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Falade I, Park KM, Conkling N, Kim EA, Hansen SL, Hoffman W, Piper ML. Paraspinous Muscle Flaps in Complex Pediatric Spine Surgeries: A 12-Year Single Institution Experience. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 92:564-568. [PMID: 38563574 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefits of paraspinous flaps in adult complex spine surgery patients are established in the literature; however, their use in pediatric patients has not been well described. This study compares clinical outcomes with and without paraspinous muscle flap closure in pediatric patients who have undergone spine surgery. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric spine surgeries at the University of California, San Francisco from 2011 to 2022. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on whether the plastic surgery service closed or did not close the wound with paraspinous muscle flaps. We matched patients by age, American Society of Anesthesiology classification, prior spinal surgical history, and diagnosis. Surgical outcomes were compared between the 2 cohorts. RESULTS We identified 226 pediatric patients who underwent at least one spinal surgery, 14 of whom received paraspinous flap closure by plastic surgery. They were matched in a 1:4 ratio with controls (n = 56) that did not have plastic surgery closure. The most common indication for plastic surgery involvement was perceived complexity of disease by the spine surgeon with concern for inadequate healthy tissue coverage (78.6%), followed by infection (21.4%). Postoperative complications were similar between the two groups. The plastic surgery cohort had a higher rate of patients who were underweight (57.1% vs 14.3%, P < 0.01) and had positive preoperative wound cultures (28.6% vs 8.9%, P = 0.05), as well as a higher rate of postoperative antibiotic usage (78.6 vs 17.9%, P < 0.01). There was no difference in recorded postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Spine surgeons requested paraspinous flap closure for patients with more complex disease, preoperative infections, history of chemotherapy, or if they were underweight. Patients with paraspinous flap coverage did not have increased postoperative complications despite their elevated risk profile. Our findings suggest that paraspinous muscle flaps should be considered in high-risk pediatric patients who undergo spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keon Min Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicole Conkling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Esther A Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Scott L Hansen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - William Hoffman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Merisa L Piper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Guo CR, Rivera Perla KM, Leary OP, Sastry RA, Borrelli MR, Liu DD, Khunte M, Gokaslan ZL, Liu PY, Kwan D, Fridley JS, Woo AS. Systematic Review of Prophylactic Plastic Surgery Closure to Prevent Postoperative Wound Complications Following Spine Surgery. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:103-111. [PMID: 38185457 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Spinal surgeries are increasingly performed in the United States, but complication rates can be unacceptably high at up to 26%. Consequently, plastic surgeons (PS) are sometimes recruited by spine surgeons (SS) for intraoperative assistance with soft tissue closures. An electronic multidatabase literature search was systematically conducted to determine whether spinal wound closure performed by PS minimizes postoperative wound healing complications when compared to closure by SS (neurosurgical or orthopedic), with the hypothesis that closures by PS minimizes incidence of complications. All published studies involving patients who underwent posterior spinal surgery with closure by PS or SS at index spine surgery were identified. Filtering by exclusion criteria identified 10 studies, 4 of which were comparative in nature and included both closures by PS and SS. Of these 4, none reported significant differences in postoperative outcomes between the groups. Across all studies, PS were involved in cases with higher baseline risk for wound complications and greater comorbidity burden. Closures by PS were significantly more likely to have had prior chemotherapy in 2 of the 4 (50%) studies (P = 0.014, P < 0.001) and radiation in 3 of the 4 (75%) studies (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). In conclusion, closures by PS are frequently performed in higher risk cases, and use of PS in these closures may normalize the risk of wound complications to that of the normal risk cohort, though the overall level of evidence of the published literature is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Guo
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | - Krissia M Rivera Perla
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen P Leary
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rahul A Sastry
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David D Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mihir Khunte
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ziya L Gokaslan
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Paul Y Liu
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel Kwan
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jared S Fridley
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Albert S Woo
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Francalancia S, Spake CSL, Soliman L, Sobti N, Persad-Paisley E, Hu D, Crozier J, Woo AS. Single Surgeon Comparison of Midline Versus Overlapping Locoregional Flap Closure Following Spinal Instrumentation. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:e821-e829. [PMID: 38373687 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two techniques for paraspinous muscle flap closure of spine surgeries have been described: one with tension-free mobilization of the muscle flaps approximated at the midline and one with perforators more aggressively dissected to allow for overlapping of the flaps. We seek to compare the surgical outcomes in patients who underwent either type of complex spinal closure as no investigation has yet evaluated a superior technique. METHODS An institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective analysis was conducted on all patients who underwent spine surgery followed by locoregional muscle flap complex closure performed by a single plastic surgeon between January 2016 and July 2021. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on which closure method was employed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by multivariable logistic regression with Firth's correction. RESULTS One hundred and 10 patients with similar baseline demographics were included. There were significantly more smokers (15% vs. 0%, P = 0.02) and a significantly greater rate of postoperative radiation (40% vs. 17%, P = 0.009) in the overlapping group. After controlling for smoking and postoperative radiation, the incidence of surgical site infection, skin necrosis, dehiscence, hematoma, and seroma did not differ between the groups. The procedure length per centimeter of closure was shorter in the midline approximation group, although this data fell just short of significance (3.2 vs. 3.8 minutes/cm, P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that both the overlapping and midline approximation of muscle flaps are equally safe and effective strategies for locoregional closure of spinal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Francalancia
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | - Carole S L Spake
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Luke Soliman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nikhil Sobti
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Elijah Persad-Paisley
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel Hu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joseph Crozier
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Albert S Woo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Dalton T, Darner G, McCray E, Price M, Baëta C, Erickson M, Karikari IO, Abd-El-Barr MM, Goodwin CR, Brown DA. Prophylactic Muscle Flaps Decrease Wound Complication Rates in Patients with Oncologic Spine Disease. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:221-231. [PMID: 37075264 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with oncologic spine disease face a high systemic illness burden and often require surgical intervention to alleviate pain and maintain spine stability. Wound healing complications are the most common reason for reoperation in this population and are known to impact quality of life and initiation of adjuvant therapy. Prophylactic muscle flap (MF) closure is known to reduce wound healing complications in high-risk patients; however, the efficacy in oncologic spine patients is not well established. METHODS A collaboration at our institution presented an opportunity to study the outcomes of prophylactic MF closure. The authors performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent MF closure versus a cohort who underwent non-MF closure in the preceding time. Demographic and baseline health data were collected, as were postoperative wound complication data. RESULTS A total of 166 patients were enrolled, including 83 patients in the MF cohort and 83 control patients. Patients in the MF group were more likely to smoke ( P = 0.005) and had a higher incidence of prior spine irradiation ( P = 0.002). Postoperatively, five patients (6%) in the MF group developed wound complications, compared with 14 patients (17%) in the control group ( P = 0.028). The most common overall complication was wound dehiscence requiring conservative therapy, which occurred in six control patients (7%) and one MF patient (1%) ( P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic MF closure during oncologic spine surgery significantly reduces the wound complication rate. Future studies should examine the precise patient population that stands to benefit most from this intervention. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant Darner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Erickson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - David A Brown
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery
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Kuris EO, Alsoof D, Lerner J, Woo AS, Daniels AH. Plastic Surgery Closure of Complex Spinal Wounds. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2023; 31:e610-e618. [PMID: 37155731 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound breakdown and infection are common complications after complex spine surgery and may occur in up to 40% of high-risk patients. These are challenging scenarios which can result in a prolonged hospital stay, revision surgery, and elevated costs. Reconstructive specialists can do prophylactic closures for high-risk groups to potentially reduce the risk of developing a wound complication. These plastic surgery techniques often involve multilayered closure, with the addition of local muscle and/or fasciocutaneous flaps. The goal of this study was to review the literature for risks associated with wound complications, identification of high-risk patients, and the advantages of using plastic surgery techniques. In addition, we elaborate on the multilayered and flap closure technique for complex spine surgery which is done at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren O Kuris
- From the Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI (Kuris, Alsoof, and Daniels), Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (Lerner and Woo)
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Gadot R, Anand A, Verla T, Muir M, Winocour SJ, Reece EM, Ropper AE. Complex Wound Closure in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Reduces Complications in High-Risk Patients. World Neurosurg 2022; 162:e561-e567. [PMID: 35331948 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery is becoming increasingly prevalent. Soft tissue defects arising from revision closure and impaired healing can predispose to wound complications including dehiscence and infection. Soft tissue coverage with local muscle flaps has been shown to minimize wound complications in high-risk patients. In this study we evaluate the role of complex wound closure in preventing wound complications in high-risk spinal deformity patients. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who underwent ASD surgery. Patients were stratified into muscle flap advancement (by neurosurgery or plastic surgery) closure versus primary approximation by neurosurgery. Relevant patient and operative factors were collected and summarized using descriptive statistics. Outcomes of interest included wound complication and revision surgery. RESULTS Ninety-four cases met inclusion criteria including 56 wounds closed by neurosurgery and 38 wounds closed by plastic surgery (PRS). Of the neurosurgery wounds, 31 and 25 were closed by primary approximation and muscular flap advancement, respectively. Patients operated on by PRS were higher risk than all patients operated on only by neurosurgery (P = 0.0037) but were not significantly higher risk than the neurosurgery performed flap cohort (P = 0.4914). In subgroup analysis, despite similar levels of risk, the PRS population experienced lower rates of any wound complication (P = 0.028) and specifically dehiscence (P = 0.029) compared with the neurosurgery performed flap closure cohort. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic involvement of plastic surgery in ASD surgery wound closure may improve wound outcomes in higher risk patients. A multidisciplinary approach with plastic and spine surgeons may lessen the risk of wound complications in high-risk spine surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Gadot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adrish Anand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Terence Verla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Muir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastian J Winocour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Divsion of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edward M Reece
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Divsion of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander E Ropper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Divsion of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Price MJ, Tillis R, Howell EP, Ramirez L, Dalton T, Baëta C, Mehta V, Abd-El-Barr MM, Karikari IO, Goodwin CR, Brown DA. Muscle Flap Closures in Spine Surgery: Predictors of Usage Patterns and Factors Associated With Postoperative Complications From the NSQIP Database. Clin Spine Surg 2022; 35:E248-E258. [PMID: 34149006 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify preoperative factors that impact the decision to perform prophylactic muscle flap closure and assess risk factors for wound healing complications in patients undergoing spinal procedures with and without muscle flap closure. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Prior studies suggest that muscle flap closure following complex spine surgery results in a lower risk of wound healing complications. However, these studies have been limited to single institutions and/or surgeons. METHODS The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all patients undergoing spine surgery between 2005 and 2017 with and without concomitant muscle flaps. Preoperative and perioperative variables were extracted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess risk factors influencing surgical site infection (SSI) and wound disruption, as well as to delineate which preoperative factors increased the likelihood of patients receiving flap closures a priori. RESULTS Concomitant muscle flaps were performed on 758 patients; 301,670 patients did not receive a flap. Overall 29 (3.83%) patients in the flap group experienced SSI compared to 5154 (1.71%) in the nonflap group (P<0.0001). Preoperative steroid use [odds ratio (OR) 0.5; P<0.0001], wound infection (OR 0.24; P<0.0001), elevated white blood cell count (OR 1.034; P<0.0001), low hematocrit (OR 0.94; P<0.0001), preoperative transfusion (OR 0.22; P=0.0068) were significantly associated with utilization of muscle flaps. Perioperative factors including a contaminated wound (OR 4.72; P<0.0001), the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of severe disease (OR 1.92; P=0.024), and longer operative time (OR 1.001; P=0.0024) were significantly associated with postoperative wound disruption. In addition, after propensity score matching for these factors that increase risk of wound complications, there was no difference in the rates of SSI between the flap and nonflap group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that patients with a higher burden of illness preoperatively are more likely to receive prophylactic paraspinal flaps which can reduce the rates of wound-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose Tillis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery
| | | | - Luis Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Tara Dalton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Spine
| | - César Baëta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Spine
| | | | | | | | | | - David A Brown
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery
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Zogheib S, Hanna C, Daou B, Mjaess G, Sleilati F. Successful Outcomes with Flaps for Recurrent Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Leaks: a Systematic Review of the Literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:1380-1388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Management of complex surgical wounds of the back: identifying an evidence-based approach. Arch Plast Surg 2021; 48:599-606. [PMID: 34818705 PMCID: PMC8627952 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2020.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative dehiscence and surgical site infection after spinal surgery can carry serious morbidity. Multidisciplinary involvement of plastic surgery is essential to minimizing morbidity and achieving definitive closure. However, a standardized approach is lacking. The aim of this study was to identify effective reconstructive interventions for the basis of an evidence-based management protocol. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a single tertiary institution for 45 patients who required 53 reconstruction procedures with plastic surgery for wounds secondary to spinal surgery from 2010 to 2019. Statistical analysis was performed for demographics, comorbidities, and treatment methods. Primary outcomes were postoperative complications, including dehiscence, seroma, and infection. The secondary outcome was time to healing. Results The overall complication rate was 32%, with dehiscence occurring in 17%, seroma in 15% and infection in 11% of cases. Median follow-up was 10 months (interquartile range, 4–23). Use of antibiotic beads did not affect rate of infection occurrence after wound closure (P=0.146). Use of incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) was significant for reduced time to healing (P=0.001). Patients treated without iNPWT healed at median of 67.5 days while the patients who received iNPWT healed in 33 days. Demographics and comorbidities between these two groups were similar. Conclusions This data provides groundwork for an evidence-based approach to soft tissue reconstruction and management of dehiscence after spinal surgery. Timely involvement of plastic surgery in high-risk patients and utilization of evidence-based interventions such as iNPWT are essential for improving outcomes in this population.
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Comparison of Plastic Surgeon and Spine Surgeon Closure in Revision Short Segment Thoracolumbar Spinal Fusions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:1279-1286. [PMID: 34435992 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes of plastic versus spine surgeon wound closure in revision 1 to 4 level thoracolumbar fusions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Plastic surgeons perform layered musculocutaneous flap closures in high-risk spine patients such as revision posterior spinal fusion and complex deformity correction surgeries. Few studies have assessed outcomes of revision fusion performed with plastic surgical closures, particularly in nondeformity thoracolumbar spinal surgery. METHODS A retrospective review of 1 to 4 level revision thoracolumbar fusion performed by Orthopedic or Neurosurgical spine surgeons. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics and perioperative outcomes. Patients were divided into two cohorts: wound closures performed by spine surgeons and those closed by plastic surgeons. Outcomes were analyzed before and after propensity score match for prior levels fused, iliac fixation, and levels fused at index surgery. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-seven (87.3%) spine surgeon (SS) and 52 (12.7%) plastic surgeon (PS) closures were identified. PS group had significantly higher number of levels fused at index (PS 2.7 ± 1.0 vs. SS 1.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) and at prior surgeries (PS 1.8 ± 1.2 vs. SS 1.0 ± 0.9, P < 0.001), and rate of iliac instrumentation (PS 17.3% vs. SS 2.8%, P < 0.001). Plastics closure was an independent risk factor for length of stay > 5 days (odds ratio 2.3) and postoperative seroma formation (odds ratio 7.8). After propensity score match, PS had higher rates of seromas (PS 36.5% vs. SS 3.8%, P < 0.001). There were no differences between PS and SS groups in surgical outcomes, perioperative complication, surgical site infection, seroma requiring aspiration, or return to operating room at all time points until follow-up (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Plastic spinal closure for 1 to 4 level revision posterior thoracolumbar fusions had no advantage in reducing wound complications over spine surgeon closure but increased postoperative seroma formation.Level of Evidence: 4.
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Major complications after total en bloc spondylectomy with high-dose radiation therapy for spinal metastasis: A case report and review of literature. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Osmanagic A, Schütz A, Bayard I, Raabe A, Olariu R, Schär RT. Coverage of complex tissue defects following open cervicothoracic spine surgery with a lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap-an interdisciplinary approach. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 45:883-890. [PMID: 34409575 PMCID: PMC8827156 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study design is a clinical case series. The objective of this study was to present the concept and efficacy of the lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (LTIMF) for management of complex wound healing disorders following open cervicothoracic spine surgery. Wound healing disturbances with myocutaneous defects after open spine surgery at the cervical and upper thoracic spine are well-described complications. In severe cases, plastic reconstructive coverage is often required as a last resort. A review of all adult patients with deep wound dehiscence and tissue defects following open cervicothoracic spine surgery, who were managed with plastic surgery reconstruction using a LTIMF at our institution, was conducted. Synopses of these cases are presented. Seven patients with a mean age of 73 years ± 13 (range 50 to 89 years) were included in this case series. Six out of seven patients had instrumented posterior fusion added to their decompression. All patients were managed with a LTIMF for wound coverage. No spinal implants were removed prior to LTIMF surgery. The mean follow-up was 5.2 months (± 5.4 months). No major flap failure occurred, and all patients presented with satisfactory cosmetic results. The only minor complication was development of a sterile subcutaneous seroma in two patients, which were successfully managed by puncture and aspiration. The LTIMF is an effective and reliable salvage treatment option for spine surgery patients offering stable coverage of deep tissue defects resulting from complex wound healing disorders at the cervical and upper thoracic spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Osmanagic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessa Schütz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Bayard
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Raabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Radu Olariu
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph T Schär
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hersh AM, Pennington Z, Schilling AT, Porras J, Hung B, Antar A, Patel J, Lubelski D, Feghali J, Goodwin CR, Lo SFL, Sciubba DM. Plastic surgery wound closure following resection of spinal metastases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 207:106800. [PMID: 34280676 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical site infection and dehiscence are devastating complications of surgery for spinal metastases. Wound closure involving plastic surgeons has been proposed as a strategy to lower post-operative complications. Here we investigated whether plastic surgery closure is associated with lower rates of wound complications, wound infection, and wound reoperation compared to simple closure by spine surgeons. METHODS Patients surgically treated for metastatic tumors at a single comprehensive cancer center between April 2013-2020 were retrospectively identified. Primary pathology, demographic information, clinical characteristics, pre-operative laboratory values, tumor location, operative characteristics, and post-operative outcomes were collected. Univariable analyses used student t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. Multivariable regressions were performed to control for confounders. RESULTS We included 317 patients, of which 56 underwent closure by plastic surgeons and 291 by neurosurgeons. Patients in the plastic surgery cohort were more likely to have received prior radiation to the surgical site, more often on long-term corticosteroid therapy, and more likely to have sacrococcygeal tumors. Operations involving plastic surgeons were more likely to be revision surgeries, corpectomies, and to involve a staged approach. Additionally, patients in the plastic surgery cohort had longer incision lengths, longer surgeries, greater intraoperative blood loss (IOBL), were more likely to receive transfusions, and had longer hospitalizations. Local paraspinous advancement flaps were the most common complex wound closure technique. Plastic surgery closure was not significantly associated with a difference in rates of post-operative wound complications, wound infection, or wound-related reoperations compared to simple wound closure. CONCLUSION We identified that patients undergoing plastic surgery wound closure had worse baseline risk, longer surgeries, greater IOBL, and longer hospitalizations compared to patients receiving simple closure. Despite their increased risk, complex wound closure did not significantly alter the rates of post-operative wound complications, wound infection, or wound-related reoperations. Consideration may be given to plastic surgery closure in patients at high risk of wound complications or with extensive wound defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hersh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew T Schilling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jose Porras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bethany Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Albert Antar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jaimin Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Feghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Larry Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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14
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Kenny EM, James IB, Bengür FB, Zammerilla LL, Manders EK, Russavage JM, Acartürk TO. Flap Closure of Spinal Defects in High-Risk Patients: A 10-Year Institutional Experience. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:678-687. [PMID: 33883433 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complication rates after spinal surgery are high, in part because of surgical advancements that have made procedures available to a broader range of medically complicated patients. The high rates of infection, hematoma, and dehiscence resulting in open wounds after spinal surgery often warrant plastic surgery involvement. In this study, we aim to examine the effects of preoperative and operative risk factors on complication rates, reoperation rates, and hospital length of stay after flap reconstruction of spinal defects. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 373 patients who required flap reconstruction for spinal wound closure at our institution between 2003 and 2013. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, operative variables, and postreconstructive course were collected. RESULTS Of the 373 patients, 97.3% had at least 1 comorbid condition associated with poor wound healing, 91.2% had a significant wound condition at the time of reconstruction, and 81.8% had a history of 2 or more spinal surgeries. After reconstruction, average hospital stay was 14 days, with 35% of patients developing complications and 30% requiring reoperation. Risk factors including elevated body mass index, diabetes, tobacco use, steroid use, low prealbumin level, therapeutic anticoagulation, infection, history of spine surgery, multilevel spinal reconstruction, and spinal hardware were associated with complications, reoperations, and prolonged length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Local muscle flap coverage is an effective strategy for the reconstruction of spinal defects in medically complex patients. To reduce the inherently high risks associated with paraspinous reconstruction in this challenging population, special consideration should be given to preoperative and operative variables associated with poor outcomes. Early coordination between spine and plastic surgeons should be considered in patients at high-risk of wound complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kenny
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Do A, Davis MJ, Abu-Ghname A, Winocour SJ, Reece EM, Holmes S, Xu DS, Ropper AE, Hansen SL. The Historical Role of the Plastic Surgeon in Spine Reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 2021; 35:3-9. [PMID: 33994871 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1722852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Wound complications occur in up to 19% of patients undergoing complex spine surgery. The role of the plastic surgeon in complex and redo spine surgery is important and evolving. Classically, plastic surgeons have been involved in the management of patients who develop wound complications following surgery. This involves reconstruction of posterior trunk defects with locoregional fasciocutaneous, muscle, and free tissue transfers. There has also been an increasing role for plastic surgeons to become involved in prophylactic closures of complex and/or redo spine surgeries for high-risk populations. Identification of patients with comorbidities and likelihood for multiple reoperations who are prophylactically treated with complex closure with or without local muscle flaps could significantly decrease the postoperative wound complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Do
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Amjed Abu-Ghname
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sebastian J Winocour
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward M Reece
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Holmes
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David S Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Scott L Hansen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
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16
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Nguyen MH, Patel K, West J, Scharschmidt T, Chetta M, Schulz S, Mendel E, Valerio IL. A multidisciplinary approach to complex oncological spine coverage in high-risk patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2021; 34:277-282. [PMID: 33096531 DOI: 10.3171/2020.6.spine2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consequences of failed spinal hardware secondary to wound complications can increase the burden on the patient while also significantly escalating the cost of care. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a protocol-based multidisciplinary approach in optimizing wound outcome in complex oncological spine care patients. METHODS A retrospective consecutive case series was performed from 2015 to 2019 of all patients who underwent oncological spine surgery. A protocol was established to identify oncological patients at high risk for potential wound complications. Preoperative and postoperative treatment plans were developed by the multidisciplinary tumor board team members. Wound healing risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, prior spine surgery, pre- or postoperative chemotherapy or radiation exposure, perioperative steroid use, and poor nutritional status were recorded. Operative details, including the regions of spinal involvement, presence of instrumentation, and number of vertebral levels operated on, were reviewed. Primary outcomes were the length of hospitalization and major (requiring reoperation) and minor wound complications in the setting of the aforementioned identified risk factors. RESULTS A total of 102 oncological cases were recorded during the 5-year study period. Of these patients, 99 had local muscle flap reconstruction with layered closure over their surgical hardware. The prevalence of smoking, diabetes, and previous spine surgery for the cohort was 21.6%, 20.6%, and 27.5%, respectively. Radiation exposure was seen in 72.5% of patients (37.3% preoperative vs 48% postoperative exposure). Chemotherapy was given to 66.7% of the patients (49% preoperatively and 30.4% postoperatively). The rate of perioperative steroid exposure was 60.8%. Prealbumin and albumin levels were 15.00 ± 7.47 mg/dL and 3.23 ± 0.43 mg/dL, respectively. Overall, an albumin level of < 3.5 mg/dL and BMI < 18.5 were seen in 64.7% and 13.7% of the patients, respectively. The mean number of vertebral levels involved was 6.76 ± 2.37 levels. Instrumentation of 7 levels or more was seen in 52.9% of patients. The average spinal wound defect size was 22.06 ± 7.79 cm. The rate of minor wound complications, including superficial skin breakdown (epidermolysis) and nonoperative seromas, was 6.9%, whereas that for major complications requiring reoperation within 90 days of surgery was 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary team approach utilized in complex multilevel oncological spine reconstruction surgery optimizes surgical outcomes, reduces morbidities, and improves care and satisfaction in patients with known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie West
- Departments of1Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Thomas Scharschmidt
- 3Orthopedic Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | | | | | | | - Ian L Valerio
- 4Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Houten JK, Weinstein GR, Collins MJ, Komlos D. Bilateral paraspinal muscle flap closure technique for reduction of wound complications from posterior thoracolumbar spinal fusion: results of a series of 716 patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2021; 34:211-217. [PMID: 33065537 DOI: 10.3171/2020.6.spine20755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wound complications such as surgical site infection (SSI) and dehiscence are among the most common complications of thoracolumbar spinal fusion surgery and are particularly prevalent in patients with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, smoking, malignancy, and multilevel and/or revision procedures. A specialized wound closure technique with muscle flap mobilization, which reduces tension at the wound edges and increases the bulk of vascularized tissue in the midline, can be employed as a salvage procedure to manage wound complications. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of prophylactic muscle flap closure for reducing SSI in patients with risk factors for wound complications who undergo thoracolumbar fusion surgery. METHODS A retrospective review of thoracolumbar fusion surgeries over a 15-year period was conducted in a group of patients at risk for wound complications to compare outcomes of patients who underwent prophylactic muscle flap closure with outcomes of patients who had conventional wound closure. Patients were selected for specialized closure based upon a protocol adopted during the study period. Patients were excluded if they had active infections or underwent tubular retractor-mediated decompression and did not have open surgery with a midline incision. RESULTS Of 716 patients, wound closure was performed in 455 patients using conventional closure and in 261 using muscle flap closure. There were no significant differences in the ratios of male to female patients, with 251 men and 204 women with conventional closure and 133 men and 128 women with muscle flap closure, but the muscle flap patients were older than the conventional closure patients, with mean ages of 65.2 versus 62.9 years (p < 0.005). Indications for surgery in the muscle flap group and the conventional group, respectively, were metastatic disease in 44 (17%) and 32 (7%) patients; trauma in 10 (4%) and 14 (3%) patients; and degenerative disease, including spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, and stenosis, in 207 (79%) and 409 (90%) patients, with more muscle flap patients having metastasis (p < 0.00001). Patients having muscle flaps had significantly higher rates of diabetes, smoking, and revision surgery, and a higher mean BMI and number of operative levels. The serum albumin level was slightly lower in the muscle flap group (p < 0.047). The wound infection rate was significantly lower in the muscle flap group (0.4%) compared with the conventional closure group (2.4%) (p < 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic muscle flap closure significantly lowers the rate of SSI in patients undergoing thoracolumbar spinal fusion who harbor risk factors for wound complications, with even fewer infections seen than in a group of patients without similar risk factors. Given the success of the technique, consideration of wider use for thoracolumbar fusion cases, even those without a high level of complexity, may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Houten
- 1Departments of Surgery and
- 2Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn; and
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | - Daniel Komlos
- 2Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn; and
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18
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Morrison KA, Weinreb RH, Dong X, Toyoda Y, Jin JL, Bender R, Mukherjee S, Spector JA. Facilitated self-assembly of a prevascularized dermal/epidermal collagen scaffold. Regen Med 2020; 15:2273-2283. [PMID: 33325258 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Resurfacing complex full thickness wounds requires free tissue transfer which creates donor site morbidity. We describe a method to fabricate a skin flap equivalent with a hierarchical microvascular network. Materials & methods: We fabricated a flap of skin-like tissue containing a hierarchical vascular network by sacrificing Pluronic® F127 macrofibers and interwoven microfibers within collagen encapsulating human pericytes and fibroblasts. Channels were seeded with smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Constructs were topically seeded with keratinocytes. Results: After 28 days in culture, multiphoton microscopy revealed a hierarchical interconnected network of macro- and micro-vessels; larger vessels (>100 μm) were lined with a monolayer endothelial neointima and a subendothelial smooth muscle neomedia. Neoangiogenic sprouts formed in the collagen protodermis and pericytes self-assembled around both fabricated vessels and neoangiogenic sprouts. Conclusion: We fabricated a prevascularized scaffold containing a hierarchical 3D network of interconnected macro- and microchannels within a collagen protodermis subjacent to an overlying protoepidermis with the potential for recipient microvascular anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Plastic Surgery Resident Physician affiliated with the Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ross H Weinreb
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yoshiko Toyoda
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Plastic Surgery Resident Physician affiliated with the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia L Jin
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ryan Bender
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jason A Spector
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Nancy E. & Peter C. Meinig School of Bioengineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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19
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Garg B, Mehta N. Brothers-in-arms: Liaison between spine surgeons and plastic surgeons in wound repair after complex spine surgery. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2020; 4:100031. [PMID: 35141600 PMCID: PMC8820055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in surgical technology and adjuvant therapies along with an aging and increasingly morbid U.S. population have led to an increase in complex spine surgery. With this increase comes an elevated risk of complications, including those related to the surgical wound, with some studies demonstrating wound complication incidences approaching 45 percent. The authors hypothesize that immediate muscle flap closure improves outcomes in high-risk patients. METHODS Three hundred one consecutive index cases of spinal wound closure using local muscle flaps performed by the senior author at a single institution between 2006 and 2018 were reviewed. The primary outcome was major wound complication (reoperation and/or readmission because of surgical-site infection, late infection, dehiscence, seroma, or hematoma). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of this endpoint. RESULTS Major wound complications occurred in 6.6 percent of patients (reoperation, 3.6 percent; readmission, 3.0 percent), with a 6.0 percent infection rate and five cases requiring instrumentation removal because of infection. Risk factors identified included radiotherapy (OR, 5.9; p = 0.004), age 65 years or older (OR, 2.8; p = 0.046), and prior spine surgery (OR, 4.3; p = 0.027). The incidence of major wound complication increased dramatically with each additional risk factor. Mean drain dwell duration was 21.1 ± 10.0 days and not associated with major wound complications, including infection (OR, 1.04; p = 0.112). CONCLUSIONS Immediate local muscle flap closure following complex spine surgery on high-risk patients is associated with an acceptable rate of wound complications and, as these data demonstrate, is safe and effective. Consideration should be given to immediate muscle flap closure in appropriately selected patients. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
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21
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Leary OP, Liu DD, Boyajian MK, Syed S, Camara-Quintana JQ, Niu T, Svokos KA, Crozier J, Oyelese AA, Liu PY, Woo AS, Gokaslan ZL, Fridley JS. Complex wound closure by plastic surgery following resection of spinal neoplasms minimizes postoperative wound complications in high-risk patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 33:77-86. [PMID: 32109877 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.spine191238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wound breakdown and infection are common postoperative complications following resection of spinal neoplasms. Accordingly, it has become common practice at some centers for plastic surgeons to assist with closure of large posterior defects after spine tumor resection. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that plastic surgery closure of complex spinal defects improves wound outcomes following resection of spinal neoplastic disease. METHODS Electronic medical records of consecutive patients who underwent resection of a spinal neoplasm between June 2015 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were separated into two subpopulations based on whether the surgical wound was closed by plastic surgery or neurosurgery. Patient demographics, preoperative risk factors, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes were collected in a central database and summarized using descriptive statistics. Outcomes of interest included rates of wound complication, reoperation, and mortality. Known preoperative risk factors for wound complication in spinal oncology were identified based on literature review and grouped categorically. The presence of each category of risk factors was then compared between groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regressions were applied to define associations between individual risk factors and wound complications. RESULTS One hundred six patients met inclusion criteria, including 60 wounds primarily closed by plastic surgery and 46 by neurosurgery. The plastic surgery population included more patients with systemic metastases (58% vs 37%, p = 0.029), prior radiation (53% vs 17%, p < 0.001), prior chemotherapy (37% vs 15%, p = 0.014), and sacral region tumors (25% vs 7%, p = 0.012), and more patients who underwent procedures requiring larger incisions (7.2 ± 3.6 vs 4.5 ± 2.6 levels, p < 0.001), prolonged operative time (413 ± 161 vs 301 ± 181 minutes, p = 0.001), and greater blood loss (906 ± 1106 vs 283 ± 373 ml, p < 0.001). The average number of risk factor categories present was significantly greater in the plastic surgery group (2.57 vs 1.74, p < 0.001). Despite the higher relative risk, the plastic surgery group did not experience a significantly higher rate of wound complication (28% vs 17%, p = 0.145), reoperation (17% vs 9%, p = 0.234), or all-cause mortality (30% vs 13%, p = 0.076). One patient died from wound-related complications in each group (p = 0.851). Regression analyses identified diabetes, multilevel instrumentation, and BMI as the factors associated with the greatest wound complications. CONCLUSIONS Involving plastic surgery in the closure of spinal wounds after resection of neoplasms may ameliorate expected increases in wound complications among higher-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen P Leary
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Sohail Syed
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Joaquin Q Camara-Quintana
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Tianyi Niu
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Konstantina A Svokos
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Joseph Crozier
- 2Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Adetokunbo A Oyelese
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Paul Y Liu
- 2Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Albert S Woo
- 2Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ziya L Gokaslan
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jared S Fridley
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 3Lifespan Health System/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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22
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Locoregional Flap Closure for High-risk Multilevel Spine Surgery. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2751. [PMID: 32440420 PMCID: PMC7209832 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background: Postoperative wound complications pose a challenge to patients undergoing complex spine surgery. Long-term sequelae can be devastating including decreased quality of life, meningitis, prolonged hospital stay, and need for reoperation. Among high-risk patients, postoperative wound complications have been shown to approach 40% in the literature. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for postoperative complications following soft-tissue reconstruction after high-risk spine surgery with the hypothesis that it would result in significantly fewer postoperative wound complications. Methods: A retrospective review of 67 consecutive spine operations at an academic, tertiary care center was performed, evaluating outcomes with a single plastic surgeon in conjunction with the spine surgery team. Data regarding patient demographics, perioperative risk variables, flap type, location of defect, and postoperative outcomes were obtained through retrospective chart review. Complications included soft-tissue complications and a number of reoperations. A bivariate analysis was used to identify predictors of postoperative complication. These data were compared to literature-reported averages. Results: A total of 67 consecutive spinal reconstructive operations were included with a mean follow-up of 11.8 months. Thirty-seven patients (55.2%) underwent immediate reconstruction at the time of the index operation, and 30 (44.8%) underwent delayed reconstruction for secondary wound healing problems following the index operation (in which plastic surgery was not involved). The majority of both immediate (95%, n = 35) and delayed (100%, n = 30) patients was defined as high risk based on literature standards. Patients in this series demonstrated a 7.5% complication rate, compared to 18.7% complication rate in the literature. We did not find a difference between major wound complications in the immediate (8.1%) or delayed (6.7%) reconstructive setting (P > 0.99). There were no specific variables identified that predicted postoperative complications. Conclusion: This study illustrates a postoperative complication rate of 7.5% among patients undergoing paraspinous or locoregional muscle flap closure by plastic surgery, which is significantly lower than that reported in contemporary literature for these high-risk patients.
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23
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LC-QTOF-MS and 1H NMR Metabolomics Verifies Potential Use of Greater Omentum for Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Eradication in Rats. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050399. [PMID: 32455691 PMCID: PMC7281169 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wound infections are a common problem associated with surgical interventions. In particular, biofilm-forming bacteria are hard to eradicate, and alternative methods of treatment based on covering wounds with vascularized flaps of tissue are being developed. The greater omentum is a complex organ covering the intestines in the abdomen, which support wound recovery following surgical procedures and exhibit natural antimicrobial activity that could improve biofilm eradication. We investigated changes in rats’ metabolome following Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, as well as the greater omentum’s ability for Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm eradication. Rats received either sterile implants or implants covered with Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm (placed in the peritoneum or greater omentum). Metabolic profiles were monitored at days 0, 2, and 5 after surgery using combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS) measurements of urine samples followed by chemometric analysis. Obtained results indicated that grafting of the sterile implant to the greater omentum did not cause major disturbances in rats’ metabolism, whereas the sterile implant located in the peritoneum triggered metabolic perturbations related to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as choline, tryptophan, and hippurate metabolism. Presence of implants colonized with Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resulted in similar levels of metabolic perturbations in both locations. Our findings confirmed that surgical procedures utilizing the greater omentum may have a practical use in wound healing and tissue regeneration in the future.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED MINI: This retrospective case series investigated paraspinous flaps for coverage of complex spinal wounds. 6.90% of patients developed postoperative wound infections and 0.00% of patients required instrumentation removal for infection. This suggests that these flaps may offer a long-term solution in wound management for patients with repeated spinal operations. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and complication profile of the use of paraspinous muscle flaps for closure of complex spinal wounds. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Paraspinous muscle flap closure offers an innovative option in difficult-to-manage post-spinal surgery wounds. Current literature reports are mixed in terms of success and complication rates of these flap procedures, with most sources citing a wound complication rate of 20%. METHODS This case series investigated the hospital course of 58 patients undergoing paraspinous flap closure after spinal surgery between the years 2014 and 2018. Information gathered includes: demographics, surgery indication, location, and length of incision on the spine, nutrition labs, previous spinal surgeries, preoperative wound class, operative times, length of hospital stay, and complication rates including reoperation, wound infection, and other postoperative complications. RESULTS Of the 58 patients undergoing spinal muscle flap closure, 51 (87.93%) had undergone previous spinal surgery with an average of 2.12 previous surgeries in these patients. Mean albumin and prealbumin were 2.62 and 13.75, respectively. 4/58 (6.90%) developed a wound infection or experienced a continuation of their chronic osteomyelitis. Of the 57 patients that had spinal instrumentation, three (5.26%) had spinal implants removed at the time of surgery and two (3.51%) had it removed or replaced later for mechanical complications. No patients had instrumentation removed for chronic infections. One (1.72%) experienced reoperation for wound-related complications. These rates are lower than most complication rates in the current literature. CONCLUSION The plastic and reconstructive paraspinous muscle flap has promising results as a closure option for complex spinal wounds following neurosurgical cases. Further investigation is called for to determine the applicability of these results to the general population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Dolan RT, Butler JS, Vaccaro AR, White AP, Giele HP. Current Strategies for Reconstruction of Soft Tissue Defects of the Spine. Clin Spine Surg 2020; 33:9-19. [PMID: 31913180 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal surgery has been revolutionized by advances in instrumentation, bone graft substitutes, and perioperative care. Extensive dissection, creation of large areas of dead space, and the use of instrumentation in compromised patients, however, predisposes to high rates of wound complications. Postoperative wound complications in patients undergoing complex spinal surgery can have devastating sequelae, including hardware exposure, meningitis, and unplanned reoperation. Recognition of high-risk patients and prediction of wound closure difficulties, combined with preemptive reconstructive surgical strategies may prevent complications. The purpose of this review is to discuss the principles of spine wound management and provide a synopsis of the soft tissue reconstructive strategies utilized in spinal surgery. We review the senior author's preferred reconstructive algorithm for the management of these complex wounds, in addition to outcomes data relating to the timing of reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin T Dolan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S Butler
- National Spinal Injuries Unit, Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew P White
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Henk P Giele
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mackenzie WGS, McLeod L, Wang K, Crotty J, Hope JE, Imahiyerobo TA, Ko RR, Anderson RCE, Saiman L, Vitale MG. Team Approach: Preventing Surgical Site Infections in Pediatric Scoliosis Surgery. JBJS Rev 2019; 6:e2. [PMID: 29406434 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.16.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W G Stuart Mackenzie
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lisa McLeod
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kevin Wang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer Crotty
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer E Hope
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Thomas A Imahiyerobo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.A.I.), Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), and Department of Infection Prevention and Control (L.S.), New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Riva R Ko
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard C E Anderson
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.A.I.), Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (L.S.), and Department of Infection Prevention and Control (L.S.), New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael G Vitale
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.G.S.M., K.W., J.C., J.E.H., and M.G.V.), Anesthesiology (R.R.K.), and Neurological Surgery (R.C.E.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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DI Summa PG, Largo RD, Ismail T, Tremp M, Lunger A, Wettstein R, Krähenbühl SM, Giordano S, Schaefer DJ, Schaeren S, Kalbermatten DF. Reconstruction of Spinal Soft Tissue Defects With Perforator Flaps From the Paraspinal Region. In Vivo 2019; 33:827-832. [PMID: 31028204 PMCID: PMC6559912 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Reconstruction of spinal soft tissue defects is challenging, especially when neural structures or prosthetic material are exposed. They should be covered with well-vascularized tissue such as paraspinal perforator flaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of soft tissue reconstructions with paraspinal perforator flaps from 2011 to 2018. The technique is described and risk factors for poor wound healing were assessed. Postoperative complications are reported. RESULTS Twenty patients with a mean age of 63.65 years were included. Defects had an average size of 47 cm2 and were mainly located in the lumbosacral region (9 patients). Twelve patients suffered from infection following spinal stabilization, seven of whom were diagnosed with osteomyelitis, two patients presented with pressure sore and one patient experienced wound dehiscence. One partial flap necrosis with a lumbar defect occurred, which required revision surgery. No total flap loss occurred. Stable, closed wounds were achieved at their final follow-up. CONCLUSION Perforator paraspinal flaps are suitable for immediate reconstruction of spinal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro G DI Summa
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - René D Largo
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarek Ismail
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Tremp
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Lunger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Wettstein
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swenn Maxence Krähenbühl
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Giordano
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schaeren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Kalbermatten
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Immediate Reconstruction of Complex Spinal Wounds Is Associated with Increased Hardware Retention and Fewer Wound-related Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2076. [PMID: 30859036 PMCID: PMC6382244 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Patients undergoing surgeries involving extensive posterior spine instrumentation and fusion often have multiple risk factors for wound healing complications. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence on immediate (proactive/prophylactic) and delayed (reactive) spinal wound reconstruction. We hypothesized that immediate soft-tissue reconstruction of extensive spinal wounds would be associated with fewer postoperative surgicalsite complications than delayed reconstruction. Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a PubMed database search was performed to identify English-language, human-subject literature published between 2003 and 2018. Data were summarized, and the pooled prevalence of various wound complications was calculated, weighted by study size, using the generic inverse variance method. A subgroup analysis of all studies with a comparison group (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine level 3 or better) was performed, and Forest plots were created. Results: The database search yielded 16 articles including 828 patients; 428 (51.7%) received an immediate spinal wound reconstruction and 400 (48.3%) had a delayed reconstruction. Spinal neoplasm was the most common index diagnosis. Paraspinous muscle flap reconstruction was performed in the majority of cases. Pooled analysis of all studies revealed immediate reconstruction to be associated with decreased rates of overall wound complications (28.5% versus 18.8%), hardware loss (10.7% versus 1.8%), and wound infections (10.7% versus 7.6%) compared with delayed reconstruction. Conclusions: Immediate soft-tissue reconstruction of high-risk spinal wounds is associated with fewer wound healing complications and increased hardware retention.
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Imahiyerobo T, Minkara AA, Matsumoto H, Vitale MG. Plastic Multilayered Closure in Pediatric Nonidiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated With a Lower Than Expected Incidence of Wound Complications and Surgical Site Infections. Spine Deform 2019; 6:454-459. [PMID: 29886919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) and wound complications between standard and plastic multilayered closure (PMC) in patients with pediatric nonidiopathic scoliosis undergoing primary or revision instrumentation or fusion. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although PMC has been used for adult spine patients as well as infected spinal wound closure, it has not been reported as routine closure in the pediatric nonidiopathic scoliosis population. METHODS Patients with nonidiopathic scoliosis undergoing primary or revision instrumentation or fusion between 2013 and 2016 were enrolled. Clinical charts and operative reports were reviewed. Following September 2015, all patients with nonidiopathic scoliosis received PMC closure by plastic or orthopedic surgery. The SSI and wound complication incidence in patients undergoing PMC was compared to standard closure. The mean Risk Severity Score (RSS) for SSI, which uses patient characteristics to calculate the excepted SSI probability, was compared to the observed (actual) incidence. The CDC definition of SSI (infection ≤90 days of surgery) was used. RESULTS 115 patients were identified, including 56 standard closure and 59 PMC (mean age of 10.6 years; 54.8% female; mean preoperative major curve = 57.5°). There was no significant difference in age, sex, race, preoperative major curve, BMI, hemoglobin, blood loss, mean RSS score, or etiology between both groups (p > .05). Following PMC implementation, the observed incidence of wound complications decreased significantly from 19.6% in standard closures to 5.1% in the PMC group (p = .02), and the SSI incidence decreased from 8.9% to 1.7% (p = .11). The overall change in the observed (actual) incidence versus expected (RSS score) incidence of SSI indicated a 7.1% reduction following PMC. CONCLUSION Utilizing PMC in patients undergoing spinal surgery for nonidiopathic scoliosis significantly decreases the incidence of wound complications. Surgeons should consider using PMC in patients with nonidiopathic scoliosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Imahiyerobo
- Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway, 8 North, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anas A Minkara
- Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway, 8 North, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroko Matsumoto
- Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway, 8 North, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Michael G Vitale
- Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway, 8 North, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Pollock RE, Payne JE, Rogers AD, Smith SM, Iwenofu OH, Valerio IL, Zomerlei TA, Howard JH, Dornbos D, Galgano MA, Goulart C, Mendel E, Miller ED, Xu-Welliver M, Martin DD, Haglund KE, Bupathi M, Chen JL, Yeager ND. Multidisciplinary sarcoma care. Curr Probl Surg 2018; 55:517-580. [PMID: 30526918 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E Pollock
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH.
| | - Jason E Payne
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Alan D Rogers
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Stephen M Smith
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ian L Valerio
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - David Dornbos
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Ehud Mendel
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Eric D Miller
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Karl E Haglund
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - James L Chen
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Nicholas D Yeager
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
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Meyerson J, O'Brien A, Calvin N, Chandawarkar R. A new propeller trapezius muscle flap for reconstruction of posterior trunk defects: An anatomic study and report of three cases. Microsurgery 2018; 39:428-433. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Meyerson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Andrew O'Brien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Nicholas Calvin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Rajiv Chandawarkar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio
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Adapa N, Jain N, Capek A, Chandawarkar R, Khan SN, Gussous YM, Yu E. Prophylactic muscle flap reconstruction after complex spine surgery for degenerative disease: case series and institutional protocol. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2018; 4:560-567. [PMID: 30547119 PMCID: PMC6261757 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2018.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound complications can occur in up to 20% of patients following multilevel posterior spinal fusion. Currently, the use of local flaps has been reported in high-risk patients with a history of spinal neoplasm, radiation therapy, exposed hardware, multiple spine surgeries, or wound infections. However, there are no reports of prophylactic muscle flap wound closure in patients undergoing multi-level spinal fusion for degenerative pathology. Given the extensive soft tissue dissection for exposure compounded by patient comorbidities, there is potential to minimize the risk of wound complications with prophylactic trapezius and/or paraspinal flap coverage. We sought to describe the utility and outcomes of prophylactic muscle flaps for wound coverage after instrumented posterior spinal fusion for multi-level degenerative spine disease and spinal deformity. METHODS An institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective review of 26 consecutive patients who underwent a multi-level posterior spinal fusion for degenerative pathology with concurrent muscle flap coverage at a single institution (August 2016 to February 2017) was done. Patient demographics, clinical profile, procedures, and outcomes at a minimum 6-month post-operatively have been described. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 59.7±13.0 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 31.0±8.6 kg/m2. Paraspinous muscle flap (61.5%), trapezius (3.8%), and combination flaps (34.6%) were used for coverage of an average wound defect of 325 cm2 extending over average 10.2 vertebral levels. All wounds healed completely with no complications at an average of 9.1 months follow-up. Only 1 patient (3.8%) developed a seroma for which interventional radiology (IR)-drainage was sufficient. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic trapezius and/or paraspinous muscle flap coverage using a team approach can reduce the risk of wound complications after extensive spinal fusion for multi-level degenerative disease or adult spinal deformity (ASD). Preliminary results from our institution suggest that routine use of such a protocol has the potential to improve quality of care and reduce healthcare expenditure associated with this relatively morbid procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Adapa
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nikhil Jain
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allison Capek
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajiv Chandawarkar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Safdar N. Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yazeed M. Gussous
- Department of Orthopaedics, El Camino Hospital, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Carl HM, Ahmed AK, Abu-Bonsrah N, De la Garza Ramos R, Sankey EW, Pennington Z, Bydon A, Witham TF, Wolinsky JP, Gokaslan ZL, Sacks JM, Goodwin CR, Sciubba DM. Risk factors for wound-related reoperations in patients with metastatic spine tumor. J Neurosurg Spine 2018; 28:663-668. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.10.spine1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEResection of metastatic spine tumors can improve patients’ quality of life by addressing pain or neurological compromise. However, resections are often complicated by wound dehiscence, infection, instrumentation failures, and the need for reoperation. Moreover, when reoperations are needed, the most common indication is surgical site infection and wound breakdown. In turn, wound reoperations increase morbidity as well as the length and cost of hospitalization. The aim of this study was to examine perioperative risk factors associated with increased rate of wound reoperations after metastatic spine tumor resection.METHODSA retrospective study of patients at a single institution who underwent metastatic spine tumor resection between 2003 and 2013 was conducted. Factors with a p value < 0.200 in a univariate analysis were included in the multivariate model.RESULTSA total of 159 patients were included in this study. Karnofsky Performance Scale score > 70, smoking status, hypertension, thromboembolic events, hyperlipidemia, increasing number of vertebral levels, and posterior approach were included in the multivariate analysis. Thromboembolic events (95% CI 1.19–48.5, p = 0.032) and number of levels involved were independently associated with increased wound reoperation rates in the multivariate model. For each additional spinal level involved, the risk for wound reoperations increased by 21% (95% CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.018).CONCLUSIONSAlthough wound complications and subsequent reoperations are potential risks for all patients with metastatic spine tumor, due to adjuvant radiotherapy and other medical comorbidities, this study identified patients with thromboembolic events or those requiring a larger incision as being at the highest risk. Measures intended to decrease the occurrence of perioperative venous thromboembolism and to improve wound care, especially for long incisions, may decrease wound-related revision surgeries in this vulnerable group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Carl
- Departments of 1Neurosurgery and
- 2Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Eric W. Sankey
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziya L. Gokaslan
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Justin M. Sacks
- 2Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Rory Goodwin
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
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Koda M, Furuya T, Kira T, Maki S, Yamazaki M, Ohtori S. Musculo-cutaneous flap for reconstruction surgery for deep surgical site infection after total en bloc spondylectomy: A technical note. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Surgical Factors Associated with Prolonged Hospitalization after Reconstruction for Oncological Spine Surgery. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1271. [PMID: 28507845 PMCID: PMC5426864 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Posterior trunk reconstruction is increasingly possible as a result of advances in spinal instrumentation, reconstructive approaches, and perioperative critical care. Extensive cases often require a muscle flap or complex closure to obliterate dead space. Postsurgical wound complications and subsequent reoperations can lead to neural injury, higher hospital costs, and longer hospitalizations. We aim to identify risk factors that are associated with increased length of stay (LOS) for patients receiving flaps to close a spinal defect. Methods: A single institution, retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients from 2002 to 2014 who received a muscle flap to close a spine defect. Medical and perioperative variables that were significantly associated with LOS (P < 0.05) in univariate analysis were included in a stepwise regression model. Results: A total of 288 cases were identified. Presence of instrumentation, preoperative chemotherapy, wound dehiscence, cerebrospinal fluid leak, partial/total flap loss, and medical morbidity occurrence were all independently associated with increased LOS in a combined multivariate model (P < 0.02 for each of the 6 variables). Importantly, Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that postoperative wound dehiscence increased LOS by 12 days. Conclusions: Spinal tumor resections often create large cavitary defects that necessitate the use of muscle flaps for closure. Patients who have received adjuvant chemotherapy require instrumentation, or those who develop specific wound-related or medical complications are at increased risk for prolonged hospitalization after spinal reconstruction. Thus, implementing measures to mitigate the occurrence of these adverse events will reduce costs and decrease the length of hospitalization.
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