiological measures, including cell loss, apoptosis, gliosis and estrogen receptors (ERs). We found that tamoxifen protected against the SI-induced cognitive dysfunction on the hippocampal-dependent, place recognition task, cell and ER loss, and increased apoptosis and gliosis in the CA1. Exploratory data analyses using a scatterplot matrix and principal component analysis indicated that SI-tamoxifen rats were indistinguishable from sham controls while they differed from SI rats, who were characterized by enhanced cell loss, apoptosis and gliosis, lower ERs, and recognition memory deficit. Supervised machine learning using support vector machine (SVM) determined predictors of progression from the early ischemic state to the dementia-like state. It showed that caspase-3 and ERα in the CA1 and exploration proportion were reliable and accurate predictors of this progression. Importantly, tamoxifen ameliorated SI-induced effects on all three of these variables, providing further evidence for its viability as a candidate treatment for SI and prevention of associated dementia.
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Soldati C, Lopez‐Fabuel I, Wanderlingh LG, Garcia‐Macia M, Monfregola J, Esposito A, Napolitano G, Guevara‐Ferrer M, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Paquet D, Grimm CM, Montefusco S, Braulke T, Storch S, Mole SE, De Matteis MA, Ballabio A, Sampaio JL, McKay T, Johannes L, Bolaños JP, Medina DL. Repurposing of tamoxifen ameliorates CLN3 and CLN7 disease phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13742. [PMID: 34411438 PMCID: PMC8495452 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Batten diseases (BDs) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by seizure, visual loss, and cognitive and motor deterioration. We discovered increased levels of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in cellular and murine models of CLN3 and CLN7 diseases and used fluorescent-conjugated bacterial toxins to label Gb3 to develop a cell-based high content imaging (HCI) screening assay for the repurposing of FDA-approved compounds able to reduce this accumulation within BD cells. We found that tamoxifen reduced the lysosomal accumulation of Gb3 in CLN3 and CLN7 cell models, including neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) from CLN7 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Here, tamoxifen exerts its action through a mechanism that involves activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master gene of lysosomal function and autophagy. In vivo administration of tamoxifen to the CLN7Δex2 mouse model reduced the accumulation of Gb3 and SCMAS, decreased neuroinflammation, and improved motor coordination. These data strongly suggest that tamoxifen may be a suitable drug to treat some types of Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
| | - Irene Lopez‐Fabuel
- Institute of Functional Biology and GenomicsCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity Hospital of SalamancaCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Luca G Wanderlingh
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
| | - Marina Garcia‐Macia
- Institute of Functional Biology and GenomicsCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity Hospital of SalamancaCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Jlenia Monfregola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
| | | | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics UnitDepartment of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Faculty of MedicineWalther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Faculty of MedicineWalther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD)University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Christian M Grimm
- Faculty of MedicineWalther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sandro Montefusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department Osteology & BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Storch
- University Children's Research@Kinder‐UKEUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Sara E Mole
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria A De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics UnitDepartment of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Julio L Sampaio
- Cellular and Chemical Biology DepartmentInstitut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRSPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Tristan McKay
- School of Healthcare ScienceManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology DepartmentInstitut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRSPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and GenomicsCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity Hospital of SalamancaCSICUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), PozzuoliNaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics UnitDepartment of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
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Finney CA, Shvetcov A, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ, Jones NM. The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen protects against subtle cognitive decline and early markers of injury 24 h after hippocampal silent infarct in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105016. [PMID: 34242875 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silent infarcts (SI) are subcortical cerebral infarcts occurring in the absence of typical ischemia symptoms and are linked to cognitive decline and dementia development. There are no approved treatments for SI. One potential treatment is tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator. It is critical to establish whether treatments effectively target the early consequences of SI to avoid progression to complete injury. We induced SI in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 of rats and assessed whether tamoxifen is protective 24 h later against cognitive deficits and injury responses including gliosis, apoptosis, inflammation and changes in estrogen receptors (ERs). SI led to subtle cognitive impairment on the object place task, an effect ameliorated by tamoxifen administration. SI did not lead to detectable hippocampal cell loss but increased apoptosis, astrogliosis, microgliosis and inflammation. Tamoxifen protected against the effects of SI on all measures except microgliosis. SI increased ERα and decreased ERβ in the hippocampus, which were mitigated by tamoxifen. Exploratory data analyses using scatterplot matrices and principal component analysis indicated that SI rats given tamoxifen were indistinguishable from controls. Further, SI rats were significantly different from all other groups, an effect associated with low levels of ERα and increased apoptosis, gliosis, inflammation, ERβ, and time spent with the unmoved object. The results demonstrate that tamoxifen is protective against the early cellular and cognitive consequences of hippocampal SI 24 h after injury. Tamoxifen mitigates apoptosis, gliosis, and inflammation and normalization of ER levels in the CA1, leading to improved cognitive outcomes after hippocampal SI.
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Camstra KM, Srinivasan VM, Collins D, Chen S, Kan P, Johnson J. Canine Model for Selective and Superselective Cerebral Intra-Arterial Therapy Testing. Neurointervention 2020; 15:107-116. [PMID: 32777874 PMCID: PMC7608496 DOI: 10.5469/neuroint.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With advancing endovascular technology and increasing interest in minimally invasive intra-arterial therapies such as stem cell and chemotherapy for cerebral disease, the establishment of a translational model with cerebral circulation accessible to microcatheters is needed. We report our experience catheterizing canine cerebral circulation with microcatheters, present high-resolution angiographic images of the canine vascular anatomy, describe arterial branch flow patterns and provide measurements of canine arterial conduits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Angiograms were performed on 10 intact purpose-bred hounds. Angiography, measurements of arterial conduits and catheterization information for intracranial arterial branches were obtained. RESULTS Selective and superselective cerebral angiography was successful in all subjects. Relevant arterial mean diameters include the femoral (4.64 mm), aorta (9.38 mm), external carotid (3.65 mm), internal carotid arteries (1.6 mm), vertebrobasilar system and Circle of Willis branches. Catheterization of the Circle of Willis was achieved via the posterior circulation in all subjects tested (n=3) and the use of flow directed microcatheters resulted in reduced arterial tree deformation and improved superselection of intracranial vessels. Catheterization of the intracranial circulation was attempted but not achieved via the internal carotid artery (n=7) due to its tortuosity and subsequent catheter related vasospasm. CONCLUSION The canine cerebral vasculature is posterior circulation dominant. Anterior circulation angiography is achievable via the internal carotid artery, but direct cerebral arterial access is best achieved via the posterior circulation using flow-directed microcatheters. It is feasible to deliver intra-arterial therapies to selective vascular territories within the canine cerebral circulation, thus making it a viable animal model for testing novel intra-arterial cerebral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Camstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Dalis Collins
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeremiah Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Chen PC, Hsieh YC, Huang CC, Hu CJ. Tamoxifen for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20423. [PMID: 32481440 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common cause of motor neuron disease, and effective treatment for ALS is still lacking. Transactive response (TAR) -DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is aggregated in the neurons of ALS patients. Animal studies shown TDP-43 aggregation can be attenuated by enhancing autophagy by tamoxifen. However, its beneficial effects for ALS patients remain unknown. METHODS Eighteen patients with ALS without mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) or fused in sarcoma (FUS) genes were randomly assigned into the tamoxifen 40 mg/day or placebo group in a double-blinded manner and all were given riluzole twice daily. Participants were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary end point was time to death or dependence on mechanical ventilation. Secondary end points were decline of the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score and pulmonary function measured by forced vital capacity (FVC). RESULTS Ten participants were randomly assigned in the treatment group with tamoxifen, 7 finished trial, 1 reach primary endpoint; while 8 participants in the placebo group, 2 finished trial and 2 reach primary end point. The proportion of participants reaching the primary end point was lower in the tamoxifen group but did not reach statistical significance. At the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up, the average decline rates of the ALSFRS-R score were slower in the tamoxifen group. No significant difference was observed in FVC and ALSFRS-R score at 12 months between groups. CONCLUSION Tamoxifen exerted only a modest effect on attenuate progression for 6 months in this small trial. Additional larger scale studies should be necessary to confirm whether enhancing autophagy can attenuate ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Chen
- Neurology Department, Shuang-Ho Hospital
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes
- PhD Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy
- Master Program in Applied Molecular Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Neurology Department, Shuang-Ho Hospital
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
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Partridge B, Rossmeisl JH. Companion animal models of neurological disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 331:108484. [PMID: 31733285 PMCID: PMC6942211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical translation of novel therapeutics that improve the survival and quality of life of patients with neurological disease remains a challenge, with many investigational drug and device candidates failing in advanced stage clinical trials. Naturally occurring inherited and acquired neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, inborn errors of metabolism, brain tumors, spinal cord injury, and stroke occur frequently in companion animals, and many of these share epidemiologic, pathophysiologic and clinical features with their human counterparts. As companion animals have a relatively abbreviated lifespan and genetic background, are immunocompetent, share their environment with human caregivers, and can be clinically managed using techniques and tools similar to those used in humans, they have tremendous potential for increasing the predictive value of preclinical drug and device studies. Here, we review comparative features of spontaneous neurological diseases in companion animals with an emphasis on neuroimaging methods and features, illustrate their historical use in translational studies, and discuss inherent limitations associated with each disease model. Integration of companion animals with naturally occurring disease into preclinical studies can complement and expand the knowledge gained from studies in other animal models, accelerate or improve the manner in which research is translated to the human clinic, and ultimately generate discoveries that will benefit the health of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittanie Partridge
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center Blvd, NRC 405, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center Blvd, NRC 405, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Figueroa EE, Kramer M, Strange K, Denton JS. CysLT1 receptor antagonists pranlukast and zafirlukast inhibit LRRC8-mediated volume regulated anion channels independently of the receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C857-C866. [PMID: 31390227 PMCID: PMC6850990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) encoded by the leucine-rich repeat containing 8 (LRRC8) gene family play critical roles in myriad cellular processes and might represent druggable targets. The dearth of pharmacological compounds available for studying VRAC physiology led us to perform a high-throughput screen of 1,184 of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for novel VRAC modulators. We discovered the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonist, pranlukast, as a novel inhibitor of endogenous VRAC expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Pranlukast inhibits VRAC voltage-independently, reversibly, and dose-dependently with a maximal efficacy of only ~50%. The CysLT1R pathway has been implicated in activation of VRAC in other cell types, prompting us to test whether pranlukast requires the CysLT1R for inhibition of VRAC. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that CYSLTR1 mRNA is virtually undetectable in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the CysLT1R agonist leukotriene D4 had no effect on VRAC activity and failed to stimulate Gq-coupled receptor signaling. Heterologous expression of the CysLT1R reconstituted LTD4-CysLT1R- Gq-calcium signaling in HEK293 cells but had no effect on VRAC inhibition by pranlukast. Finally, we show the CysLT1R antagonist zafirlukast inhibits VRAC with an IC50 of ~17 µM and does so with full efficacy. Our data suggest that both pranlukast and zafirlukast are likely direct channel inhibitors that work independently of the CysLT1R. This study provides clarifying insights into the putative role of leukotriene signaling in modulation of VRAC and identifies two new chemical scaffolds that can be used for development of more potent and specific VRAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Figueroa
- 1Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meghan Kramer
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin Strange
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee,3Novo Biosciences, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Jerod S. Denton
- 1Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,2Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee
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Burguete MC, Jover-Mengual T, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jorques M, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Salom JB. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β-oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12751. [PMID: 31127971 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.) or 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (100 μg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.). At 24 hours post-ischaemia-reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA- and E2 -treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia-reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up-regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Burguete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Leonard AV, Elms LE, Marian OC, Hoving JW, Yassi N, Vink R, Thornton E, Turner RJ. Determining the Temporal Profile of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Transient Stroke in an Ovine Model. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:587. [PMID: 31338013 PMCID: PMC6629870 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) are the leading cause of death in the first week following stroke. Despite this, current treatments are limited and fail to address the underlying mechanisms of swelling, highlighting the need for targeted treatments. When screening promising novel agents, it is essential to use clinically relevant large animal models to increase the likelihood of successful clinical translation. As such, we sought to develop a survival model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in the sheep and subsequently characterize the temporal profile of cerebral edema and elevated ICP following stroke in this novel, clinically relevant model. METHODS Merino-sheep (27M;31F) were anesthetized and subject to 2 h tMCAO with reperfusion or sham surgery. Following surgery, animals were allowed to recover and returned to their home pens. At preselected times points ranging from 1 to 7 days post-stroke, animals were re-anesthetized, ICP measured for 4 h, followed by imaging with MRI to determine cerebral edema, midline shift and infarct volume (FLAIR, T2 and DWI). Animals were subsequently euthanized and their brain removed for immunohistochemical analysis. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were also collected and analyzed for substance P (SP) using ELISA. RESULTS Intracranial pressure and MRI scans were normal in sham animals. Following stroke, ICP rose gradually over time and by 5 days was significantly (p < 0.0001) elevated above sham levels. Profound cerebral edema was observed as early as 2 days post-stroke and continued to evolve out to 6 days, resulting in significant midline shift which was most prominent at 5 days post-stroke (p < 0.01), in keeping with increasing ICP. Serum SP levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) by 7 days post-tMCAO. CONCLUSION We have successfully developed a survival model of ovine tMCAO and characterized the temporal profile of ICP. Peak ICP elevation, cerebral edema and midline shift occurred at days 5-6 following stroke, accompanied by an elevation in serum SP. Our findings suggest that novel therapeutic agents screened in this model targeting cerebral edema and elevated ICP would most likely be effective when administered prior to 5 days, or as early as possible following stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J. Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna V. Leonard
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Levi E. Elms
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Oana C. Marian
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jan W. Hoving
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma Thornton
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wilson CS, Bach MD, Ashkavand Z, Norman KR, Martino N, Adam AP, Mongin AA. Metabolic constraints of swelling-activated glutamate release in astrocytes and their implication for ischemic tissue damage. J Neurochem 2019; 151:255-272. [PMID: 31032919 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is a glutamate-permeable channel that is activated by physiological and pathological cell swelling and promotes ischemic brain damage. However, because VRAC opening requires cytosolic ATP, it is not clear if and how its activity is sustained in the metabolically compromised CNS. In the present study, we used cultured astrocytes - the cell type which shows prominent swelling in stroke - to model how metabolic stress and changes in gene expression may impact VRAC function in the ischemic and post-ischemic brain. The metabolic state of primary rat astrocytes was modified with chemical inhibitors and examined using luciferin-luciferase ATP assays and a Seahorse analyzer. Swelling-activated glutamate release was quantified with the radiotracer D-[3 H]aspartate. The specific contribution of VRAC to swelling-activated glutamate efflux was validated by RNAi knockdown of the essential subunit, leucine-rich repeat-containing 8A (LRRC8A); expression levels of VRAC components were measured with qRT-PCR. Using this methodology, we found that complete metabolic inhibition with the glycolysis blocker 2-deoxy-D-glucose and the mitochondrial poison sodium cyanide reduced astrocytic ATP levels by > 90% and abolished glutamate release from swollen cells (via VRAC). When only mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by cyanide or rotenone, the intracellular ATP levels and VRAC activity were largely preserved. Bypassing glycolysis by providing the mitochondrial substrates pyruvate and/or glutamine led to partial recovery of ATP levels and VRAC activity. Unexpectedly, the metabolic block of VRAC was overridden when ATP-depleted cells were exposed to extreme cell swelling (≥ 50% reduction in medium osmolarity). Twenty-four hour anoxic adaptation caused a moderate reduction in the expression levels of the VRAC component LRRC8A, but no significant changes in VRAC activity. Overall, our findings suggest that (i) astrocytic VRAC activity and metabolism can be sustained by low levels of glucose and (ii) the inhibitory influence of diminishing ATP levels and the stimulatory effect of cellular swelling are the two major factors that govern VRAC activity in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Martin D Bach
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth R Norman
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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14
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Baez-Jurado E, Rincón-Benavides MA, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A, Echeverria V, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective actions of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in brain cells. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:44-64. [PMID: 30223003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic selective modulators of the estrogen receptors (SERMs) have shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults. Among the most relevant beneficial effects attributed to these compounds are the regulation of inflammation, attenuation of astrogliosis and microglial activation, prevention of excitotoxicity and as a consequence the reduction of neuronal cell death. Under pathological conditions, the mechanism of action of the SERMs involves the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogens (GRP30). These receptors trigger neuroprotective responses such as increasing the expression of antioxidants and the activation of kinase-mediated survival signaling pathways. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathways activated by the SERMs, their mechanism of action is still not entirely clear, and there are several controversies. In this review, we focused on the molecular pathways activated by SERMs in brain cells, mainly astrocytes, as a response to treatment with raloxifene and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M A Rincón-Benavides
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - O Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - V Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. Cell Volume Control in Healthy Brain and Neuropathologies. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:385-455. [PMID: 30243438 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular volume is a critical homeostatic process that is intimately linked to ionic and osmotic balance in the brain tissue. Because the brain is encased in the rigid skull and has a very complex cellular architecture, even minute changes in the volume of extracellular and intracellular compartments have a very strong impact on tissue excitability and function. The failure of cell volume control is a major feature of several neuropathologies, such as hyponatremia, stroke, epilepsy, hyperammonemia, and others. There is strong evidence that such dysregulation, especially uncontrolled cell swelling, plays a major role in adverse pathological outcomes. To protect themselves, brain cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to maintain their optimal volume, primarily by releasing or taking in ions and small organic molecules through diverse volume-sensitive ion channels and transporters. In principle, the mechanisms of cell volume regulation are not unique to the brain and share many commonalities with other tissues. However, because ions and some organic osmolytes (e.g., major amino acid neurotransmitters) have a strong impact on neuronal excitability, cell volume regulation in the brain is a surprisingly treacherous process, which may cause more harm than good. This topical review covers the established and emerging information in this rapidly developing area of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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16
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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17
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Lai SW, Lin CL, Liao KF. Tamoxifen Use Correlates with Increased Risk of the First Episode of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease in Older Women with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 29089895 PMCID: PMC5651079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There are inconsistent results about the association between ischemic cerebrovascular disease and tamoxifen use in women with breast cancer. The study aimed to evaluate the association between the risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and tamoxifen use in older women with breast cancer in Taiwan. Methods: We designed a retrospective, nationwide, case-control study using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. A total of 800 female subjects with breast cancer aged ≥65 years with the first episode of ischemic cerebrovascular disease from 2000 to 2011 were identified as the cases. Additionally, 2,876 female subjects with breast cancer aged ≥65 years without any type of cerebrovascular diseases were selected as the control subjects. The cases and the control subjects were matched with age and comorbidities. Ever use of tamoxifen was defined as a subject who had at least a prescription for tamoxifen before the index date. Never use of tamoxifen was defined as a subject who never had a prescription for tamoxifen before the index date. We used the multivariable logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for ischemic cerebrovascular disease associated with tamoxifen use. Results: After adjusting for confounding variables, the adjusted OR of ischemic cerebrovascular disease was 2.5 for subjects with ever use of tamoxifen (95% CI 2.10, 2.97), compared with never use of tamoxifen. In addition, the adjusted OR of ischemic cerebrovascular disease was 1.15 (95% CI 1.10, 1.21) in subjects with ever use of tamoxifen as increase in use duration per 1 year. The adjusted OR of ischemic cerebrovascular disease was 2.54 (95% CI 2.03, 3.17) in subjects with ever use of tamoxifen as increase in dosage per 1 mg. Conclusions: Tamoxifen use is significantly associated with 2.5-fold increased odds of ischemic cerebrovascular disease among older women with breast cancer in Taiwan. There are duration-dependent and dose-dependent effects of tamoxifen use on the risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Lai
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Liao
- Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Arthur MC, Brown A, Carlson K, Lowery J, Skinner RD, Culp WC. Dodecafluoropentane Improves Neurological Function Following Anterior Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4764-4770. [PMID: 27501802 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe), an advanced oxygen transport drug, given IV at 90-min intervals maintains viability in the penumbra during cerebral ischemia in the standard rabbit anterior stroke model (STND). This study investigated shortened dosage schedules of DDFPe in nonstandard posterior (NSTND) strokes following occlusions of the posterior cerebral arteries. DDFPe given at shortened schedules of 30 or 60-min injection intervals will reduce neurological deficits, percent stroke volume (%SV), and serum glutamate levels in NSTND ischemic strokes. New Zealand White rabbits (N = 26) were randomly placed into three groups: A (n = 9) controls given saline injections every 60 min, B (n = 9) 2 % DDFPe given IV every 30 min, and C (n = 8) DDFPe every 60 min. Injections began 1 h after embolization. Groups were subdivided into STND and NSTND based on angiographically verified embolization of the cerebral arteries. Neurological assessments and blood samples were done at 0.5-1-h intervals. Rabbits were euthanized at 7 h following embolization. Stained brain slices were measured for %SV. The 30 and 60-min subgroups did not differ and were combined as DDFPe-STND or DDFPe-NSTND groups. In the DDFPe-STND stroke group, the %SV, neurological assessment scores (NAS), and serum glutamate were decreased vs. STND controls (p = 0.0016, 0.008, and 0.016, respectively). In the DDFPe-NSTND stroke group, %SV, NAS, and serum glutamate did not differ statistically compared to NSTND controls (p = 0.82, 0.097, and 0.06, respectively). More frequent dosage schedules provided no additional improvement. In anterior strokes, DDFPe improves recovery but not in the more severe NSTND strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Arthur
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 556, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Aliza Brown
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 556, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Kristen Carlson
- College of Medicine, Medical School, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - John Lowery
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Robert D Skinner
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 556, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - William C Culp
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 556, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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Atchaneeyasakul K, Guada L, Ramdas K, Watanabe M, Bhattacharya P, Raval AP, Yavagal DR. Large animal canine endovascular ischemic stroke models: A review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:134-140. [PMID: 27496066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Recent exciting developments in the field with endovascular treatments have shown excellent outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Prior to translating these treatments to human populations, a large-animal ischemic stroke model is needed. With the advent of new technologies in digital subtraction angiography, less invasive endovascular stroke models have been developed. Canines have gyrencephalic brain similar to human brain and accessible neurovascular anatomy for stroke model creation. Canine stroke model can be widely utilized to understand the disease process of stroke and to develop novel treatment. Less invasive endovascular internal carotid emboli injection and coil embolization methods can be used to simulate transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Major restriction includes the extensive collateral circulation of canine cerebral arteries that can limit the stroke size. Transient internal carotid artery occlusion can decrease collateral circulation and increase stroke size to some degree. Additional method of manipulating the extent of collateral circulation needs to be studied. Other types of canine stroke models, including vertebral artery occlusion and basilar artery occlusion, can also be accomplished by endovascular thrombi injection. CONCLUSIONS We extensively review the literature on endovascular technique of creating canine ischemic stroke models and their application in finding new therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunakorn Atchaneeyasakul
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Luis Guada
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Kevin Ramdas
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Mitsuyoshi Watanabe
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Ami P Raval
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Mongin AA. Volume-regulated anion channel--a frenemy within the brain. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:421-41. [PMID: 26620797 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is a ubiquitously expressed yet highly enigmatic member of the superfamily of chloride/anion channels. It is activated by cellular swelling and mediates regulatory cell volume decrease in a majority of vertebrate cells, including those in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, besides its crucial role in cellular volume regulation, VRAC is thought to play a part in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and release of physiologically active molecules. Although these roles are not exclusive to the CNS, the relative significance of VRAC in the brain is amplified by several unique aspects of its physiology. One important example is the contribution of VRAC to the release of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate. This latter process is thought to have impact on both normal brain functioning (such as astrocyte-neuron signaling) and neuropathology (via promoting the excitotoxic death of neuronal cells in stroke and traumatic brain injury). In spite of much work in the field, the molecular nature of VRAC remained unknown until less than 2 years ago. Two pioneer publications identified VRAC as the heterohexamer formed by the leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 (LRRC8) proteins. These findings galvanized the field and are likely to result in dramatic revisions to our understanding of the place and role of VRAC in the brain, as well as other organs and tissues. The present review briefly recapitulates critical findings in the CNS and focuses on anticipated impact on the LRRC8 discovery on further progress in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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21
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Zhang Y, Jin M, Du B, Lin H, Xu C, Jiang W, Jia J. A Novel Canine Model of Acute Vertebral Artery Occlusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142251. [PMID: 26545253 PMCID: PMC4636284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extended time window and theoretic reduction in hemorrhage make mechanical strategies an attractive approach for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. However, a limited availability of suitable animal models of cerebrovascular thrombosis has hampered the study of novel endovascular interventions. The aim of the present study was to develop a new technique for site-specific placement of a thrombus in a canine model that would allow for the evaluation of mechanical thrombectomy and clot retrieval methods and the visualization of thrombus dislocation or fragmentation during angiographic manipulation. Methods Angiography and embolization with a preformed thrombus were performed in 12 canines. Under fluoroscopic guidance, an embolism protection device (EPD) was anchored to the middle segment of the left vertebral artery (VA) via the left femoral arterial sheath. A preformed radiopaque clot was injected through the guide catheter into the left VA, via the contralateral femoral artery, proximal to the EPD. After 15 min of occlusion, the EPD was removed and persistent occlusion of the VA was documented angiographically. Results Angiography performed during the observation period confirmed the persistence of VA occlusion in each case, and displacement of the radiopaque clots did not occur during the 3-hour observation period. The technique allowed selective embolization of targeted vessels without thrombus fragmentation. Conclusion This study demonstrates, for the first time, a canine model of post-circulation embolism induced by autologous blood clot placement. This model can be rapidly formed and easily operated, and the site of thrombosis can be readily controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Min Jin
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Du
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyong Xu
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Jiang
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Zou W, Fang C, Ji X, Liang X, Liu Y, Han C, Huang L, Zhang Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu J. Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α36 Is Involved in Estrogen- and Tamoxifen-Induced Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Stroke Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140660. [PMID: 26484775 PMCID: PMC4618921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotection by estrogen (E2) and tamoxifen is well documented in experimental stroke models; however, the exact mechanism is unclear. A membrane-based estrogen receptor, ER-α36, has been identified. Postmenopausal-levels of E2 act through ER-α36 to induce osteoclast apoptosis due to a prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling. We hypothesized that ER-α36 may play a role in the neuroprotective activities of estrogen and tamoxifen. Here, we studied ER-α36 expression in the brain, as well as its neuroprotective effects against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. We found that ER-α36 was expressed in both rat and human brain. In addition, OGD-induced cell death was prevented by l nmol/L 17β-estradiol (E2β). E2β activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in PC12 cells under basal and OGD conditions by interacting with ER-α36 and also induces ER-α36 expression. Low-dose of tamoxifen up-regulated ER-α36 expression and enhanced neuronal survival in an ovariectomized ischemic stroke model. Furthermore, low-dose of tamoxifen enhanced neuroprotective effects by modulating activates or suppress ER-α36. Our results thus demonstrated that ER-α36 is involved in neuroprotective activities mediated by both estrogen and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WZ)
| | - Chen Fang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Xiaofei Ji
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Chao Han
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yejun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Jinqiu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WZ)
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23
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Zu QQ, Liu S, Xu XQ, Lu SS, Sun L, Shi HB. An endovascular canine stroke model: middle cerebral artery occlusion with autologous clots followed by ipsilateral internal carotid artery blockade. J Transl Med 2013; 93:760-7. [PMID: 23648562 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the main reason for long-term disability. An appropriate animal model of stroke is urgently required for understanding the exact pathophysiological mechanism of stroke and testing any new therapeutic regimen. Our work aimed to establish a canine stroke model occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and blocking the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), and to assess the infarct lesions by magnetic resonance imaging. The stroke model was generated by injecting two autologous clots into each MCA, followed by 2-h ipsilateral ICA blockade (ilICAB) using a catheter in 15 healthy adult beagles. Outcome measurements included 24-h and 7-day postocclusion T2-weighted imaging (T2WI)-based infarct volume calculation. In addition, pial collateral score, canine neurobehavioral score and histopathologic results were documented. Out of 15 dogs, 12 with successful MCA occlusion (MCAO) and ilICAB survived 7 days without complications or casualties and MCA were reperfused at 7 days after occlusion. High signal intensity in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex on T2WI was initially observed in each dog at 6 h after the procedure. The mean percentage hemispherical infarct volume corrected for edema in all dogs on T2WI at 24 h after occlusion was 12.99±1.57%, and the degree of variability was 12.08%. The infarct volumes at 24 h after occlusion correlated with pial collateral scores and canine neurobehavioral scores well. This canine stroke model with combined MCAO and ilICAB reported here were proven to be highly feasible and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Quan Zu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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