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Al-Qudah AM, Thirumala PD, Anetakis KM, Crammond DJ, Algarni SA, AlMajali M, Shandal V, Gross BA, Lang M, Bhatt NR, Al-Bayati AR, Nogueira RG, Balzer JR. Intraoperative neuromonitoring as real-time diagnostic for cerebral ischemia in endovascular treatment of ruptured brain aneurysms. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 161:69-79. [PMID: 38452426 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during endovascular treatment (EVT) of ruptured intracranial aneurysms (rIA). METHODS IONM and clinical data from 323 patients who underwent EVT for rIA from 2014-2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Significant IONM changes and outcomes were evaluated based on visual review of data and clinical documentation. RESULTS Of the 323 patients undergoing EVT, significant IONM changes were noted in 30 patients (9.29%) and 46 (14.24%) experienced postprocedural neurological deficits (PPND). 22 out of 30 (73.33%) patients who had significant IONM changes experienced PPND. Univariable analysis showed changes in somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were associated with PPND (p-values: <0.001 and <0.001, retrospectively). Multivariable analysis showed that IONM changes were significantly associated with PPND (Odd ratio (OR) 20.18 (95%CI:7.40-55.03, p-value: <0.001)). Simultaneous changes in both IONM modalities had specificity of 98.9% (95% CI: 97.1%-99.7%). While sensitivity when either modality had a change was 47.8% (95% CI: 33.9%-62.0%) to predict PPND. CONCLUSIONS Significant IONM changes during EVT for rIA are associated with an increased risk of PPND. SIGNIFICANCE IONM can be used confidently as a real time neurophysiological diagnostic guide for impending neurological deficits during EVT treatment of rIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Al-Qudah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Parthasarathy D Thirumala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Anetakis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donald J Crammond
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Saleh A Algarni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Neuroscience Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad AlMajali
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Varun Shandal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley A Gross
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Lang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nirav R Bhatt
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alhamza R Al-Bayati
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raul G Nogueira
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Balzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Relander K, Hietanen M, Rämö J, Vento A, Tikkala I, Roine RO, Lindsberg PJ, Soinne L. Differential Cognitive Functioning and Benefit From Surgery in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Carotid Endarterectomy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:824486. [PMID: 35350398 PMCID: PMC8957972 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.824486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stenosing atherosclerosis in both coronary and carotid arteries can adversely affect cognition. Also their surgical treatments, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), are associated with cognitive changes, but the mechanisms of cognitive decline or improvement may not be the same. This study was designed to compare the cognitive profile and outcome in patients undergoing surgical treatment for coronary or carotid disease. Methods A total of 100 CABG patients and 44 CEA patients were recruited in two previously reported studies. They were subjected to a comprehensive neuropsychological examination prior to surgery and in the acute (3-8 days) and stable (3 months) phase after operation. A group of 17 matched healthy controls were assessed with similar intervals. We used linear mixed models to compare cognitive trajectories within six functional domains between the CABG, CEA and control groups. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and improvement (POCI) were determined with the reliable change index method in comparison with healthy controls. Results Before surgery, the CEA patients performed worse than CABG patients or healthy controls in the domains of executive functioning and processing speed. The CABG patients exhibited postoperative cognitive dysfunction more often than the CEA patients in most cognitive domains in the acute phase but had regained their performance in the stable phase. The CEA patients showed more marked postoperative improvement in executive functioning than the CABG group in the acute phase, but the difference did not reach significance in the stable phase. Conclusion Our findings suggest that anterior cerebral dysfunction in CEA patients impairs preoperative cognition more severely than global brain dysfunction in CABG patients. However, CEA may have more beneficial effects on cognition than CABG, specifically in executive functions mainly operated by the prefrontal lobes. In addition, the results underline that POCD is a heterogeneous condition and dependent on type of revascularization surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Relander
- Division of Neuropsychology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Hietanen
- Division of Neuropsychology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juhani Rämö
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vento
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Tikkala
- Division of Neuropsychology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto O Roine
- University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Perttu J Lindsberg
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Soinne
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fujioka H, Urasaki E, Soejima Y, Harada H, Yamashita K. Combination of Single- and Paired-Pulse Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Ischemic Monitoring: Preliminary Investigation in Carotid Endarterectomy. Cureus 2020; 12:e12206. [PMID: 33489615 PMCID: PMC7815265 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe ischemia induces cerebral excitability imbalance before completion of infarct. To investigate the clinical availability of this imbalance with ischemic monitoring, paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were performed in conjunction with conventional SEPs during carotid endarterectomy. Methods For carotid endarterectomy patients with hemodynamic deficits of the middle cerebral artery area (n = 34), the excitability imbalances (Q) were measured by paired-pulse SEPs, wherein the second response (A2) was divided by the first (A1; Q = A2/A1). Regional cerebral saturation (rSO2) was also measured. Occlusion was performed twice using shunting. Results Each carotid occlusion induced a significant decrease in mean A1 and rSO2, and an increase in mean Q values (p < 0.001), which returned to the baseline level after occlusion. While neuronal imbalances were mostly transient, persistently increased Q values were observed in four cases (11.8%), all indicating postoperative abnormalities in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (100%). Meanwhile, A1 detected the postoperative abnormality in only one case (25%). Preoperative Q values at the time of surgery were significantly higher in symptomatic patients having the upper limb deficits than those without (p < 0.01), indicating persistent or permanent imbalances. Conclusion Paired-pulse SEPs reliably identified transient, persistent or permanent neuronal imbalances, depending on the ischemic severity. These preliminary results indicated that paired-pulse SEPs, in combination with conventional SEPs (A1), may offer better ischemic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujioka
- Neurosurgery, Nagasaki Yurino Hospital, Nagasaki, JPN.,Neurosurgery, Kanmon Medical Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Shimonoseki, JPN.,Neurosurgery, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Fukuoka, JPN
| | | | - Yoshiteru Soejima
- Neurosurgery, Kanmon Medical Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Shimonoseki, JPN
| | - Hideki Harada
- Anaesthesiology, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Fukuoka, JPN
| | - Katsuhiro Yamashita
- Neurosurgery, Kanmon Medical Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Shimonoseki, JPN
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Seidel K, Jeschko J, Schucht P, Bervini D, Fung C, Krejci V, Z'Graggen W, Fischer U, Arnold M, Goldberg J, Raabe A, Beck J. Somatosensory Evoked Potential and Transcranial Doppler Monitoring to Guide Shunting in Carotid Endarterectomy. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2020; 82:299-307. [PMID: 31935785 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1698441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clamping of the internal carotid artery (ICA) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a critical step. In our neurosurgical department, CEAs are performed with transcranial Doppler (TCD) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring with a 50% flow velocity/amplitude decrement warning criteria for shunting. The aim of our study was to evaluate our protocol with immediate neurologic deficits after surgery for the primary end point. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of symptomatic and asymptomatic ICA stenosis patients from January 2012 to June 2015. Only those cases in which CEA was performed with both modalities (TCD and SEP) were included. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to evaluate TCD and SEP ratios based on immediate postoperative neurologic deficits. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were included, 120 (83.3%) with symptomatic ICA stenosis. The primary end point was met by six patients (4.2%); all of them were patients with a symptomatic ICA stenosis. The stroke and death rate was 1.4%. Ratios of SEP amplitudes demonstrated significant differences between patients with and without an immediate postoperative neurologic deficit at the time of ICA clamping (p = 0.005), ICA clamping at 10 minutes (p = 0.044), and ICA reperfusion (p = 0.005). Ratios of TCD flow velocity showed no significant difference at all critical steps. CONCLUSION In this retrospective series of simultaneous TCD and SEP monitoring during CEA surgery of predominantly symptomatic ICA stenosis patients, the stroke and death rate was 1.4%. SEP seemed to be superior to TCD in predicting the need for an intraoperative shunt and for predicting temporary postoperative deficits. Further prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Seidel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Jeschko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Schucht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Bervini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Krejci
- Department of Anesthesiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Z'Graggen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Goldberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Raabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Okuyama S, Nishimura S, Takahashi Y, Kubota K, Hirano T, Kazama K, Tomii M, Matsuyama J, Mizuno J, Matsushima T, Sato M, Watanabe K. Limitations of median nerve somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:750-756. [PMID: 30192190 DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.jns171784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoperfusion during carotid artery cross-clamping (CC) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) may result in the major complication of perioperative stroke. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (MNSSEP) monitoring, which is an established method for the prediction of cerebral ischemia, has low sensitivity in detecting such hypoperfusion. In this study the authors sought to explore the limitations of MNSSEP monitoring compared to tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potential (TNSSEP) monitoring for the detection of CC-related hypoperfusion. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent unilateral CEA with routine shunt use. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance angiography and were monitored for intraoperative cerebral ischemia by using MNSSEP, TNSSEP, and carotid stump pressure during CC. First, the frequency of MNSSEP and TNSSEP changes during CC were analyzed. Subsequently, variables related to stump pressure were determined by using linear analysis and those related to each of the somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) changes were determined by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 94 patients (mean age 74 years) were included in the study. TNSSEP identified a greater number of SSEP changes during CC than MNSSEP (20.2% vs 11.7%; p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that hypoplasia of the contralateral proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1 hypoplasia) (p < 0.01) and hypoplasia of the ipsilateral precommunicating segment of the posterior cerebral artery (P1 hypoplasia) (p = 0.02) independently and negatively correlated with stump pressure. Both contralateral A1 hypoplasia (OR 26.25, 95% CI 4.52-152.51) and ipsilateral P1 hypoplasia (OR 8.75, 95% CI 1.83-41.94) were independently related to the TNSSEP changes. However, only ipsilateral P1 hypoplasia (OR 8.76, 95% CI 1.61-47.67) was independently related to MNSSEP changes. CONCLUSIONS TNSSEP monitoring appears to be superior to MNSSEP in detecting CC-related hypoperfusion. Correlation with stump pressure and SSEP changes indicates that TNSSEP, and not MNSSEP monitoring, is a reliable indicator of cerebral ischemia in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masataka Sato
- 2Laboratory Medicine, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Iwanuma, Japan
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Rationale and Design for the Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 60:246-253. [PMID: 31200043 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the perioperative stroke rate after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is low, "silent" microinfarctions identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are common and have been correlated with postoperative neurocognitive decline. Our study will investigate the role of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) as a potential neuroprotective mechanism. RIPC is a well-tolerated stimulus that, through neuronal and humoral pathways, generates a systemic environment of greater resistance to subsequent ischemic insults. We hypothesized that patients undergoing RIPC before CEA will have improved postoperative neurocognitive scores compared with those of patients undergoing standard care. METHODS Patients undergoing CEA will be randomized 1:1 to RIPC or standard clinical care. Those randomized to RIPC will undergo a standard protocol of 4 cycles of RIPC. Each RIPC cycle will involve 5 min of forearm ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Forearm ischemia will be induced by a blood pressure cuff inflated to 200 mm Hg or at least 15 mm Hg higher than the systolic pressure if it is >185 mm Hg. This will occur after anesthesia induction and during incision/dissection but before manipulation or clamping of the carotid; thus, patients will be blinded to their assignment. Before carotid endarterectomy, all patients will undergo baseline neurocognitive testing in the form of a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox. MoCA testing only will be conducted on postoperative day 1 in the hospital. The full neurocognitive testing battery will again be conducted at 1-month follow-up in the office. Changes from baseline will be compared between arms at the follow-up time points. Assuming no drop-ins or dropouts and a 10% loss to follow-up, we would need a sample size of 43 patients for 80% power per treatment arm. The primary endpoint, change in MoCA scores, will be analyzed using a random effects model, and secondary outcomes will be analyzed using either linear or logistic regression where appropriate. CONCLUSIONS RIPC, if shown to be effective in protecting patients from neurocognitive decline after CEA, represents a safe, inexpensive, and easily implementable method of neuroprotection.
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Yu Y, Zhang K, Zhang L, Zong H, Meng L, Han R. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for perioperative monitoring of brain oxygenation in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 1:CD010947. [PMID: 29341066 PMCID: PMC6491319 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010947.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various techniques have been employed for the early detection of perioperative cerebral ischaemia and hypoxia. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used in this clinical scenario to monitor brain oxygenation. However, it is unknown whether perioperative cerebral NIRS monitoring and the subsequent treatment strategies are of benefit to patients. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of perioperative cerebral NIRS monitoring and corresponding treatment strategies in adults and children, compared with blinded or no cerebral oxygenation monitoring, or cerebral oxygenation monitoring based on non-NIRS technologies, on the detection of cerebral oxygen desaturation events (CDEs), neurological outcomes, non-neurological outcomes and socioeconomic impact (including cost of hospitalization and length of hospital stay). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2016, Issue 12), Embase (1974 to 20 December 2016) and MEDLINE (PubMed) (1975 to 20 December 2016). We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing studies on 20 December 2016. We updated this search in November 2017, but these results have not yet been incorporated in the review. We imposed no language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) dealing with the use of cerebral NIRS in the perioperative setting (during the operation and within 72 hours after the operation), including the operating room, the postanaesthesia care unit and the intensive care unit. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. For binary outcomes, we calculated the risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. As we expected clinical and methodological heterogeneity between studies, we employed a random-effects model for analyses and we examined the data for heterogeneity (I2 statistic). We created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADEpro. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 studies in the review, comprising a total of 1822 adult participants. There are 12 studies awaiting classification, and eight ongoing studies.None of the 15 included studies considered the paediatric population. Four studies were conducted in the abdominal and orthopaedic surgery setting (lumbar spine, or knee and hip replacement), one study in the carotid endarterectomy setting, and the remaining 10 studies in the aortic or cardiac surgery setting. The main sources of bias in the included studies related to potential conflict of interest from industry sponsorship, unclear blinding status or missing participant data.Two studies with 312 participants considered postoperative neurological injury, however no pooled effect estimate could be calculated due to discordant direction of effect between studies (low-quality evidence). One study (N = 126) in participants undergoing major abdominal surgery reported that 4/66 participants experienced neurological injury with blinded monitoring versus 0/56 in the active monitoring group. A second study (N = 195) in participants having coronary artery bypass surgery reported that 1/96 participants experienced neurological injury in the blinded monitoring group compared with 4/94 participants in the active monitoring group.We are uncertain whether active cerebral NIRS monitoring has an important effect on the risk of postoperative stroke because of the low number of events and wide confidence interval (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.20; 2 studies, 240 participants; low-quality evidence).We are uncertain whether active cerebral NIRS monitoring has an important effect on postoperative delirium because of the wide confidence interval (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.45; 1 study, 190 participants; low-quality evidence).Two studies with 126 participants showed that active cerebral NIRS monitoring may reduce the incidence of mild postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) as defined by the original studies at one week after surgery (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.95, I2 = 49%, low-quality evidence).Based on six studies with 962 participants, there was moderate-quality evidence that active cerebral oxygenation monitoring probably does not decrease the occurrence of POCD (decline in cognitive function) at one week after surgery (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.04, I2 = 80%). The different type of monitoring equipment in one study could potentially be the cause of the heterogeneity.We are uncertain whether active cerebral NIRS monitoring has an important effect on intraoperative mortality or postoperative mortality because of the low number of events and wide confidence interval (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.03, I2= 0%; 3 studies, 390 participants; low-quality evidence). There was no evidence to determine whether routine use of NIRS-based cerebral oxygenation monitoring causes adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effects of perioperative active cerebral NIRS monitoring of brain oxygenation in adults for reducing the occurrence of short-term, mild POCD are uncertain due to the low quality of the evidence. There is uncertainty as to whether active cerebral NIRS monitoring has an important effect on postoperative stroke, delirium or death because of the low number of events and wide confidence intervals. The conclusions of this review may change when the eight ongoing studies are published and the 12 studies awaiting assessment are classified. More RCTs performed in the paediatric population and high-risk patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (e.g. neurosurgery, carotid endarterectomy and other surgery) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of AnesthesiologyNo.6 Tiantan XiliBeijingChina100050
| | - Kaiying Zhang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of AnesthesiologyNo.6 Tiantan XiliBeijingChina100050
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology and Health StatisticsNo. 129 Mail Box, No. 10 Xitoutiao, YouanmenwaiBeijingChina100069
| | - Huantao Zong
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of UrologyNo.6 Tiantan XiliBeijingChina100050
| | - Lingzhong Meng
- Yale University School of MedicineDepartment of AnesthesiologyNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Ruquan Han
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of AnesthesiologyNo.6 Tiantan XiliBeijingChina100050
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Ares WJ, Grandhi RM, Panczykowski DM, Weiner GM, Thirumala P, Habeych ME, Crammond DJ, Horowitz MB, Jankowitz BT, Jadhav A, Jovin TG, Ducruet AF, Balzer J. Diagnostic Accuracy of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring in Evaluating Neurological Complications During Endovascular Aneurysm Treatment. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ons/opx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring is used extensively for early detection and prevention of neurological complications in patients undergoing many different neurosurgical procedures. However, the predictive ability of SSEP monitoring during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is not well detailed.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of intraoperative SSEP in the prediction postprocedural neurological deficits (PPNDs) after coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms.
METHODS
This population-based cohort study included patients ≥18 years of age undergoing intracranial aneurysm embolization with concurrent SSEP monitoring between January 2006 and August 2012. The ability of SSEP to predict PPNDs was analyzed by multiple regression analyses and assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
RESULTS
In a population of 888 patients, SSEP changes occurred in 8.6% (n = 77). Twenty-eight patients (3.1%) suffered PPNDs. A 50% to 99% loss in SSEP waveform was associated with a 20-fold increase in risk of PPND; a total loss of SSEP waveform, regardless of permanence, was associated with a greater than 200-fold risk of PPND. SSEPs displayed very good predictive ability for PPND, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (95% CI 0.76-0.92).
CONCLUSION
This study supports the predictive ability of SSEPs for the detection of PPNDs. The magnitude and persistence of SSEP changes is clearly associated with the development of PPNDs. The utility of SSEP monitoring in detecting ischemia may provide an opportunity for neurointerventionalists to respond to changes intraoperatively to mitigate the potential for PPNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Ares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramesh M Grandhi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Health Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David M Panczykowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M Weiner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Parthasarathy Thirumala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miguel E Habeych
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald J Crammond
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Brian T Jankowitz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashutosh Jadhav
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tudor G Jovin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey Balzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Belov YV, Medvedeva LA, Zagorulko OI, Komarov RN, Drakina OV, Baskova TG. [Validity of test scales for neurocognitive and psychoemotional testing in patients with surgical pathology of precerebral arteries]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2017:67-75. [PMID: 28514386 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2017567-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Belov
- Petrovsky Russian Research Center of Surgery
| | | | | | - R N Komarov
- Clinic of aortic and cardiovascular surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
| | - O V Drakina
- Clinic of aortic and cardiovascular surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
| | - T G Baskova
- Central Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic, Moscow
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10
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Causal factors for position-related SSEP changes in spinal surgery. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 25:3208-3213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wang T, Mei B, Zhang J. Atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and cognitive function. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 146:64-70. [PMID: 27152468 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis carotid stenosis is associated with stroke and cognitive impairment. Progressive cognitive decline may be an even greater problem than stroke, but it has not been widely recognized and therefore must be adequately addressed. Although both Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) and Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) have been proven can prevent future stroke in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis, the influence of CEA and CAS on cognitive function is not clear. In the first part of this review, we evaluated the literature concerning carotid stenosis and the risk of cognitive impairment. Studies have suggested that both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis are associated with cognitive impairment. In the second part, we reviewed the impact of CEA and CAS on cognitive function, some studies have shown benefits, but others have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychological Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Mei
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychological Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychological Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Inoue T, Ohwaki K, Tamura A, Tsutsumi K, Saito I, Saito N. Extracranial-intracranial bypass for internal carotid/middle cerebral atherosclerotic steno-occlusive diseases in conjunction with carotid endarterectomy for contralateral cervical carotid stenosis: clinical results and cognitive performance. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 39:633-41. [PMID: 27026102 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-016-0717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical results as well as cognitive performances after extracranial to intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in conjunction with contralateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are poorly understood. Data from 14 patients who underwent unilateral EC-IC bypass for atherosclerotic internal carotid artery (ICA)/middle cerebral artery (MCA) steno-occlusive disease in conjunction with CEA for contralateral cervical carotid stenosis were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative results were evaluated by MRI imagings. Nine patients also underwent neuropsychological examinations (NPEs), including assessment by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) before and about 6 months after bilateral surgeries. Postoperative MRI follow-up (median, 8 months; interquartile range, 7-8 months) confirmed successful bypass in all patients, with no additional ischemic lesions on T2WI when compared with preoperative imaging. Further, MRA showed patent bypass and contralateral smooth patency at CEA portion in all patients. In the group rate analysis, all five postoperative NPE scores (Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, WMS-memory, WMS-attention, and Average scores of all those four scores) were improved relative to preoperative NPE scores. Performance IQ and Average score improvements were statistically significant. Clinical results after EC-IC bypass in conjunction with contralateral CEA were feasible. Based on the group rate analysis, we conclude that successful unilateral EC-IC bypass and contralateral carotid endarterectomy does not adversely affect postoperative cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Ohwaki
- Health Management Center, JCHO Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Inoue T, Ohwaki K, Tamura A, Tsutsumi K, Saito I, Saito N. Postoperative transient neurological symptoms and chronic subdural hematoma after extracranial-intracranial bypass for internal carotid/middle cerebral atherosclerotic steno-occlusive diseases: negative effect on cognitive performance. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:207-16. [PMID: 26530710 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-015-2620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying post-extracranial to intracranial (EC-IC) bypass neurocognitive changes are poorly understood. METHODS Data from 55 patients who underwent a unilateral EC-IC bypass for atherosclerotic internal carotid artery (ICA)/middle cerebral artery (MCA) steno-occlusive disease were retrospectively evaluated. These patients underwent neuropsychological examinations (NPEs), including assessment by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) before and 6 months after EC-IC bypass. Results of NPEs were converted into Z-scores from which preoperative cognitive composite scores (CSpre) and postoperative cognitive composite scores (CSpost) were obtained. The association between the change of composite score between pre- and postoperative NPEs (CSpost-pre = CS post - CS pre) and various variables were assessed. These latter variables included occluded artery (ICA or MCA), preexisting ischemic lesion as verified in preoperative T2WI, robust bypass patency as verified by MRA performed approximately 6 months postoperatively, and postoperative transient neurological symptoms and/or postoperative chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), both of which were dichotomized as postoperative events. RESULTS Postoperative MRI follow-up (median, 6 months; interquartile range, 5-8 months) confirmed successful bypasses in all patients, with no additional ischemic lesions on T2WI when compared with preoperative imaging. Further, MRA showed patent bypasses in all patients. A nearly statistically significant CS post-pre decrease was observed in patients with postoperative events when compared with those without postoperative events (-0.158 vs. 0.039; p = 0.069). A multiple regression model predicting CSpost-pre was performed. After controlling for occluded arteries, postoperative events were identified as an independent predictor of a decline in CSpost-pre (p = 0.044). In the group rate analysis, three of four postoperative NPE scores (Performance IQ, WMS-memory, WMS-attention) were significantly improved relative to preoperative NPE scores. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative transient neurological symptoms and/or CSDH might play a significant role in the subtle decline in cognition following an EC-IC bypass. However, this detrimental effect was small, and based on the group rate analysis, we concluded that a successful unilateral EC-IC bypass does not adversely affect postoperative cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Ohwaki
- Health Management Center, JCHO Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, 270-12 Sugita, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka, 418-0021, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Abstract
We review topics pertinent to the perioperative care of patients with neurological disorders. Our review addresses topics not only in the anesthesiology literature, but also in basic neurosciences, critical care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, and internal medicine literature. We include literature published or available online up through December 8, 2013. As our review is not able to include all manuscripts, we focus on recurring themes and unique and pivotal investigations. We address the broad topics of general neuroanesthesia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, anesthetic neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, pharmacology, physiology, and nervous system monitoring.
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15
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Inoue T, Ohwaki K, Tamura A, Tsutsumi K, Saito I, Saito N. Subtle structural change demonstrated on T2-weighted images after clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysm: negative effects on cognitive performance. J Neurosurg 2014; 120:937-44. [PMID: 24484231 DOI: 10.3171/2013.12.jns131790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The mechanisms underlying neurocognitive changes after surgical clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that determine postoperative cognitive decline after UIA surgery. METHODS Data from 109 patients who underwent surgical clipping of a UIA were retrospectively evaluated. These patients underwent neuropsychological examinations (NPEs), including assessment by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised before and 6 months after surgical clipping of the UIA. Results of NPEs were converted into z scores, from which pre- and postoperative cognitive composite scores (CSpre and CSpost) were obtained. The association between the change in CS between pre- and postoperative NPEs (that is, CSpost - CSpre [CSpost - pre]) and various variables was assessed. These latter variables included surgical approach (anterior interhemispheric approach or other approach), structural change evidenced on T2-weighted imaging at 6 months, somatosensory evoked potential amplitude decrease greater than 50% during aneurysm manipulation, preexisting multiple ischemic lesions in the lacunar region detected on preoperative T2-weighted imaging, and total microsurgical time. Paired t-tests of the NPE scores were performed to determine the net effect of these factors on neurocognitive function at 6 months. RESULTS A significant CSpost - pre decrease was observed in patients with a structural change on postoperative T2-weighted imaging when compared with those without such a change on postoperative T2-weighted imaging (-0.181 vs 0.043, p = 0.012). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that postoperative T2-weighted imaging change independently and negatively correlated with CSpost - pre (p = 0.0005). In group-rate analysis, postoperative NPE scores were significantly improved relative to preoperative scores. CONCLUSIONS Minimal structural damage visualized on T2-weighted images at 6 months as a result of factors such as pial/microvascular injury and excessive retraction during surgical manipulation could cause subtle but significant negative effects on postoperative neurocognitive function after surgical clipping of a UIA. However, this detrimental effect was small, and based on the group-rate analysis, the authors conclude that successful and meticulous surgical clipping of a UIA does not adversely affect postoperative cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuji Brain Institute and Hospital, Shizuoka
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16
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Yu Y, Zhang K, Zhang L, Zong H, Meng L, Han R. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for perioperative monitoring of brain oxygenation in children and adults. Hippokratia 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Anesthesiology; No.6 Tiantan Xili Beijing China 100050
| | - Kaiying Zhang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Anesthesiology; No.6 Tiantan Xili Beijing China 100050
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; No. 129 Mail Box, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Beijing China 100069
| | - Huantao Zong
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Urology; No.6 Tiantan Xili Beijing China 100050
| | - Lingzhong Meng
- University of California San Francisco; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; 521 Parnassus Avenue, Room C-450 San Francisco California USA 94143
| | - Ruquan Han
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Anesthesiology; No.6 Tiantan Xili Beijing China 100050
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Plessers M, Van Herzeele I, Vermassen F, Vingerhoets G. Neurocognitive functioning after carotid revascularization: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2014; 4:132-48. [PMID: 25076958 PMCID: PMC4105952 DOI: 10.1159/000362921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to review the recent literature regarding the neurocognitive consequences of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid stenting (CAS). METHODS AND RESULTS A PubMed and Web of Science search was conducted using the key words 'carotid' in combination with 'cognitive', 'cognition', 'neurocognition', 'neurocognitive', 'neuropsychology', and 'neuropsychological'. Bibliographies of relevant articles were cross-referenced. We included 37 studies published since 2007 of which 18 examined CEA, 12 CAS, and 7 compared CEA to CAS. There is a wide variability in the reported neurocognitive outcome following CEA and CAS. Nonetheless, none of the included studies unveiled significant differences between CEA and CAS on postoperative neurocognitive functioning. Postoperative changes observed for CEA and CAS separately seem limited to a small percentage (around 10-15%) of patients and can either present as an improvement or impairment. KEY MESSAGES The available data seem to suggest that no obvious cognitive differences between CAS and CEA can be observed after intervention. Both improvement and deterioration in cognitive functioning can be observed following CAS or CEA. Methodological differences such as patient heterogeneity, implementation and type of control groups, type of psychometric tests used, statistical analyses, or timing of the assessments play an important role in explaining the sometimes divergent results of the included studies. Large-scale and methodologically solid studies comparing CEA and CAS on neurocognitive outcome remain warranted. Future studies should implement adequate control groups to correct for practice effects in the target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Plessers
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Van Herzeele
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Vermassen
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Vingerhoets
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Franco-Lira M, Cross JV, Engle R, Aragón-Flores M, Gómez-Garza G, Jewells V, Medina-Cortina H, Solorio E, Chao CK, Zhu H, Mukherjee PS, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Torres-Jardón R, D'Angiulli A. Flavonol-rich dark cocoa significantly decreases plasma endothelin-1 and improves cognition in urban children. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:104. [PMID: 23986703 PMCID: PMC3749371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution exposures are linked to systemic inflammation, cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, neuroinflammation and neuropathology in young urbanites. In particular, most Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) children exhibit subtle cognitive deficits, and neuropathology studies show 40% of them exhibiting frontal tau hyperphosphorylation and 51% amyloid-β diffuse plaques (compared to 0% in low pollution control children). We assessed whether a short cocoa intervention can be effective in decreasing plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1) and/or inflammatory mediators in MCMA children. Thirty gram of dark cocoa with 680 mg of total flavonols were given daily for 10.11 ± 3.4 days (range 9–24 days) to 18 children (10.55 years, SD = 1.45; 11F/7M). Key metabolite ratios in frontal white matter and in hippocampus pre and during cocoa intervention were quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ET-1 significantly decreased after cocoa treatment (p = 0.0002). Fifteen children (83%) showed a marginally significant individual improvement in one or both of the applied simple short memory tasks. Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of exposure to particulate matter (PM) and decreased endothelin-1 bioavailability is likely useful for brain function in the context of air pollution. Our findings suggest that cocoa interventions may be critical for early implementation of neuroprotection of highly exposed urban children. Multi-domain nutraceutical interventions could limit the risk for endothelial dysfunction, cerebral hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, cognitive deficits, structural volumetric detrimental brain effects, and the early development of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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