Retrospective analysis of a concurrent series of microscopic versus endoscopic transsphenoidal surgeries for Knosp Grades 0-2 nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas at a single institution

Predictive value of cyst/tumor volume ratio of pituitary adenoma for tumor cell proliferation

BACKGROUND

MRI has been widely used to predict the preoperative proliferative potential of pituitary adenoma (PA). However, the relationship between the cyst/tumor volume ratio (C/T ratio) and the proliferative potential of PA has not been reported. Herein, we determined the predictive value of the C/T ratio of PA for tumor cell proliferation.

METHODS

The clinical data of 72 patients with PA and cystic change on MRI were retrospectively analyzed. PA volume, cyst volume, and C/T ratio were calculated. The corresponding intraoperative specimens were collected. Immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed to evaluate the Ki67 index and nuclear atypia. Patients were categorized according to the Ki67 index (< 3% and ≥ 3%) and nuclear atypia (absence and presence). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the Ki67 index and nuclear atypia. The receiver operating characteristic curve assessed the prediction ability of the significant predictors.

RESULTS

Larger tumor volumes, smaller cyst volumes, and lower C/T ratios were found in patients with higher Ki67 indexes and those with nuclear atypia (P < 0.05). C/T ratio was an independent predictor of the Ki67 index (odds ratio = 0.010, 95% confidence interval = 0.000-0.462) and nuclear atypia (odds ratio = 0.010, 95% confidence interval = 0.000-0.250). The predictive value of the C/T ratio did not differ significantly from that of tumor volume (P > 0.05) but was better than that of cyst volume (P < 0.05). The area under the curve of the C/T ratio for predicting the Ki67 index and nuclear atypia was larger than that for predicting cyst volume and tumor volume.

CONCLUSIONS

C/T ratios can be used to predict PA tumor proliferation preoperatively. Our findings may facilitate the selection of surgery timing and the efficacy evaluation of surgery.

Endonasal endoscopic surgery for pituitary adenomas

Pituitary adenomas are slow-growing, benign intracranial tumors that can be characterized as functional (hormone-producing) or non-functional (non-hormone producing). Symptoms therefore arise from either endocrinologic abnormalities or mass effect on surrounding structures resulting in symptoms such as visual impairment and headache. In the last two decades, technical innovations have shifted surgical resection of such adenomas to endoscopic endonasal approaches. In this review, we describe the evolving approach to pituitary adenomas in the modern endoscopic era, including preoperative multidisciplinary review, relevant surgical anatomy, and a description of the technical nuances of standard and expanded approaches to the anterior skull base.

Current and Future Perspectives of Microscopic and Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas: A Narrative Review

Transsphenoidal resection remains the standard treatment for most pituitary adenomas. However, the ideal surgical approach to safely access these lesions, either microsurgical or endoscopic, continues to be debated. Since the introduction of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, centers around the world have increasingly adopted this technique, experiencing a shift away from the conventional microsurgical approach. Large series reporting the efficacy and safety of endoscopic surgery have fueled a growing interest in comparing clinical outcomes between both approaches. Still, proving superiority of either surgical approach remains an elusive task due to the inherent drawbacks of surgical observational studies, as we are still faced with a growing body of evidence reporting conflicting results. Thus, a comprehensive discussion regarding the reach and limitations of both techniques becomes necessary. In this narrative review, we perform a critical appraisal of the literature and provide an expert opinion on the state-of-the-art in transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. The advantages and limitations of each approach are assessed and compared from a technical standpoint, and their reported outcomes evaluated in the framework of this transition phase. Available evidence should be interpreted in light of individual patient characteristics and within the context of each medical center, taking into consideration the known impact that surgical expertise and multidisciplinary management hold on clinical outcomes.

Safeness of sodium fluorescein administration in neurosurgery: Case-report of an erroneous very high-dose administration and review of the literature

Introduction

Sodium Fluorescein has become a validated and widely used fluorescent dye in neuro-oncological surgery, thanks to its ability to accumulate in cerebral with a damaged blood-brain barrier. It concentrates at the tumor site, enhancing the lesion, and helps in the discrimination between tumor and normal brain parenchyma.

Research question

This dye has a very well described profile of safeness, as a result of several applications in ophthalmology and, in recent years, also in neurosurgery. To date, no reviews are available on collateral effects of sodium fluorescein application in neurosurgery.

Material and methods

The case of a young woman who underwent a potentially toxic dose (almost 3 ​g) of sodium fluroescein administration during anesthesia induction for a glioma surgery due to a medical error is presented, along with a review of available articles relates to collateral effects of sodium fluorescein in neurosurgery.

Results

No toxic clinical phenomena occurred, and the microsurgical procedure was completed, achieving tumor gross total resection. Procedure resulted challenging due to an intense basal hyper-fluorescence, making difficult the visualization of brain tissues and the discrimination between normal brain and tumor.

Discussion and conclusions

The good clinical and laboratory outcome of this patient further strengthens the idea that fluorescein-guided removal of brain tumors may be considered safe, beyond effective. By now, this is the first report of an erroneous so high dose administration of sodium fluorescein during a neurosurgical procedure and the first review of neurosurgical-reported collateral effects.

Confocal laser imaging in neurosurgery: A comprehensive review of sodium fluorescein-based CONVIVO preclinical and clinical applications

Given the established direct correlation that exists among extent of resection and postoperative survival in brain tumors, obtaining complete resections is of primary importance. Apart from the various technological advancements that have been introduced in current clinical practice, histopathological study still remains the gold-standard for definitive diagnosis. Frozen section analysis still represents the most rapid and used intraoperative histopathological method that allows for an intraoperative differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, such technique owes some intrinsic limitations that limit its overall potential in obtaining real-time diagnosis during surgery. In this context, confocal laser technology has been suggested as a promising method to have near real-time intraoperative histological images in neurosurgery, thanks to the results of various studies performed in other non-neurosurgical fields. Still far to be routinely implemented in current neurosurgical practice, pertinent literature is growing quickly, and various reports have recently demonstrated the utility of this technology in both preclinical and clinical settings in identifying brain tumors, microvasculature, and tumor margins, when coupled to the intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Specifically in neurosurgery, among different available devices, the ZEISS CONVIVO system probably boasts the most recent and largest number of experimental studies assessing its usefulness, which has been confirmed for identifying brain tumors, offering a diagnosis and distinguishing between healthy and pathologic tissue, and studying brain vessels. The main objective of this systematic review is to present a state-of-the-art summary on sodium fluorescein-based preclinical and clinical applications of the ZEISS CONVIVO in neurosurgery.

Clinical application of the “sellar barrier’s concept” for predicting intraoperative CSF leak in endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas with a machine learning analysis

Background

Recently, it was defined that the sellar barrier entity could be identified as a predictor of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) intraoperative leakage. The aim of this study is to validate the application of the sellar barrier concept for predicting intraoperative CSF leak in endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas with a machine learning approach.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study, from June 2019 to September 2020: data from 155 patients with pituitary subdiaphragmatic adenoma operated through endoscopic approach at the Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,” were included. Preoperative magnetic resonance images (MRI) and intraoperative findings were analyzed. After processing patient data, the experiment was conducted as a novelty detection problem, splitting outliers (i.e., patients with intraoperative fistula, n = 11/155) and inliers into separate datasets, the latter further separated into training (n = 115/144) and inlier test (n = 29/144) datasets. The machine learning analysis was performed using different novelty detection algorithms [isolation forest, local outlier factor, one-class support vector machine (oSVM)], whose performance was assessed separately and as an ensemble on the inlier and outlier test sets.

Results

According to the type of sellar barrier, patients were classified into two groups, i.e., strong and weak barrier; a third category of mixed barrier was defined when a case was neither weak nor strong. Significant differences between the three datasets were found for Knosp classification score (p = 0.0015), MRI barrier: strong (p = 1.405 × 10⁻⁶), MRI barrier: weak (p = 4.487 × 10⁻⁸), intraoperative barrier: strong (p = 2.788 × 10⁻⁷), and intraoperative barrier: weak (p = 2.191 × 10⁻¹⁰). We recorded 11 cases of intraoperative leakage that occurred in the majority of patients presenting a weak sellar barrier (p = 4.487 × 10⁻⁸) at preoperative MRI. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for outlier detection were 0.70, 0.64, and 0.72 for IF; 0.85, 0.45, and 1.00 for LOF; 0.83, 0.64, and 0.90 for oSVM; and 0.83, 0.55, and 0.93 for the ensemble, respectively.

Conclusions

There is a true correlation between the type of sellar barrier at MRI and its in vivo features as observed during endoscopic endonasal surgery. The novelty detection models highlighted differences between patients who developed an intraoperative CSF leak and those who did not.

Sinonasal Symptoms and Self-Reported Health before and after Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery—A Prospective Study

Objectives Despite the limited invasiveness of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETSS), some degree of nasal structure destruction is unavoidable. Our objective was to evaluate sinonasal morbidity and self-reported health before and 6 months after ETSS for pituitary tumors, and to identify possible predictive factors for deterioration in sinonasal health.

Design Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting University tertiary referral hospital.

Participants Totally 109 consecutive adult patients undergoing ETSS for pituitary tumors between 2015 and 2019.

Main Outcome Measures Sinonasal symptoms and self-reported health before and 6 months after ETSS, assessed by the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and the EQ-5D questionnaire. Predictive factors for postoperative deterioration in sinonasal symptoms.

Results The overall SNOT-22 score did not change, but the score of the rhinologic domain of SNOT-22 worsened from 6.0 ± 5.9 before to 8.0 ± 7.4 6 months after surgery (p = 0.011). The EQ-5D visual analog scale improved from 64.0 ± 22.9 before to 71.1 ± 18.7 6 months after surgery (p = 0.00088). Univariate and multivariable regression analyses showed that prior sinonasal surgery was associated with a significant worsening in rhinologic symptoms 6 months after surgery (p = 0.046 and p = 0.020, respectively).

Conclusions Although self-reported overall health improved, significant deterioration of rhinologic symptoms was seen 6 months after ETSS. This information is important for preoperative patient counselling. Further refinement of the surgical technique and follow-up strategies to reduce postoperative sinonasal morbidity could be of value, especially in patients who have undergone prior sinonasal surgery.

Radiological evolution of autograft fat used for skull base reconstruction after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas

PURPOSE

Cerebro-spinal fluid leak after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas may be prevented by skull base reconstruction with fat autograft. However, graft changes may interfere with the interpretation of postoperative images. Our aim is to describe the radiological evolution of the fat autograft.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed, including patients undergoing a transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas with a fat autograft for skull base reconstruction. Clinical and radiological data were collected, with assessment of fat autograft and extent of resection. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank test while Spearman's Rho was used to analyze the relationship between variables.

RESULTS

Seventy-two patients were included. Macroadenomas were diagnosed in 62 cases (86.1%) and in 21 cases an invasion of the cavernous sinus was described (29%). Gross total resection was achieved in 84.7% of cases. The volume of the fat graft significantly decreased between 3 months and 1 year after surgery (p = 0.01) and between 1 year and the last follow-up (mean 4.63 years, p < 0.01). Fat signal ratio significantly diminished between 3 months and 1 year in unenhanced and enhanced T1-weighted sequences (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 respectively). Volume reduction was related to the decrease in signal ratio in unenhanced T1 sequences (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Fat resorbs with time: almost 50% of the fat volume is lost during the first year after surgery and 60% is resorbed at 4.6 years. T1-signal, before and after gadolinium injection, also decreases during the first year, probably because of the progressive fibrosis of the graft. This information will contribute to the interpretation of postoperative images.

Transsphenoidal Surgery of Corticotroph Adenomas With Cavernous Sinus Invasion: Results in a Series of 86 Consecutive Patients

Objective

Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is the first-line treatment for corticotroph adenomas. Although most corticotroph adenomas are noninvasive microadenomas, a small subset of them invading cavernous sinus (CS) is notoriously difficult to manage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of corticotroph adenomas with CSI from a single center.

Patients and Methods

The clinical features and outcomes of CD patients who underwent TSS between January 2000 and September 2019 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were collected from medical records. The clinical, endocrinological, radiological, histopathological, and surgical outcomes, and a minimum 12-month follow-up of patients with corticotroph adenomas invading CS were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Eighty-six patients with corticotroph adenomas invading CS were included in the study. The average age at TSS was 37.7 years (range, 12 to 67 years), with a female-to-male ratio of 3.1:1 (65/21). The median duration of symptoms was 52.6 months (range, 1.0 to 264 months). The average of maximum diameter of tumor was 17.6 mm (range, 4.5–70 mm). All included 86 patients underwent TSS using a microscopic or an endoscopic approach. Gross total resection was achieved in 63 patients (73.3%), subtotal resection was attained in 18 (20.9%), and partial resection was achieved in 5 (5.8%). After surgery, the overall postoperative immediate remission rate was 48.8% (42/86); 51.2% (44/86) of patients maintained persistent hypercortisolism. In 42 patients with initial remission, 16.7% (7/42) experienced a recurrence. In these patients with persistent disease and recurrent CD, data about further treatment were available for 30 patients. Radiotherapy was used for 15 patients, and 4 (26.7%) of them achieved biochemical remission. Repeat TSS was performed in 5 patients, and none achieved remission. Medication was administered in 4 patients, and one of them obtained disease control. Adrenalectomy was performed in 6 patients, and 5 (83.3%) achieved biochemical remission. At the last follow-up, 10 of 30 patients (33.3%) were in remission, and 20 patients still had persistent disease.

The remission rate in corticotroph adenomas with cavernous sinus invasion (CSI) that underwent gross total resection and first TSS was significantly higher than that in patients undergoing subtotal resection, partial resection, and a second TSS (all p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the remission rate between patients with different tumor sizes, Knosp grades, and surgical approaches (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The management of corticotroph adenomas with CSI remain a therapeutic challenge due to incomplete resection of invasive and/or a large adenoma. With the application of multiple techniques, approximately half of the patients could achieve gross total resection and biochemical remission via TSS by experienced neurosurgeons. The extent of tumor resection and the number of operations were associated with surgical remission rate in corticotroph adenomas with CSI. If the remission was not achieved by surgery, other treatments including radiotherapy, medical therapy, and even bilateral adrenalectomy are required.

Endoscopic vs. Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for the Treatment of Pituitary Adenoma: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose

Currently, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (MTS) are commonly applied treatments for patients with pituitary adenomas. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ETS and MTS for these patients.

Methods

A computer search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted for studies investigating ETS and MTS for patients with pituitary adenomas. The deadline is March 01, 2021. RevMan5.1 software was used to complete this meta-analysis after literature screening, data extraction, and literature quality evaluation.

Results

A total of 37 studies including 5,591 patients were included. There was no significant difference in gross tumor removal (GTR) and hormone-excess secretion remission (HES remission) between two groups [RR = 1.10, 95% CI (0.99–1.22), P = 0.07; RR = 1.09, 95% CI (1.00–1.20), P = 0.05]. ETS was associated with lower incidence of diabetes insipidus (DI) [RR = 0.71, 95% CI (0.58–0.87), P = 0.0008], hypothyroidism [RR = 0.64, 95% CI (0.47–0.89), P = 0.007], and septal perforation [RR = 0.32, 95% CI (0.13–0.79), P = 0.01] than those with MTS.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicated that ETS cannot significantly improve GTR and HES remission. However, ETS could reduce the incidence of DI, hypothyroidism, and septal perforation without increasing the rate of other complications.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero, identifier: CRD42021241217.

Surgical Experience of Transcranial Approaches to Large-to-Giant Pituitary Adenomas in Knosp Grade 4

Pituitary adenomas in Knosp grade 4 are difficult to resect completely and are generally involved in poor prognosis, because of the close relationship between the tumor and internal carotid. In this study, the authors retrospectively reviewed the outcome of different transcranial approaches in the management of large-to-giant pituitary adenomas in Knosp grade 4. A total of 42 patients with large-to-giant pituitary adenomas in Knosp grade 4, who underwent craniotomy in the Pituitary Disease Subdivision, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, between March 2012 and March 2015 were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, surgical methods, complications, and outcomes were evaluated. The median age was 45 years (range, 19-73 years old), and 42.9% of the enrolled cases were men. The mean tumor diameter was 43.6 mm, and the mean volume was 30.9 cm³. 26 patients underwent the frontolateral approach, while 16 cases accepted the frontotemporal approach. Gross total resection was achieved in 11 patients (26.2%), near total in 26 (61.9%), and subtotal in 5 (11.9%). The adenomas were larger, and the distance of the tumor extending to the lateral skull base was also further in the frontotemporal approach cases. The surgical time was shorter, and the bleeding volume was less in the frontolateral approach cases. Subsellar extension was associated with incomplete resection in pituitary macroadenomas of Knosp grade 4. The craniotomy is still an effective treatment for pituitary macroadenomas in Knosp grade 4.

Characterization of tumor remnants in intraoperative MRI-assisted microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of less invasive pituitary adenomas

INTRODUCTION

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) improves the intraoperative detection of adenoma remnants in transsphenoidal surgery. iMRI might be redundant in endoscopic pituitary surgery in non-invasive tumors (Knosp 0-2) due to a superior visualization of anatomical structures in the periphery of the sella turcica compared to the microscopic technique. We identified the anatomical location of tumor remnants in iMRI and evaluated risk factors for secondary resection after iMRI and hereby selected patients with pituitary adenomas who may benefit from iMRI-assisted resection.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective monocenter study of patients who underwent iMRI-assisted transsphenoidal surgical resection of pituitary adenomas at our department between 2012 and 2020. A total number of 190 consecutive iMRI-assisted transsphenoidal surgeries of pituitary adenomas graded as Knosp 0-2 were selected for analysis. Exclusion criteria were missing iMRI availability or pathologies other than adenomas. Of these 190 cases, 46.3% (N = 88) were treated with microscopic, 48.4% (N = 92) with endoscopic, and 5.3% (N = 10) with endoscopic-assisted technique. Volumetric measurement of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative tumor extension was performed. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, and MRI features were evaluated. Additionally, analysis of adenoma remnants identified by iMRI was performed.

RESULTS

An additional resection after iMRI was performed in 16.3% (N = 31). iMRI helped to reach gross total resection (GTR) in 83.9% (26/31) of these cases. False-positive resection was found in 1 patient (0.5%). Multivariable logistic analysis identified tumor volume (OR = 1.2, p = 0.007) recurrence (OR = 11.3, p = 0.002) and microscopic technique (OR = 2.8, p = 0.029) as independent risk factors for additional resection. Simultaneously, the endoscopic technique was significantly associated with GTR as evaluated by iMRI (OR = 2.8, p = 0.011) and postoperative MRI (OR = 5.8, p = 0.027). The detailed analysis of adenoma remnants on iMRI revealed the suprasellar location in a diaphragm fold, penetrating tumor above the diaphragm, or undetected invasion of cavernous sinus as well as in case of microscopic resection tumor location outside the line of sight as the main reasons for incomplete resections.

CONCLUSION

Tumor volume, recurrence, and microscopic technique were identified as independent predictors for additional resection in patients with Knosp 0-2 adenomas. iMRI might increase the extent of resection (EOR) safely even after the endoscopic visualization of the sella with very low risk for false-positive findings. Remnants of tumors hidden within the diaphragmic folds, intrathecally, or behind the infiltrated wall of cavernous sinus not recognized on preoperative MRI were the most common findings in iMRI.

Risk factors for postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma: a meta-analysis and systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage represents a challenge even for experienced pituitary surgeons. We aimed to quantitatively synthesize data from studies regarding the risk factors for postoperative CSF leakage after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for pituitary adenoma (PA).

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and VIP database were searched for case-control and cohort studies, focusing on the risk factors associated with postoperative CSF leakage after TSS for PA. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the risk factors.

RESULTS

A total of 34 case-control and cohort studies involving a total of 9,144 patients with PA were included in this systematic review. The overall rate of postoperative CSF leakage after TSS for PA was 5.6%. Tumor size, adenoma consistency, revision surgery, and intraoperative CSF leakage were independent risk factors for postoperative CSF leakage (ORs, 3.18-6.33). By contrast, the endoscopic approach showed a slight protective benefit compared with the microscopic approach in TSS (OR, 0.69).

CONCLUSIONS

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the quality of the evidence base, informing clinical staff of the importance of screening risk factors for postoperative CSF leakage after TSS for PA. More attention should be paid to PA patients at high risk for CSF leakage after TSS to reduce complications and improve prognosis.

Outcomes and Complications of Aggressive Resection Strategy for Pituitary Adenomas in Knosp Grade 4 With Transsphenoidal Endoscopy

Surgery for pituitary adenomas (PAs) with cavernous sinus (CS) invasion in Knosp grade 4 is a great challenge and whether to adopt a conservative or aggressive surgical strategy is controversial. The aim of this study is to provide the outcomes and complications of an aggressive resection strategy for Knosp grade 4 PAs with transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery. Outcomes and complications were retrospectively analyzed in 102 patients with Knosp grade 4 PAs. Among them, primary PAs were seen in 60 patients and recurrent PAs were seen in 42 cases. Gross total resection (GTR) of the entire tumor was achieved in 72 cases (70.6%), subtotal tumor resection (STR) in 18 cases (17.6%), and partial tumor resection (PTR) in 12 cases (11.8%). Additionally, GTR of the tumor within the CS was achieved in 82 patients (80.4%), STR in 17 patients (16.7%), and PTR in 3 patients (2.9%). Statistical analyses showed that both recurrent tumors and firm consistency tumors were adverse factors for complete resection (P<0.05). Patients with GTR of the entire tumor were more likely to have favorable endocrine and visual outcomes than those with incomplete resection (P<0.05). Overall, the most common surgical complication was new cranial nerve palsy (n=7, 6.8%). The incidence of internal carotid artery (ICA) injury and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage was 2.0% (n=2) and 5.9% (n=6), respectively. Six patients (5.9%) experienced tumor recurrence postoperatively. For experienced neuroendoscopists, an aggressive tumor resection strategy via transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery may be an effective and safe option for Knosp grade 4 PAs.

Diagnostic value of Knosp grade and modified Knosp grade for cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the reliability of existing Knosp grade (KG) and modified KG for cavernous sinus invasion (CSI).

METHODS

A thorough search of literature from 1993 to 2020 in six databases was performed. Studies that reported the intraoperative confirmation of CSI using KG and/or modified KG were included. The pooled estimates were calculated by meta-analysis with a bivariate mixed-effect model and the assessment of heterogeneity with I² statistic.

RESULTS

The final search yielded 12 eligible studies, which enrolled 3006 patients assessed with KG and 1315 patients assessed with modified KG. The results of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed the good discriminative abilities of grades 2-4 (0.90), 3-4 (0.86) and 3B-4 (0.91) in predicting CSI. Grade 3A showed a remarkably lower CSI rate (44% versus 81%) and incomplete resection rate (26% versus 52%) than grade 3B. Grades 0 and 1 showed a low CSI rate. CSI and incomplete resection rates in grade 2 (30% and 21%, respectively) were close to those in grade 3A.

CONCLUSIONS

Modifying the KG improved its prognostic role in CSI and gross total resection. However, these grading systems cannot be used as the group standard for invasive and non-invasive pituitary adenomas (PAs) because of the weak reliability of the scale's middle grades (grades 2 and 3A). Authors of future PA studies should consider reporting KG as high (grades 3B and 4), medium (grades 2 and 3A) and low (grades 0 and 1) to optimise the application of the scale.

A Meta-Analysis of Endoscopic vs. Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Non-functioning and Functioning Pituitary Adenomas: Comparisons of Efficacy and Safety

Background: Although microscopic (MTSS) and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETSS) are both effective approaches for treating non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and functioning pituitary adenomas (FPA), the consensus remains unidentified on whether there are differences in the risk of postoperative complications between the two surgical approaches.

Method: A meta-analysis of the study of MTSS vs. ETSS for NFPA and FPA was conducted by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, from the date of establishment of electronic databases to September 2020 based on the PRISMA guidelines.

Results: In this study, a total of 16 studies were selected, hailing from Belgium, the USA, India, Finland, France, Korea, Spain, China, and Canada. We enrolled 1003 patients in the ETSS and 992 patients in the MTSS group. In patients with NFPA, the ETSS group was related to a higher incidence of post-operative gross-total resection (GTR). (OR = 1.655, 95% CI 1.131–2.421, P = 0.010). In participants with FPA, the results illustrated that the ETSS group had higher rates of visual improvement (OR = 2.461, 95% CI 1.109–5.459) and gross-total resection (OR = 2.033, 95% CI 1.335–3.096), as well as lower meningitis rates (OR = 0.195, 95% CI 0.041–1.923). In participants with acromegaly, no significant difference was shown in the postoperative complications.

Conclusion: Based on current evidence, participants with NFPA treated by endoscopy were related to higher rates of GTR; patients with FPA treated by ETSS were related to higher rates of visual improvement and GTR, as well as a lower rates of meningitis.

The sellar barrier on preoperative imaging predicts intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak: a prospective multicenter cohort study

BACKGROUND

The type of sellar barrier observed between a pituitary tumor and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may predict intraoperative CSF leak during endonasal pituitary surgery. This is the first multicentric prospective cohort trial to study the sellar barrier concept and CSF leak rate during endoscopic pituitary surgery.

METHODS

This multi-center, international study enrolled patients operated for pituitary adenomas via fully endoscopic endonasal surgery over a period of 4 months. The independent variable was the subtype of sellar barrier observed on preoperative MRI (strong, mixed or weak); the dependent variable was the presence of an intraoperative CSF leak. The primary goal was to determine the association between a particular type of sellar barrier and the risk of intraoperative CSF leak. Appropriate statistical methods were then applied for data analysis.

RESULTS

Over the study period, 310 patients underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumor. Preoperative imaging revealed a weak sellar barrier in 73 (23.55%), a mixed sellar barrier in 75 (24.19%), and a strong sellar barrier in 162 (52.26%) patients. The overall rate of intraoperative CSF leak among all patients was 69 (22.26%). A strong sellar-type barrier was associated with significantly reduced rate of intraoperative CSF leak (RR = 0.08; 95% CI 0.03-0.19; p < 0.0001), while a weak sellar barrier associated with higher rates of CSF leak (RR = 8.54; 95% CI 5.4-13.5; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The preoperative MRI of pituitary patients can suggest intraoperative CSF leak rates, utilizing the concept of the sellar barrier. Patients with a weak sellar barrier carry a higher risk for an intraoperative CSF leak, whereas a strong sellar barrier on MRI seems to mitigate intraoperative CSF leak. We propose that preoperatively assessment of the sellar barrier can prepare surgeons for intraoperative CSF leak repair.

How to Classify and Define Pituitary Tumors: Recent Advances and Current Controversies

Pituitary tumors are very complex and heterogeneous and have a very wide range of proliferative and aggressive behaviors, and how to define and classify these tumors remains controversial. This review summarizes the epidemiology and progress in the classification and definition of pituitary tumors, as well as controversial issues. Based on the results of radiologic and autopsy studies, the prevalence of pituitary tumors has recently increased significantly. However, the majority of pituitary tumors are incidentally discovered and asymptomatic, and such tumors are called pituitary incidentalomas. Most of these incidentalomas do not induce symptoms, remain stable in size, and do not need treatment. The recent revised classification strategies mainly depend on immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect pituitary hormones and pituitary transcription factors; therefore, the accuracy of diagnosing pituitary tumors has improved. Although new classification strategies and definitions for pituitary tumors have been presented, there are still some controversies. The term pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) was proposed by the International Pituitary Pathology Club, and this terminology can encompass the unpredictable malignant behavior seen in the subset of aggressive pituitary adenomas (PAs). However, some endocrinologists who oppose this change in terminology have argued that the use of tumor in the terminology is misleading, as it gives PAs a harmful connotation when the majority are not aggressive. Such terminology may add new ambiguity to the origin of PAs and unnecessary anxiety and frustration for the majority of patients with benign PAs. The classification of aggressive PAs mainly relies on subjective judgment of clinical behavior and lacks objective biomarkers and unified diagnostic criteria. However, the term "refractory" could more accurately represent the characteristics of these tumors, including their clinical behaviors, radiological features, and pathologic characteristics. Moreover, the diagnostic criteria for refractory PAs are stricter, more objective, and more accurate than those for aggressive PAs. Early identification of patients with these tumors through recognition and increased awareness of the definition of refractory PAs will encourage the early use of aggressive therapeutic strategies.

Comparison of outcomes between endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of pituitary adenoma: a meta-analysis

Background

Pituitary tumors are among the most common intracranial tumors. Surgical resection is the most effective treatment for patients with pituitary tumors. Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery has become the first-choice surgical approach to treating this malignancy, although it has certain limitations. Neuroendoscopy has also been widely used for pituitary tumor surgery in recent years. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these two surgical options for the treatment of pituitary tumors.

Methods

We conducted a literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Center Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science database, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar. Relevant articles published up to September 25, 2020 were retrieved and then meta-analyzed using RevMan software 5.1.

Results

A total of 29 case-control studies involving 7,774 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in gross tumor removal (GTR) (RR =1.11, 95% CI: 0.97-1.26, P=0.12) or hormone excess secretion (HES) remission (RR =1.08, 95% CI: 0.97-1.21, P=0.16) between the two groups. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was associated with a lower incidence of diabetes insipidus (DI) than was microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (RR =0.76, 95% CI: 0.60-0.97, P=0.03).

Conclusions

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery does not significantly improve GTR or HES remission, but it can reduce the incidence of DI without increasing the rates of other complications.

Proposal and Validation of a Simple Grading Scale (TRANSSPHER Grade) for Predicting Gross Total Resection of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Macroadenomas After Transsphenoidal Surgery

BACKGROUND

A simple, reliable grading scale to better characterize nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) preoperatively has potential for research and clinical applications.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a grading scale from a prospective multicenter cohort of patients that accurately and reliably predicts the likelihood of gross total resection (GTR) after transsphenoidal NFPA surgery.

METHODS

Extent-of-resection (EOR) data from a prospective multicenter study in transsphenoidal NFPA surgery were analyzed (TRANSSPHER study; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02357498). Sixteen preoperative radiographic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumor characteristics (eg, tumor size, invasion measures, tumor signal characteristics, and parameters impacting surgical access) were evaluated to determine EOR predictors, to calculate receiver-operating characteristic curves, and to develop a grading scale. A separate validation cohort (n = 165) was examined to assess the scale's performance and inter-rater reliability.

RESULTS

Data for 222 patients from 7 centers treated by 15 surgeons were analyzed. Approximately one-fifth of patients (18.5%; 41 of 222) underwent subtotal resection (STR). Maximum tumor diameter > 40 mm; nodular tumor extension through the diaphragma into the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, posterior fossa, or ventricle; and Knosp grades 3 to 4 were identified as independent STR predictors. A grading scale (TRANSSPHER grade) based on a combination of these 3 features outperformed individual variables in predicting GTR (AUC, 0.732). In a validation cohort, the scale exhibited high sensitivity and specificity (AUC, 0.779) and strong inter-rater reliability (kappa coefficient, 0.617).

CONCLUSION

This simple, reliable grading scale based on preoperative MRI characteristics can be used to better characterize NFPAs for clinical and research purposes and to predict the likelihood of achieving GTR.

Trends in endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery: a survey of the international society of pituitary surgeons between 2010 and 2020

PURPOSE

This comparative survey of surgical practice patterns between 2010 and 2020 aims to elicit trends in practice patterns for transsphenoidal surgery and to identify areas for improvement.

METHODS

Web-based surveys were sent to the International Society of Pituitary Surgeons via a membership listserv in 2010 and 2020. These 33-item surveys collected information on demographics, surgical approach, perceived advantages and disadvantages, and recommendations for improvements. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.

RESULTS

There were 51 respondents in 2010 and 82 respondents in 2020. The majority were full-time academic surgeons from the United States or Europe. Preference for a purely endoscopic technique increased from 43% in 2010 to 87% in 2020. Preference for routinely working with an otolaryngologist or second neurosurgeon increased from 35 to 51%. Most surgeons (74%) reported that they were more likely to achieve a greater extent of resection with the endoscope, though 51% noted increased operating time. The most commonly rated advantage (34%) of endoscopic TSS was fewer postoperative nasoseptal perforations; the most commonly (34%) rated disadvantage was more postoperative complications, including cerebrospinal fluid leak. Respondents were divided on whether microscopic TSS should continue to be taught in residency. Many (32%) advocated for improved endoscopic instrumentation and team training.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic TSS is now the clearly preferred method for surgery amongst a cohort of higher-volume academic neurosurgeons. This trend is likely to continue, and this provides guidelines for future training.

Endoscopic Transnasal Trans-Sphenoidal Approach for Pituitary Adenomas: A Comparison to the Microscopic Approach Cohort by Propensity Score Analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite some evidence for the adoption of endoscopic transnasal trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS) for pituitary adenomas, the advantages of this technique over the traditional approach have not been robustly confirmed.

OBJECTIVE

To compare ETSS with the microscopic sublabial trans-septal trans-sphenoidal surgery (MTSS) for pituitary adenomas.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 2 cohorts of ETSS and MTSS performed at our institution from 1995 to 2017. Patient characteristics, surgical data, and outcomes were recorded prospectively. We performed a univariate and multivariable analysis to determine the best surgical approach. To improve the quality of the results, we matched the distribution of patient characteristics between groups by propensity score (PS) method.

RESULTS

A total of 187 procedures (90 MTSS, 97 ETSS) were reviewed. We found better results in the ETSS group in terms of gross total resection (P = .002) and hormone-excess secretion control (P = .014). There was also a lower incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage (P = .039), transitory diabetes insipidus (P = .028), and postoperative hypopituitarism (P = .045), as well as a shorter hospital length of stay (P < .001). After PS matching, we confirmed by multivariable logistic regression analysis an increased odds ratio of gross total resection for the ETSS (3.910; 95% CI 1.720-8.889; P = .001).

CONCLUSION

By PS method, our results suggest that the ETSS provides advantages over the traditional MTSS approach for tumor resection. Better control of secreting tumors and a lower rate of most complications also support the selection of the ETSS approach for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.

Ten years’ experience with intraoperative MRI-assisted transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

OBJECTIVE

Many innovations have been introduced into pituitary surgery in the quest to maximize the extent of tumor resection. Because of the deep and narrow surgical corridor as well as the heterogeneity of confronted pathologies, anatomical orientation and identification of the target tissue can become difficult. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) may have the potential to increase extent of resection (EOR) in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Furthermore, it may simplify anatomical orientation and risk assessment in difficult cases. Here, the authors evaluated the additional value of iMRI for the resection of pituitary adenomas performed in the past 10 years in their department.

METHODS

They performed a retrospective single-center analysis of patients treated for pituitary adenoma in their department after the introduction of iMRI between 2008 and 2018. Of 495 transsphenoidal approaches, 300 consecutive MRI-assisted surgeries for pituitary adenomas encompassing 294 patients were selected for further analysis. Microscopic, endoscopic, or endoscope-assisted microscopic transsphenoidal approaches were distinguished. EOR as well as additional resection following iMRI was evaluated via detailed volumetric analysis. Patients were stratified according to the Knosp adenoma classification. Furthermore, demographic data, clinical symptoms, endocrine outcome, and complications were evaluated. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses of progression-free survival (PFS) were performed.

RESULTS

Pituitary adenomas classified as Knosp grades 0–2 were found in 60.3% of cases (n = 181). The most common tumors were nonfunctioning adenomas (75%). Continued resection following iMRI significantly increased EOR (7.5%, p < 0.001) and the proportion of gross-total resections (GTRs) in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (54% vs 68.3%, p < 0.001). Additional resection after iMRI was performed in 37% of cases. Only in the subgroup of patients with Knosp grades 0–2 adenomas treated with the microsurgical technique was additional resection significantly more common than in the endoscopic group (p = 0.039). Residual tumor volume, Knosp grade, and age were confirmed as independent predictors of PFS (p < 0.001, p = 0.021, and p = 0.029, respectively) in a multivariable Cox regression analysis. Improvement of visual field deficits was documented in 78.6% of patients whose optic apparatus had been affected preoperatively. Revision surgery was done in 7.3% of cases; in 5.6% of cases, it was performed for cerebrospinal fluid fistula.

CONCLUSIONS

In this series, iMRI led to the detection of a resectable tumor remnant in a high proportion of patients, resulting in a greater EOR and higher proportion of GTRs after continued resection in microsurgical and endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas. The volume of residual tumor was the most important predictor of PFS. Given the study data, the authors postulated that every bit of removed tumor serves the patient and increases their chances of a favorable outcome.

Systematic review and network meta-analysis assess the comparative efficacy and safety of transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumor

To quantitatively synthesize the comparative efficacy and safety of the most common surgical approaches including endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery (ETES), sublabial transsphenoidal microsurgery (STMS) and endonasal transsphenoidal microsurgery (ETMS) for all kinds of pituitary tumors. This systematic review and network meta-analysis was performed on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparison studies from databases of Pubmed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. We selected the rate of gross complete resection as our primary outcome of efficacy. And the incidence of all complications, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, diabetes insipidus, nasal septal perforation, death, and bleeding were designed as our primary outcomes of safety. Twenty-seven studies with 2618 patients were included in this network meta-analysis. On efficacy, there was no statistical difference among the three methods including ETES, STMS, and ETMS. As for safety, results indicated that the incidence of total complications of STMS (OR = 4.74; 95% CI 1.03, 40.14) is significantly superior to ETES. And the incidence of diabetes insipidus of ETMS (OR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.31, 3.81) was significantly superior to that of ETES. Besides, there was no statistical difference in the other complications including CSF leak, nasal septal perforation, death, and bleeding. We clarified the overpraise of the efficacy of endoscopy especially the endonasal transsphenoidal approach, and verified that all the approaches owned similar efficacy. Moreover, we recommended the endoscopy to be the first choice for pituitary tumors, because it demonstrated the best safety.

Comparison of Short-Term Outcomes Between Endoscopic and Microscopic Trans-Sphenoidal Surgery for the Treatment of Pituitary Adenoma

OBJECTIVE

Until today, it is unclear if endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is the most adequate treatment technique for pituitary adenoma, while microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is termed as a fully-established mechanism that has reasonable performances and is well recognized for addressing adenomas of the pituitary gland. The present research work aims at assessing the short-term results of these surgical methodologies in those patients, who have pituitary adenoma.

METHODS

The authors comprehensively searched PubMed, together with EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for the purpose of identifying associated investigations. The strength of the relationship was figured out through the calculation of the risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% credible interval (95% CI) were put to use for the evaluation of the association.

RESULTS

An aggregate of 17 retrospective studies that involved 1177 participants were included in the present research work. Our results shed light on the fact that endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was linked to the lower occurrence of diabetes insipidus (RR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.03-1.98, P = 0.03), fewer septal perforation (RR = 3.16, 95%CI = 1.27-7.85, P = 0.01), and fewer postoperative complications (RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.08-1.56, P = 0.006). Moreover, further analyzing indicated no substantial differences existing between the 2 surgical methods in gross tumor removal, meningitis, epistaxis, and cerebrospinal fluid leak.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery reduces diabetes insipidus, septal perforation, and postoperative complications in treating those patients, who have pituitary adenoma. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery is worth suggesting as a productive as well as secure process for the treatment of pituitary adenoma.

A systematic review of effects and complications after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: endoscopic versus microscopic approach

Background: Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (MTS) has been considered as the gold standard for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, but nowadays endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) has become popular due to its wide view and improved lighting.Material and methods: The electronic databases were systematically searched, and the meta-analyses of the eligible studies that evaluated endoscopic versus microscopic methods in patients with pituitary surgery were conducted with Review Manager 5.0. The primary outcomes included visual improvement, gross tumor removal (GTR), cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) leak, diabetes insipidus (DI), other complications, and length of hospital stay. The Egger's test was conducted to estimate possible publication bias.Results: In total, 13 articles eventually met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analyses suggested that the differences with regard to visual improvement, overall complication rate, GTR, CSF leak, diabetes insipidus (DI), meningitis, visual impairment, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), new onset hypopituitarism, and hypothyroidism between the endoscopic and microscopic groups were not statistically significant. The length of hospital stay was much longer with the microscopic approach when compared with the endoscopic method.Conclusion: The endoscopic and microscopic approaches show similar effects and complication rates. The endoscopic technique could be adopted as a reasonable alternative in pituitary surgery.

Infectious Complications of Expanded Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 100 Cases

Objective  To identify perioperative factors that may predict postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and meningitis following expanded endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (EETS). Study Design  This is a retrospective study. This study was set at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles. A total of 78 patients who underwent EETS between January 2007 and November 2018 were participated. The main outcome measures were CSF leak and meningitis. Results  A total of 78 patients underwent a total of 100 EETS procedures; 17.9 and 10.3% of patients developed postoperative CSF leaks and meningitis, respectively. Out of eight, three patients with meningitis did not develop an observable CSF leak. The risk of developing meningitis in patients with a CSF leak was significantly higher than those without a leak, with an odds ratio (OR) of 11.48 (95% confidence interval, 2.33-56.47; p  = 0.004). Pituicytomas were significantly associated with meningitis compared with other pathologies. No other patient-specific factors were identified as risks for leak or meningitis, including method of skull base repair, sex, tumor volume, or body mass index, although there was a strong trend toward reduced CSF leak rates in patient with nasoseptal flaps used for skull base repair, compared with those without (9.5 vs. 25%). CSF protein was consistently elevated on the first CSF values obtained when meningitis was suspected. Conclusion  CSF leak and meningitis are common complications of expanded endonasal surgery No statistically significant risk factors for developing a postoperative leak other than the pathology of pituicytoma were identified, including method of skull base repair, although the use of a vascularized nasoseptal flap did trend toward a reduced CSF leak rate. CSF protein is the most sensitive marker for the presumptive diagnosis and timely treatment of meningitis.

Intra-operative MRI vs endoscopy in achieving gross total resection of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is a technology that may improve rates of gross total resection (GTR) for pituitary adenomas. The endoscope is another less expensive technology, which also may maximize resection rates. A direct comparison of these approaches and their additive benefit has never been performed.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standard. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies that examined GTR for pituitary adenoma resection with either endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (eTSS), microscopic transsphenoidal surgery with iMRI (mTSS + iMRI), or endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery with iMRI (eTSS + iMRI).

RESULTS

Eighty-five studies that reported GTR rates in 7124 pituitary adenoma patients were identified. For all pituitary adenomas, eTSS had a pooled proportion of GTR of 68.9% (95% CI 64.7-73.0%) which was similar to that of mTSS + iMRI (GTR 68.3%; 95% CI = 59.4-76.5%) and eTSS + iMRI (GTR 70.7%; 95% CI = 56.9-89.6%). For the subgroup of pituitary macroadenomas, pooled proportions for GTR were similar between eTSS and mTSS + iMRI (eTSS: GTR 59.4%; 95% CI = 49.6-68.7% vs mTSS + iMRI: GTR 68.8%; 95% CI = 57.3-79.3%), and higher for eTSS + iMRI (81.1%; 95% CI = 75.5-86.2%). The post-operative CSF leak proportion for eTSS (4.7%; 95% CI = 3.6-5.9%) was similar to that for eTSS + iMRI (3.7%; 95% CI = 1.6-6.5%) and mTSS + iMRI (4.6%; 95% CI = 2.0-8.3%). No direct statistical comparisons could be performed.

CONCLUSION

Final GTR proportions are similar whether the surgeon uses a microscope supplemented with iMRI or endoscope with or without iMRI. The benefit of the two technologies may be complementary for macroadenomas. These findings are important to consider when comparing the efficacy of different technical strategies in the management of pituitary adenomas.

Prediction of cavernous sinus invasion in patients with Cushing's disease by magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE

Cavernous sinus invasion (CSI) in Cushing's disease (CD) negatively affects the probability of complete resection, biochemical cure, and need for adjuvant therapy. However, the prediction of CSI based on MRI findings has been inconsistent and variable. Among macroadenomas, the Knosp classification is the most widely utilized radiographic predictor of CSI, but its accuracy in predicting CSI and the probability of gross-total resection is limited in the setting of microadenomas or Knosp grade 0-2 macroadenomas. The authors noticed that the presence of a triangular shape of adenomas adjacent to the cavernous sinus on coronal MR images is frequently associated with CSI. The authors aimed to determine the correlation of this radiographic finding ("sail sign" [SS]) with CSI.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients with a pituitary lesion < 20 mm and a biochemical diagnosis of CD treated with endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal resection from November 2007 to May 2017. Overall 185 patients with CD were identified: 27 were excluded for negative preoperative imaging, 32 for lacking tumors adjacent to the sinus, 7 for Knosp grade 3 or higher, and 4 for inadequate intraoperative assessment of the CSI. Following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 115 cases were available for statistical analysis. Intraoperative CSI was prospectively evaluated at the time of surgery by one of two neurosurgical attending surgeons, and MRI data were evaluated retrospectively by a neurosurgical resident and attending neuroradiologist blinded to the intraoperative results.

RESULTS

A positive SS was identified in 23 patients (20%). Among patients with positive SS, 91% demonstrated CSI compared to 10% without an SS (p < 0.001). Using the SS as a predictor of CSI provided a sensitivity of 0.7 and a specificity of 0.98, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.91 and a negative predictive value of 0.9. Among patients with positive SS, 30% did not achieve immediate postoperative remission, compared to 3.3% of patients without an SS (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of a positive SS among Cushing's adenomas adjacent to the CS provides strong PPV, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio for the prediction of CSI. This can be a useful tool for preoperative planning and for predicting the likelihood of long-term biochemical remission and the need for adjuvant radiosurgery.

Complications associated with microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: experience of 1153 consecutive cases treated at a single tertiary care pituitary center

OBJECTIVE

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are benign neoplasms that are frequently encountered during workup for endocrinopathy, headache, or visual loss. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the first-line approach for PA resection. The authors retrospectively assessed complication rates associated with transsphenoidal PA resection from an institutional database.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 1153 consecutive transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resections performed at the Keck Hospital of USC between November 1992 and March 2017 was conducted. Microscopic transsphenoidal resection was performed in 85.3% of cases, and endoscopic transsphenoidal resection was performed in 14.7%. Analysis of perioperative complications and patient and tumor risk factors was conducted.

RESULTS

The overall median hospital stay was 3 days. There was 1 perioperative death (0.1%). Surgical complications included postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (2.6%), epistaxis (1.1%), postoperative hematoma (1.1%), meningitis (1.0%), cranial nerve paresis (0.8%), hydrocephalus (0.8%), vision loss (0.6%), stroke (0.3%), abdominal hematoma or infection (0.2%), carotid artery injury (0.1%), and vegetative state (0.2%). Perioperative medical complications included bacteremia/sepsis (0.5%), pneumonia (0.3%), myocardial infarction (0.3%), and deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (0.1%). Endocrine complications were the most frequent, including transient diabetes insipidus (4.3%), symptomatic hyponatremia (4.2%), new hypopituitarism (any axis) (3.6%), permanent diabetes insipidus (0.3%), and adrenal insufficiency (0.2%). There were no significant differences between microscopic and endoscopic approaches with regard to surgical complications (6.4% vs 8.8%, p = 0.247) or endocrine complications (11.4 vs 11.8%, p = 0.888). Risk factors for surgical complications included prior transsphenoidal surgery (11.4% vs 6.8%, p = 0.025), preoperative vision loss (10.3% vs 6.8%, p = 0.002), and presence of PA invasion on MRI (8.5% vs 4.4%, p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

In this single tertiary center study assessing complications associated with transsphenoidal PA resection, the rate of death or major disability was 0.26%. Risk factors for complications included prior surgical treatment and PA invasion. No differences in complication rates between endoscopic and microscopic surgery were observed. When performed at experienced pituitary centers, transsphenoidal surgery for PAs may be performed with a high degree of safety.

A study on sublabial transsphenoidal treatment of pituitary tumor under microscope with aid of endoscope

Background

A pituitary tumor is a tumor with a high incidence among brain tumors. Microscopic traditional STT approach with aid of endoscope has a high therapeutic effect and few complications.

Methods

The authors reviewed 146 patients who underwent STT resection of sellar masses between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2013. From this group, 40 patients who underwent microscopic STT surgery with aid of endoscope were included in the study. In this series, there were many nonfunctional and Growth Hormone(GH) secreting adenoma. In the study group, tumor size ranged from 60 to 79 mm in 3 cases. Pathophysiological studies, tumor sizes, clinical outcomes, extent of resection, visual function and complication were estimated.

Results

In our study, gross-total resection(GTR) was achieved in 33 patients (82.5%), subtotal in 3 (7.5%), and partial in 4 (10%). Visual acuity were improved in 82.1%, while 17.9% were unchanged. Visual fields were improved in 81.2%. No deaths occurred in this cohort of patients.

Conclusions

Pituitary adenoma surgery under microscope with aid of endoscope is an effective treatment method, which results in high (> 90%) rates of resection. It is not associated with high rates of major complications and is safe when performed by experienced surgeons.

Gross total resection of pituitary adenomas after endoscopic vs. microscopic transsphenoidal surgery: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (mTSS) is a well-established method to address adenomas of the pituitary gland. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (eTSS) has become a viable alternative, however. Advocates suggest that the greater illumination, panoramic visualization, and angled endoscopic views afforded by eTSS may allow for higher rates of gross total tumor resection (GTR). The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the rate of GTR using mTSS and eTSS.

METHODS

A meta-analysis of the literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through July 2017 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

Seventy case series that reported GTR rate in 8257 pituitary adenoma patients were identified. For all pituitary adenomas, eTSS (GTR=74.0%; I² = 92.1%) was associated with higher GTR as compared to mTSS (GTR=66.4%; I² = 84.0%) in a fixed-effect model (P-interaction < 0.01). For functioning pituitary adenomas (FPAs) (n = 1170 patients), there was no significant difference in GTR rate between eTSS (GTR=75.8%; I² = 63.9%) and mTSS (GTR=75.5%; I² = 79.0%); (P-interaction = 0.92). For nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) (n = 2655 patients), eTSS (GTR=71.0%; I² = 86.4%) was associated with higher GTR as compared to mTSS (GTR=60.7%; I² = 87.5%) in a fixed-effect model (P-interaction < 0.01). None of the associations were significant in a random-effect model (all P-interaction > 0.05). No significant publication bias was identified for any of the outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Among patients who were not randomly allocated to either approach, eTSS resulted in a higher rate of GTR as compared to mTSS for all patients and for NFPA patients alone, but only in a fixed-effect model. For FPA, however, eTSS did not seem to offer a significantly higher rate of GTR. These conclusions should be interpreted with caution because of the nature of the included non-comparative studies.

Volumetry in the Assessment of Pituitary Adenoma Resection: Endoscopy versus Microscopy

Background  Assessment of the extent of resection after surgical resection of pituitary adenomas is most commonly reported in terms of the presence or absence of residual tumor. A quantitative comparison of volumetric resection between endonasal endoscopy (EE) and microsurgery (MS) has rarely been done. Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed on a consecutive series of 154 patients with pituitary adenomas treated by the same surgeon at a single institution. We employed volumetric analysis pre- and postoperatively on two cohorts of pituitary adenoma patients treated through MS ( n  = 37) versus EE approach ( n  = 117). Results  Volumetric analysis revealed a higher incidence of complete resection (64.4 vs. 56.8%) and mean volume reduction in the EE cohort (92.7 vs. 88.4%), although not significant. Recurrence rates were significantly lower in the EE group (7.7% vs 24.3%, p  = 0.015). Subgroup analysis identified that patients with preoperative tumor volumes >1 mL were less likely to recur through EE (7.8 vs. MS: 29.6%; p  = 0.0063). A higher incidence of complete resection was also noted in patients with favorable Knosp grades (0-1) (EE: 87.8 vs. MS: 63.2%; p  = 0.036). Postoperative complication rates were not significantly different between both techniques. Conclusion  Both microscopy and endoscopy are well-tolerated, effective approaches in the treatment of pituitary adenomas. Our series demonstrated that EE may be superior to MS in preventing tumor recurrence and achieving a complete resection in certain subsets of patients. EE provides a slight advantage in tumor control outcomes that may justify the paradigm shift to pure endoscopy at our center.

The endoscopic surgical resection of intrasellar lesions conserves the hormonal function: a negative correlation to the microsurgical technique

BACKGROUND

The endonasal endoscopic approach is still currently under investigation for sellar tumor surgery: a higher resection rate is to be expected and complications should be minimized. The authors report their surgical results of endonasal endoscopic neurosurgery with special focus on postoperative hypopituitarism in comparison to microsurgical procedures.

METHODS

Sixty patients received endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal procedures for sellar pathologies. All patients were followed up prospectively. A second group of 60 patients received microsurgical transsphenoidal procedures for sellar pathologies in our neurosurgical department before and were prospectively followed until now. Special attention was paid to hormonal insufficiency and medical substitution.

RESULTS

Sixty-eight percent (41 of 60) of the patients who underwent microsurgical procedures showed a new persisting pituitary insufficiency postoperatively. Twenty-three patients (55.5%) were substituted with thyroxine, hydrocortisone and sexual hormones and one patient (2.5%) also with ADH cause of global pituitary insufficiency. In 19 cases without any hormonal insufficiency after microsurgical procedures nine patients (47%) showed remnant tumor in follow-up MRI. The patients who underwent endoscopic procedures for pituitary adenomas revealed significant (P<0.01) less new persistent hormonal insufficiency with 13% of all cases (8/60). Five patients (62.5%) were substituted with thyroxine and hydrocortisone, two patients (25%) substituted with thyroxine, hydrocortisone and sexual hormones and one patient also with ADH because of global pituitary insufficiency. Thereby, in follow-up MRI and hormonal testing, radical tumor resection was detected in 92% in the endoscopic group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study seems to indicate that a better intraoperative identification and preservation of pituitary gland is possible in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery with consecutive lower postoperative hypopituitarism rate.

[Endonasal endoscopic surgery in pituitary adenomas: Surgical results in a series of 86 consecutive patients]

INTRODUCTION

The endoscopic endonasal approach has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to present the results obtained in our hospital in purely endoscopic surgery of pituitary adenomas.

METHODS

From February 2011 to August 2016, we conducted a prospective study on a series of 86 patients with pituitary adenoma, all of whom underwent surgery with a purely endoscopic endonasal approach. The 'four hands-two nostrils' technique was performed in all cases by a surgical team composed of an ENT surgeon and a neurosurgeon. Mean follow-up was 32 months. All patients were evaluated according to clinical, radiological and endocrinological criteria.

RESULTS

In our series, 53% were women and 47% men. The age ranged from 14 to 84 years of age, with a mean of 54 years of age. The most common initial symptom was visual deficit (42%), followed by hormonal hyperfunction (21%), with acromegaly being the most common clinical syndrome. The most common tumours were non-functioning tumours (73%), while GH-secreting tumours (65%) were the most common functioning adenoma. Regarding tumour size, 76% were macroadenomas, 11% microadenomas and 13% giant adenomas. Approximately 63% of the adenomas exhibited suprasellar extension and 37% involved invasion of the cavernous sinus (Knosp grade ≥3). Total excision was achieved in 77% of the cases. After the intervention, visual improvement was achieved in 91% and remission of endocrine hyperfunction in up to a 73% of cases. The most common complication was anterior pituitary insufficiency of at least one axis (9%). There were no cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid fistula.

CONCLUSIONS

In terms of surgical quality, our results are similar to those of published series, and demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the endoscopic endonasal approach as the surgical treatment of choice for pituitary adenomas. However, further studies with a higher sample size are necessary to obtain clinically significant results.

Comparison of Complications, Trends, and Costs in Endoscopic vs Microscopic Pituitary Surgery: Analysis From a US Health Claims Database

BACKGROUND

Microsurgical and endoscopic techniques are commonly utilized surgical approaches to pituitary pathologies. There are limited data comparing these 2 procedures.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate postoperative complications, associated costs, and national and regional trends of microscopic and endoscopic techniques in the United States employing a nationwide database.

METHODS

The Truven MarketScan database 2010 to 2014 was queried and Current Procedural Terminology codes identified patients that underwent microscopic and/or endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. International Classification of Diseases codes identified postoperative complications. Adjusted logistic regression and matched propensity analysis evaluated independent odds for complications.

RESULTS

Among 5886 cases studied, 54.49% were microscopic and 45.51% endoscopic. The commonest surgical indications were benign pituitary tumors. Annual trends showed increasing utilization of endoscopic techniques vs microscopic procedures. Postoperative complications occurred in 40.04% of cases, including diabetes insipidus (DI; 16.90%), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH; 2.02%), iatrogenic hypopituitarism (1.36%), fluid/electrolyte abnormalities (hypoosmolality/hyponatraemia [5.03%] and hyperosmolality/hypernatraemia [2.48%]), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks (CSF rhinorrhoea [4.42%] and other CSF leak [6.52%]). In our propensity-based model, patients that underwent endoscopic surgery were more likely to develop DI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28-1.72), SIADH (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.04-2.24), hypoosmolality/hyponatraemia (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.01-1.34), CSF rhinorrhoea (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.88-3.28), other CSF leak (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.28-1.98), altered mental status (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.01-2.60), and postoperative fever (OR = 4.31; 95% CI = 1.14-16.23). There were no differences in hemorrhagic complications, ophthalmological complications, or bacterial meningitis. Postoperative complications resulted in longer hospitalization and increased healthcare costs.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic approaches are increasingly being utilized to manage sellar pathologies relative to microsurgery. Postoperative complications occur in both techniques with higher incidences observed following endoscopic procedures.

Preoperative Computed Tomography (CT) Evaluation of Anatomical Abnormalities in Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach in Pituitary Adenoma

BACKGROUND This study aimed to retrospectively analyze patient clinical data to investigate the effects of computed tomography (CT) reconstruction and the measurement of abnormal structures in the endonasal sphenoidal sinus approach on the operative effects in patients undergoing pituitary adenoma resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS The records of 53 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection via the endonasal transsphenoidal approach in the Neurosurgery Department of Tai'an City Central Hospital from December 2010 to June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. All cases showed anatomical abnormalities in the endonasal transsphenoidal approach that were detected by conventional CT scans. The clinical data of the patients were reviewed. After review, 26 patients who underwent preoperative CT reconstruction and measurement of abnormal structures before surgery were included in the observation group (CT reconstruction group), and 27 patients who did not undergo CT reconstruction and measurement of abnormal structures were included in the control group. Data on intraoperative blood loss, surgical time, hospital stay, and postoperative complications were collected to assess the quality of the surgery. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the observation group showed less blood loss (p<0.001), a shorter operation time (p<0.001), fewer postoperative complications (p<0.001), and a shorter hospital stay (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative CT reconstruction and measurement of abnormal structures in patients undergoing pituitary adenoma resection by the endonasal transsphenoidal approach can improve operative quality and reduce complications.

Preoperative risk factors for postoperative complications in endoscopic pituitary surgery: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

The ability to preoperatively predict postoperative complication risks is valuable for individual counseling and (post)operative planning, e.g. to select low-risk patients eligible for short stay surgery or those with higher risks requiring special attention. These risks however, are not well established in pituitary surgery.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of associations between preoperative characteristics and postoperative complications of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery according to the PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed through the QUIPS tool.

RESULTS

In total 23 articles were included, containing 5491 patients (96% pituitary adenoma). There was a wide variety regarding the nature and number of risk factors, definitions, measurement and statistics employed, and overall quality of mainly retrospective studies was low. Consistent significant associations were older age for complications in general, and intraventricular extension for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Associations identified in some but not all studies were younger age, increased BMI, female gender, and learning curve for CSF leaks; increased tumor size for complications in general; and Rathke's cleft cysts for diabetes insipidus. Mortality (incidence rate 1%) was not addressed as a risk factor.

CONCLUSION

Based on current literature, of low to medium quality, it is not possible to comprehensively quantify risk factors for complications. Nevertheless, older age and intraventricular extension were associated with increased postoperative complications. Future research should aim at prospective data collection, reporting of outcomes, and uniformity of definitions. Only then a proper risk analysis can be performed for endoscopic pituitary surgery.

Outcomes of endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery on non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Both microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery are effective approaches for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. The issue on the comparison of their efficacy and safety remains inconsistent. A thorough search of the literatures (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) were performed up to March 2017. Studies reporting outcomes of microscopic or endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery on nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas were included. A meta‐analysis was performed focusing on the early stage and long term outcomes. The final search yielded 19 eligible studies enrolling 3847 patients, 389 of them underwent microscopic approach and 3458 of them with endoscopic approach. As to the early stage outcomes, the rate of gross tumor resection was significantly higher in the endoscopic group than that in microscopic group (73% versus 60%, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, endoscopic approach showed priority over microscopy on postoperative hypopituitarism (63% versus 65%, P < 0.001) and CSF leakage (3% versus 7%, P < 0.001). For the long term outcomes, the rate of visual improvement was significant higher in the endoscopic group than that in microscopic group (77% versus 50%, P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the rate of permanent diabetic insipidus and meningitis. The endoscopic approach may be associated with higher rate of gross tumor movement and lower risk of postoperatively complications for treating nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, when compared with microscopic approach. However, the confidence was shorted due to limited high quality evidence (largely randomized and controlled studies).

Microsurgical versus endoscopic transsphenoidal resection for acromegaly: a systematic review of outcomes and complications

PURPOSE

The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the long-term endocrine outcomes and postoperative complications following endoscopic vs. microscopic transsphenoidal resection (TSR) for the treatment of acromegaly.

METHODS

A literature review was performed, and studies with at least five patients who underwent TSR for acromegaly, reporting biochemical remission criteria and long-term remission outcomes were included. Data extracted from each study included surgical technique, perioperative complications, biochemical remission criteria, and long-term remission outcomes.

RESULTS

Fifty-two case series from 1976 to 2016 met the inclusion criteria, comprising 4375 patients. Thirty-six reports were microsurgical (n = 3144) and 13 were endoscopic (n = 940). Three studies compared microsurgical (n = 111) to endoscopic TSR outcomes (n = 180). The overall initial and long-term remission rates were 58.2 vs. 57.4% and 69.2 vs. 70.2% for the microsurgical and endoscopic groups, respectively. For microadenomas, the initial and long-term remission rates were 77.6 vs. 82.2% and 76.9 vs. 73.5% for microsurgical and endoscopic approaches, respectively. For macroadenomas, the initial and long-term remission rates were 46.9 vs. 60.0% and 40.2 vs. 61.5% for microsurgical and endoscopic approaches, respectively. The rates of postoperative CSF leak were 3.0 vs. 2.3% for the microscopic and endoscopic groups, respectively. The rates of hypopituitarism and transient diabetes insipidus were 6.7 vs. 6.4% and 9.0 vs. 7.8% for the microscopic and endoscopic groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Both endoscopic and microsurgical approaches for TSR of growth hormone-secreting adenomas are viable treatment options for patients with acromegaly, and yield similarly high rates of remission under the most current consensus criteria.

Learning curve of endoscopic pituitary surgery: Experience of a neurosurgery/ENT collaboration

For neurosurgeons, who are accustomed to the binocular microscope, there is a new learning curve that must be overcome for monocular endoscopic pituitary surgery. Different studies describe a learning curve between 15 and 200 procedures, after which both operative time and complications stabilize. In this retrospective study, we evaluate the endoscopic learning curve of our group, already trained in microsurgical transsphenoidal surgery, with the assistance of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons. From 2010 to 2015, a total of 95 patients with pituitary adenomas were treated with a purely endoscopic approach. The latest 48 patients treated with the endoscope (L group) were compared with the 47 initial patients treated with the endoscope (E group) and with 43 patients treated with the microscope (M group), in terms of surgical time, complications, and tumor removal rate. The complication rate was similar in all the groups, as was the rate of total adenoma resection. Mean surgical time was shorter in the L group than in the E group (115±36min vs. 157±46 min, p<0.001); the average operative time was also shorter in the L group than in the M group (135±43min). The estimated reduction in duration of surgery per 10 patients was 9min (p<0.001). Over time, blood transfusions discrepantly increased from the E group to the L group (11% vs. 31%). Because of the pivotal role of ENT in the transnasal stage of 50 endoscopic procedures, we obtained an operative time comparable to that of microscopic procedures, with similar complication rate and gross total resections. Neurosurgical-ENT combined follow-up proved to be a fundamental protection from late complications.

Primary versus revision transsphenoidal resection for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas: matched cohort study

OBJECTIVE

The object of this study was to compare the outcomes of primary and revision transsphenoidal resection (TSR) of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPMAs) using endoscopic methods.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 287 consecutive patients who had undergone endoscopic endonasal TSR for NFPMAs at their institution in the period from 2005 to 2011. Fifty patients who had undergone revision TSR were retrospectively matched for age, sex, and duration of follow-up to 46 patients who had undergone primary TSR. Medical and surgical complications were documented, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess rates of radiological progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

The median follow-up periods were 45 and 46 months for the primary and revision TSR groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between the primary and revision groups in rates of new neurological deficit (0 in each), vascular injury (2% vs 0), postoperative CSF leak (6% vs 2%), transient diabetes insipidus (DI; 15% vs 12%), chronic DI (2% vs 2%), chronic sinusitis (4% vs 6%), meningitis (2% vs 2%), epistaxis (7% vs 0), or suprasellar hematoma formation (0 vs 2%). However, patients who underwent primary TSR had significantly higher rates of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH; 17% vs 4%, p = 0.04). Patients who underwent primary operations also had significantly higher rates of gross-total resection (GTR; 63% vs 28%, p < 0.01) and significantly lower rates of adjuvant radiotherapy (13% vs 42%, p < 0.01). Radiological PFS rates were similar at 2 years (98% vs 96%) and 5 years (87% vs 80%, p = 0.668, log-rank test).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who underwent primary TSR of NFPMAs experienced higher rates of SIADH than those who underwent revision TSR. Patients who underwent revision TSR were less likely to have GTR of their tumor, although they still had a PFS rate similar to that in patients who underwent primary TSR. This finding may be attributable to an increased rate of adjuvant radiation treatment to subtotally resected tumors in the revision TSR group.

Recent Evolution of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas

For the treatment of pituitary tumors, microscopic transsphenoidal surgery has been considered the "gold standard" since the late 1960s. Over the last two decades, however, a worldwide shift towards endoscopic endonasal surgery is in progress for many reasons. These include a wide panoramic view, improved illumination, an ability to look around anatomical corners using angled tip and, in addition, application to the extended approaches for parasellar tumors. Both endoscopic and microscopic approaches appear equally effective for nonfunctioning adenomas without significant suprasellar or lateral extensions, whereas the endoscopic approach may improve outcomes associated with the extent of resection and postoperative complications for larger tumors. Despite many theoretical benefits in the endoscopic surgery, remission rates of functioning adenomas do not substantially differ between the approaches in experienced hands. The endoscopic approach is a valid alternative to the microscopic approach for adenomas. The benefits will be more appreciated in the extended surgery for parasellar tumors.

Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in the Treatment of Pituitary Adenoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the efficacy and safety of endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. This study aimed to assess the benefits and shortcomings of these surgical methods in patients with pituitary adenoma.

METHODS

The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched, as well as proceedings of major meetings. Eligible studies with a retrospective or prospective design that evaluated endoscopic versus microscopic methods in patients with pituitary adenoma were included. Primary outcomes included gross tumor removal, cerebrospinal fluid leak, diabetes insipidus, and other complications.

RESULTS

Overall, 23 studies (4 prospective and 19 retrospective) assessing 2272 patients with pituitary adenoma were included in the final analysis. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was associated with a higher incidence of gross tumor removal (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.08; P = 0.009) than those with microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. In addition, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery had no significant effect on the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak, compared with microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Furthermore, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was associated with a 22% reduction in risk of diabetes insipidus compared with microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, but the difference was not statistically significant. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery significantly reduced the risk of septal perforation (odds ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.78; P = 0.014) and was not associated with the risk of meningitis, epistaxis, hematoma, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, total mortality, and recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery is associated with higher gross tumor removal and lower incidence of septal perforation in patients with pituitary adenoma. Future large-scale prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to verify these findings.

Operative Strategies to Minimize Complications Following Resection of Pituitary Macroadenomas

Introduction We sought to identify factors associated with increased length of stay (LOS) and morbidity in patients undergoing resection of pituitary macroadenomas. Methods We reviewed records of 203 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal resection of a pituitary macroadenoma (mean age = 55.7 [16-88]) years, volume = 11.3 (1.0-134.3) cm³. Complete resection was possible in 60/29.6% patients. Mean follow-up was 575 days. Multivariate logistic regression was performed using MATLAB. Results Mean LOS was 4.67 (1-66) days and was associated with CSF leak (p = 0.025), lumbar drain placement (p = 0.041; n = 8/3.9% intraoperative, n = 20/9.9% postoperative), and any infection (p = 0.066). Age, diabetes insipidus (n = 17/8.37%), and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (n = 12/5.9%) were not associated with increased LOS (p > 0.2). Postoperative CSF leak in the hospital (n = 21/10.3%) was associated with intraoperative CSF leak (p = 0.002; n = 82/40.4%) and complete resection (p = 0.012). There was no significant association (p > 0.1) between postoperative CSF leak in the hospital following surgery and the use of a fat graft (n = 61/30.1%), nasoseptal flap (155/76.4%), or perioperative lumbar drain placement (n = 8/3.94%). Conclusion Complete resection is associated with increased risk of CSF leak and LOS. Operative strategies including placement of fat graft, nasoseptal flap, or intraoperative lumbar drain placement may have limited value in reducing the risk of postoperative CSF leak.