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Akgun MY, Ates O, Akyoldas G, Tepebasili MA, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T, Ozer AF. Does long segment subarachnoido-subarachnoid shunt prevent posttraumatic and postinfectious spinal arachnoid cyst recurrence?: technical note and case series. Neurochirurgie 2024; 70:101555. [PMID: 38520969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2024.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Syringomyelia associated with extensive spinal adhesive arachnoiditis (SAA) can be defined as a rare but progressive disease with potentially devastating clinical consequences. Diagnosis can be challenging due to the absence of specific clinical findings, confusion with other pathologies, and late imaging modalities. The treatment strategy for syringomyelia associated with extensive SAA should include direct drainage of the syringomyelia, and dissection of the adhesive arachnoid with expansive duraplasty. Hence, several approaches have been reported for arachnoid dissection and decompression of the subarachnoid space. The high risk of recurrence after the operation is one of the most challenging situations. First two cases were operated previously, and the cyst walls were removed and anastomosed to the intact subarachnoid space at the upper and lower ends by each other. However, in both cases, the cyst recurred after a short time and they were anastomosed again in our clinic. A subarachnoid-subarachnoid shunt was placed with a multi-hole silicone tube extending to the proximal and distal intact subarachnoid spaces and passing through the cyst removal area. In our third case, the shunt system we described was applied directly, and satisfactory results were obtained in the clinical follow-up of the patient. It has been demonstrated that subarachnoido-subarachnoid shunt is a very satisfactory treatment option for this type of pathology, which is difficult to follow and treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yigit Akgun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Spine Center, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Spine Center, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goktug Akyoldas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mehdi Sasani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Spine Center, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunc Oktenoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Spine Center, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Fahir Ozer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Spine Center, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Pukale DD, Adkins-Travis K, Aryal SR, Shriver LP, Patti GJ, Leipzig ND. Investigating post-traumatic syringomyelia and local fluid osmoregulation via a rat model. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:19. [PMID: 38409031 PMCID: PMC10895764 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia (SM) is characterized by the development of fluid-filled cavities, referred to as syrinxes, within the spinal cord tissue. The molecular etiology of SM post-spinal cord injury (SCI) is not well understood and only invasive surgical based treatments are available to treat SM clinically. This study builds upon our previous omics studies and in vitro cellular investigations to further understand local fluid osmoregulation in post-traumatic SM (PTSM) to highlight important pathways for future molecular interventions. METHODS A rat PTSM model consisting of a laminectomy at the C7 to T1 level followed by a parenchymal injection of 2 μL quisqualic acid (QA) and an injection of 5 μL kaolin in the subarachnoid space was utilized 6 weeks after initial surgery, parenchymal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected, and the osmolality of fluids were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), metabolomics analysis using LC-MS, and mass spectrometry-based imaging (MSI) were performed on injured and laminectomy-only control spinal cords. RESULTS We demonstrated that the osmolality of the local parenchymal fluid encompassing syrinxes was higher compared to control spinal cords after laminectomy, indicating a local osmotic imbalance due to SM injury. Moreover, we also found that parenchymal fluid is more hypertonic than CSF, indicating establishment of a local osmotic gradient in the PTSM injured spinal cord (syrinx site) forcing fluid into the spinal cord parenchyma to form and/or expand syrinxes. IHC results demonstrated upregulation of betaine, ions, water channels/transporters, and enzymes (BGT1, AQP1, AQP4, CHDH) at the syrinx site as compared to caudal and rostral sites to the injury, implying extensive local osmoregulation activities at the syrinx site. Further, metabolomics analysis corroborated alterations in osmolality at the syrinx site by upregulation of small molecule osmolytes including betaine, carnitine, glycerophosphocholine, arginine, creatine, guanidinoacetate, and spermidine. CONCLUSIONS In summary, PTSM results in local osmotic disturbance that propagates at 6 weeks following initial injury. This coincides with and may contribute to syrinx formation/expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D Pukale
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Kayla Adkins-Travis
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, Center for Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Siddhartha R Aryal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Leah P Shriver
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, Center for Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, Center for Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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Johnson L, Bartlett-Tomasetig F, Fok S, Whan R, Berliner J, Hemley SJ, Stoodley MA, Bilston LE. A novel method to quantify perivascular space enlargement near the syrinx in a rodent model of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15043. [PMID: 37700036 PMCID: PMC10497578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic syringomyelia (PTS) is an enigmatic condition characterized by the development of fluid-filled cysts (syrinxes) within the spinal cord. Perivascular spaces (PVS) are a critical component of fluid transport within the central nervous system (CNS), with dilated PVSs variably implicated in the pathogenesis of syringomyelia. The extent and spatial distribution of dilated PVSs in syringomyelia, however, remains unclear. This study aims to develop a method to assess PVS dimensions across multiple spinal cord segments in rats with PTS. Syrinxes were induced in two Sprague-Dawley rats at C6/7 with computer-controlled motorized spinal cord impaction; two control rats underwent sham laminectomies. Spinal cord segments were obtained at C4, C6 and C8, cleared via tissue clearing protocols, stained with immunofluorescent antibodies and imaged under confocal microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of PVS size were performed. Arteriolar PVSs were enlarged in the perisyringeal region of the spinal cord, compared to the control cord. No PVS enlargement was observed above or below the syrinx. These results confirm previous incidental findings of enlarged PVSs in the perisyringeal region, providing new insights into PVS dimensions across multiple spinal segments, and providing a novel method for quantifying spinal cord perivascular space size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Fok
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Whan
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joel Berliner
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Hemley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia & School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Berliner JA, Lam MA, Najafi E, Hemley SJ, Bilston LE, Stoodley MA. Aquaporin-4 expression and modulation in a rat model of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9662. [PMID: 37316571 PMCID: PMC10267129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been implicated in post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS), a disease characterised by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the spinal cord. This study investigated the expression of AQP4 around a mature cyst (syrinx) and the effect of pharmacomodulation of AQP4 on syrinx size. PTS was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by computerized spinal cord impact and subarachnoid kaolin injection. Immunofluorescence of AQP4 was carried out on mature syrinx tissue 12 weeks post-surgery. Increased AQP4 expression corresponded to larger, multiloculated cysts (R2 = 0.94), yet no localized changes to AQP4 expression in perivascular regions or the glia limitans were present. In a separate cohort of animals, at 6 weeks post-surgery, an AQP4 agonist (AqF026), antagonist (AqB050), or vehicle was administered daily over 4 days, with MRIs performed before and after the completion of treatment. Histological analysis was performed at 12 weeks post-surgery. Syrinx volume and length were not altered with AQP4 modulation. The correlation between increased AQP4 expression with syrinx area suggests that AQP4 or the glia expressing AQP4 are recruited to regulate water movement. Given this, further investigation should examine AQP4 modulation with dose regimens at earlier time-points after PTS induction, as these may alter the course of syrinx development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Berliner
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Magdalena A Lam
- The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Gate 3, Hospital Road, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Elmira Najafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sarah J Hemley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, 139 Barker Street, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Pukale DD, Farrag M, Leipzig ND. Detection of locomotion deficit in a post-traumatic syringomyelia rat model using automated gait analysis technique. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252559. [PMID: 34762669 PMCID: PMC8584658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Syringomyelia (SM) is a spinal cord disorder in which a cyst (syrinx) filled with fluid forms in the spinal cord post-injury/disease, in patients syrinx symptoms include loss of pain and temperature sensation or locomotion deficit. Currently, there are no small animal models and connected tools to help study the functional impacts of SM. The objective of this study was to determine the detectability of subtle locomotion deficits due to syrinx formation/expansion in post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTSM) rat model using the recently reported method of Gait Analysis Instrumentation, and Technology Optimized for Rodents (GAITOR) with Automated Gait Analysis Through Hues and Areas (AGATHA) technique. First videos of the rats were collected while walking in an arena (using GAITOR) followed by extracting meaningful locomotion information from collected videos using AGATHA protocol. PTSM injured rats demonstrated detectable locomotion deficits in terms of duty factor imbalance, paw placement accuracy, step contact width, stride length, and phase dispersion parameters compared to uninjured rats due to SM. We concluded that this technique could detect mild and subtle locomotion deficits associated with PTSM injury, which also in future work could be used further to monitor locomotion responses after different treatment strategies for SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D. Pukale
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Farrag
- Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
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Bal E, Hanalioglu S, Kopru CZ, Köse S, Basak AT, Pehlivan SB, Cetinkaya DU, Purali N, Korkusuz P, Bozkurt G. Effect of mesenchymal stem cells therapy in experimental kaolin induced syringomyelia model. J Neurosurg Sci 2020; 66:40-48. [PMID: 33056946 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.05026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a pathological cavitation of the spinal cord. In this study, we examined whether a syrinx cavity would limit itself with axonal regeneration and stem cell activity in the cavity, and we evaluated subjects on a functional basis. METHODS Groups were designated as kaolin, trauma, kaolin-trauma, and saline groups. Also divided out of the syringomyelia treated groups were those given human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). All groups were evaluated with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and functionally. RESULTS The kaolin-trauma group had a significant correction of BBB score with hMSCs therapy. The syrinx cavity measurements showed significant improvement in groups treated with hMSCs. The tissue surrounding the syrinx cavity, however, appeared to be better organized in groups treated with hMSCs. The process of repair and regeneration of damaged axons in the lesion were more improved in groups treated with hMSCs. Using confocal microscopy, fluorescence of hMSCs was observed in the central canal, in the ependymal tissue, and around the lesion. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that axonal repair accelerated in groups receiving stem cells, and thus, stem cells may be effective in recovery of neural tissue and myelin damage in syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Bal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey -
| | - Sahin Hanalioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University School of Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagla Z Kopru
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yüksek İhtisas University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Köse
- Department of Medical Biology, Atilim University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet T Basak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medipol Mega Hospital University of School, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel B Pehlivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu U Cetinkaya
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara Turkey
| | - Nuhan Purali
- Department of Biophysics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Bozkurt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Berliner J, Hemley S, Najafi E, Bilston L, Stoodley M, Lam M. Abnormalities in spinal cord ultrastructure in a rat model of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32111246 PMCID: PMC7049227 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a serious complication of spinal cord trauma, occurring in approximately 28% of spinal cord injuries. Treatment options are limited and often produce unsatisfactory results. Post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) is presumably related to abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid hydrodynamics, but the exact mechanisms are unknown. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate in detail the interfaces between fluid and tissue in the spinal cords of healthy Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) and in a rat model of PTS (n = 3). PTS was induced by computer-controlled impact (75 kDyn) to the spinal cord between C6 and C8, followed by a subarachnoid injection of kaolin to produce focal arachnoiditis. Control animals received a laminectomy only to C6 and C7 vertebrae. Animals were sacrificed 12 weeks post-surgery, and spinal cords were prepared for TEM. Ultra-thin spinal cord sections at the level of the injury were counterstained for structural anatomy. RESULTS Spinal cords from animals with PTS displayed several abnormalities including enlarged perivascular spaces, extracellular edema, cell death and loss of tissue integrity. Additionally, alterations to endothelial tight junctions and an abundance of pinocytotic vesicles, in tissue adjacent to syrinx, suggested perturbations to blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) function. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that perivascular spaces are important pathways for CSF flow into and out of the spinal cord, but also suggest that fluid may enter the cord through vesicular transport and an altered BSCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Berliner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Sarah Hemley
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Elmira Najafi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lynne Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, 139 Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Marcus Stoodley
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Magdalena Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Fedorova J, Pavel J. An Accurate Method for Histological Determination of Neural Tissue Loss/Sparing after Compression-Induced Spinal Cord Injury with Optimal Reproducibility. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2665-2675. [PMID: 30648463 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to behavioral testing, the efficacy of neuroprotective therapies applied after spinal cord injury (SCI) is commonly evaluated by means of histological quantification of spared neural tissue. The primary insult itself, but mainly the pathological processes of secondary injury are the underlying causes of spinal tissue degeneration, the extent of which depends on the injury severity and post-injury time. Under-estimation of tissue loss due to spinal cord shrinkage and subjective evaluation (impeding reproducibility) are substantial factors that negatively affect the final results. Moreover, processing large numbers of stained spinal cord sections is very time-consuming. To overcome the problem, our new quantification approach combines a modified method for predicting the cross-sectional area at the lesion site with semi-automatic measurement of spared neural tissue and cystic cavities, using freely accessible National Institutes of Health (NIH) ImageJ software, with a Java-based image processing program. Based on the histological parameters measured after differing compression-induced SCI and correlated with behavioral outcomes, we can conclude that our new method is relatively fast, accurate, and optimally reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fedorova
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Plasticity, and Repair, Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pavel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Plasticity, and Repair, Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
As the systematic work on the pathogenesis of the white matter injury in the spinal cord models progresses, it becomes obvious that a severe and extraordinarily protracted, destructive inflammation follows the initial injury. Appropriate anti-inflammatory therapies of sufficient duration should not only inhibit but also lead to the elimination of this destructive inflammation, thus resulting in neuroprotection of the spinal cord tissue and a greater preservation of the neurologic function. While dexamethasone, a powerful, anti-inflammatory steroid analog administered continuously by subdural infusion for 7 days inhibited severe macrophage infiltration in the cavity of injury, the dose used was remarkably toxic. A 2-week-long infusion of lower doses of dexamethasone resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of macrophage infiltration and was better tolerated by the rats, but it became evident that a much longer duration of subdural administration of a powerful anti-inflammatory drug is required to eliminate myelin-rich, necrotic debris from the cavity and synthetic steroids such as dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone may be too toxic for this application. Therefore, nontoxic but powerful anti-inflammatory compounds are required for neuroprotective treatment of the spinal cord injury (SCI) and also brain trauma and stroke where the massive injury to the white matter occurs. Serpins have been associated with neurological damage. The mammalian serpin neuroserpin (SERPINI1) is reported to act in a protective manner after cerebrospinal infarction. The serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and the serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, SERPINE1) are both upregulated at sites of central nervous system damage. In preliminary studies, subdural infusion of the myxomaviral serpin, Serp-1, resulted in the powerful inhibition of the macrophage infiltration of the cavity of injury, comparable to the inhibition by high dose of dexamethasone that has proven to be unduly toxic. Nontoxic, yet powerful neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects of Serp-1 may indicate this serpin protein as a potential attractive compound to treat SCI and similar syndromes involving massive injury to the white matter such as brain trauma and stroke. Novel methods of drug delivery, chronic subdural infusion, and novel analytic methods to measure the effectiveness of the neuroprotective serpin treatments are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Liao S, Ni S, Cao Y, Yin X, Wu T, Lu H, Hu J, Wu H, Lang Y. The 3D characteristics of post-traumatic syringomyelia in a rat model: a propagation-based synchrotron radiation microtomography study. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1218-1225. [PMID: 29091065 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many published literature sources have described the histopathological characteristics of post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS). However, three-dimensional (3D) visualization studies of PTS have been limited due to the lack of reliable 3D imaging techniques. In this study, the imaging efficiency of propagation-based synchrotron radiation microtomography (PB-SRµCT) was determined to detect the 3D morphology of the cavity and surrounding microvasculature network in a rat model of PTS. The rat model of PTS was established using the infinite horizon impactor to produce spinal cord injury (SCI), followed by a subarachnoid injection of kaolin to produce arachnoiditis. PB-SRµCT imaging and histological examination, as well as fluorescence staining, were conducted on the animals at the tenth week after SCI. The 3D morphology of the cystic cavity was vividly visualized using PB-SRµCT imaging. The quantitative parameters analyzed by PB-SRµCT, including the lesion and spared spinal cord tissue area, the minimum and maximum diameters in the cystic cavity, and cavity volume, were largely consistent with the results of the histological assessment. Moreover, the 3D morphology of the cavity and surrounding angioarchitecture could be simultaneously detected on the PB-SRµCT images. This study demonstrated that high-resolution PB-SRµCT could be used for the 3D visualization of trauma-induced spinal cord cavities and provides valuable quantitative data for cavity characterization. PB-SRµCT could be used as a reliable imaging technique and offers a novel platform for tracking cavity formation and morphological changes in an experimental animal model of PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Lang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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Cao Y, Zhou Y, Ni S, Wu T, Li P, Liao S, Hu J, Lu H. Three Dimensional Quantification of Microarchitecture and Vessel Regeneration by Synchrotron Radiation Microcomputed Tomography in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1187-1199. [PMID: 27676128 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the mechanisms behind spinal cord injury (SCI) processes requires reliable three-dimensional (3D) imaging tools for a thorough analysis of changes in angiospatial architecture. We aimed to use synchrotron radiation μCT (SRμCT) to characterize 3D temporal-spatial changes in microvasculature post-SCI. Morphometrical measurements revealed a significant decrease in vascular volume fraction, vascular bifurcation density, vascular segment density, and vascular connectivity density 1 day post-injury, followed by a gradual increase at 3, 7, and 14 days. At 1 day post-injury, SRμCT revealed an increase in vascular tortuosity (VT), which reached a plateau after 7 days and decreased slightly during the healing process. In addition, SRμCT images showed that vessels were largely concentrated in the gray matter 1 day post-injury. The maximal endothelial cell proliferation rate was detected at 7 days post-injury. The 3D morphology of the cavity appears in the spinal cord at 28 days post-injury. We describe a methodology for 3D analysis of vascular repair in SCI and reveal that endogenous revascularization occurs during the healing process. The spinal cord microvasculature configuration undergoes 3D remodeling and modification during the post-injury repair process. Examination of these processes might contribute to a full understanding of the compensatory vascular mechanisms after injury and aid in the development of novel and effective treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cao
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Ping Li
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Shenghui Liao
- 3 School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- 4 Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
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