1
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Dejenie R, Fannon EE, Persky J, Gaeta E, Soufi K, Howard B, Stadeli KM, Godoy LA. Dissecting Diversity: A Comprehensive Look at the Present Landscape and Future Challenges in Surgical Specialties. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:1004-1011. [PMID: 38760190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the US demographic evolves, surgical fields must adapt to ensure equitable healthcare. Healthcare disparities notably affect minority populations, with communities of color often facing physician shortages and higher rates of diseases such as coronary disease, stroke, and cancer. Research shows that minority physicians significantly improve patient satisfaction and outcomes in underserved communities, highlighting the need for increased physician diversity to enhance cultural competency and patient centered care. Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) reveals minimal increases in underrepresented minorities (URM) in surgical residency and academic careers over the past thirty-six years, with little change URM applicants and matriculants in the nine surgical specialties recognized by the American College of Surgeons from 2010 to 2018. OBJECTIVE This review aims to critically evaluate the current landscape of racial and gender diversity in six out of the nine defined surgical specialties (general surgery, plastic surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and vascular surgery) in the US. DESIGN We conducted a comprehensive literature review to assess of the state of diversity within surgical specialties in the United States. By analyzing the benefits of diversity in surgical fields, evaluating the effectiveness of various diversity programs and initiatives, examining the comparative diversity between surgical subspecialties, and assessing the impact of diversity on patient outcomes, our aim is to highlight the critical importance of enhancing diversity in surgical fields. RESULTS While nuances in representation and diversity vary across surgical specialties, all fields persistently exhibit underrepresentation of certain racial/ethnic groups and persistent gender disparities. These disparities manifest throughout various phases, including in residency, and in the recruitment and retention of URM individuals in surgery and surgical subspecialties. While interventions over the past decade have contributed to improving diversity in surgical fields, significant disparities persist. Limitations include the time required for recent interventions to show significant impacts and the inability of established interventions to eliminate disparities. CONCLUSIONS Despite the clear benefits, diversity within surgical specialties remains an uphill battle. Addressing the diversity gap in surgical fields is crucial for improving patient outcomes, healthcare access, and workplace environments, requiring strategies such as targeted recruitment, mentorship programs, and addressing systemic biases. This review highlights the undeniable imperative for change and serve a call to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Dejenie
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Elise Eh Fannon
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA; David Grant Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 101 Bodin Cir, Fairfield, California 94533, USA.
| | - Julia Persky
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gaeta
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Khadija Soufi
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Brian Howard
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Kathryn M Stadeli
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Luis A Godoy
- University of California, Davis Medical Center. Department of Surgery. 4301 X St, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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2
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Lúcar Figueroa E, Veilleux C, Angelov L, Brien S, Fournier-Gosselin MP, Kiss ZHT, Long M, Marcoux J, Poon K, Stiver S, Tsai E, Woodrow S, Zadeh G, Rosseau G. Canadian Women in Neurosurgery: From Early Pioneers to World Leaders. World Neurosurg 2023; 175:78-97. [PMID: 37024081 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the emergence of neurosurgery as a distinct specialty ∼100 years ago in Canada, it took >40 years for Canadian women to enter the field in the province of Quebec, and longer in the other provinces. METHODS We provide a historical overview of Canadian women in neurosurgery, from the early pioneers to the modern-day leaders and innovators in the field. We also define the current participation of women in Canadian neurosurgery. Chain-referral sampling, historical books, interviews, personal communications, and online resources were used as data sources. RESULTS Our historical review highlights the exceptional journey and unique experiences of female neurosurgeons, describes their achievements, and identifies career obstacles and enabling factors. We also incorporate comments from Canadian female neurosurgeons, both retired and in active practice, addressing gender inequities in the field, and provide advice and encouragement to the new generations to come. Despite the achievements of these female trailblazers, women represent a small proportion of the Canadian neurosurgery trainees and the active workforce, in stark contrast to the increasing number of women in medical school. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first historical overview of female women neurosurgeons in Canada. Providing a historical context will help us to better understand the important role of women in modern neurosurgery, identify persistent gender issues in the field, and provide a vision for aspiring female neurosurgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Lúcar Figueroa
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Catherine Veilleux
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lilyana Angelov
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan Brien
- Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Fournier-Gosselin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zelma H T Kiss
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marie Long
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judith Marcoux
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centre intégré de santé et des services sociaux de l'Outaouais, McGill University, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shirley Stiver
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centre intégré de santé et des services sociaux de l'Outaouais, McGill University, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eve Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Woodrow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail Rosseau
- Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Global Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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dos Santos ARL, Silva ACV, de Alencar Neto JF. Young women neurosurgeons and challenges – need for equity and diversity. Front Surg 2022; 9:889375. [PMID: 35965872 PMCID: PMC9363662 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.889375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cristina Veiga Silva
- Neuroscience Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Correspondence: Ana Cristina Veiga Silva
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Hernández-Durán S, Drummond K, Karekezi C, Murphy M, Nejat F, Zanon N, Rosseau G. International Women in Neurosurgery. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2022; 45:1-33. [PMID: 35976446 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99166-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The history of women in neurosurgery worldwide has been characterized by adversity and hardships in a male-dominated field, where resilient, tenacious, and ingenious women have nevertheless left their mark. The first women in neurosurgery appeared in Europe at the end of the 1920s, and since then have emerged in all continents in the world. Women neurosurgeons all over the globe have advanced the field in numerous directions, introducing neurosurgical subspecialties to their countries, making scientific and technical advances, and dedicating themselves to humanitarian causes, to name a few. The past 30 years, in particular, have been a period of increasing involvement and responsibility for women in neurosurgery. We must now focus on continual system improvements that will promote a diverse and talented workforce, building a welcoming environment for all aspiring neurosurgeons, in order to advance the specialty in the service of neurosurgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Hernández-Durán
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, Diversity Task Force, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Katharine Drummond
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Karekezi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Mary Murphy
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nelci Zanon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- CENEPE Centro de Neurocirurgia pediátrica (Pediatric Neurosurgical Center), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gail Rosseau
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Wilson CM, Mackenzie ES, Yudien MA, Charles AJ, Tissot MIJ, Churchill SJ, Brown NJ, Shulkin JM, Detchou DKE, Reddy VP, Chambless LB. Letter to the Editor. Overcoming obstacles and breaking barriers for women in neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:935-936. [PMID: 34653976 DOI: 10.3171/2021.5.jns211269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma M Wilson
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Evalyn S Mackenzie
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mikhal A Yudien
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Marianne I J Tissot
- 3Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sydney J Churchill
- 3Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jared M Shulkin
- 5Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Donald K E Detchou
- 6Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,7Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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6
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Wilson CM, Brown NJ, Detchou DKE. Letters to the Editor. Black women in neurosurgery: a proposal for increased recruitment. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E12. [PMID: 34598128 DOI: 10.3171/2021.6.focus21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma M Wilson
- 1Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Donald K E Detchou
- 1Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,3Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Chacón-Aponte AA, Durán-Vargas EA, Lozada-Martínez ID, Picón-Jaimes YA, Moscote-Salazar LR. Letter to the Editor. Gender equity in academic neurosurgery: the fight must go on. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E16. [PMID: 34198253 DOI: 10.3171/2021.4.focus21194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan David Lozada-Martínez
- 2Medical and Surgical Research Center, University of Cartagena, Colombia.,3Latinamerican Council of Neurocritical Care (CLaNi), Cartagena, Colombia.,4Colombian Clinical Research Group in Neurocritical Care, University of Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar
- 2Medical and Surgical Research Center, University of Cartagena, Colombia.,3Latinamerican Council of Neurocritical Care (CLaNi), Cartagena, Colombia.,4Colombian Clinical Research Group in Neurocritical Care, University of Cartagena, Colombia
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8
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Shi HH, Westrup AM, O'Neal CM, Hendrix MC, Dunn IF, Gernsback JE. Women in Neurosurgery Around the World: A Systematic Review and Discussion of Barriers, Training, Professional Development, and Solutions. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:206-213.e18. [PMID: 34280544 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have been a minority in neurosurgery since the foundation of the specialty. Women who choose to pursue neurosurgery or advance in their career must overcome various obstacles. In this article, we discuss the proportion of women in neurosurgery globally and the obstacles they face, as well as the solutions being implemented. METHODS A systematic review of studies concerning international women in neurosurgery was conducted. Article inclusion was assessed based on relevance to women of neurosurgery, geographic region, date, and classification (rates/data, barriers, or solutions). RESULTS From the specified search, 127 articles were retrieved, and 27 met the inclusion criteria. Of the total, 25 countries were represented and discussed in the articles. Primary classification of articles resulted in 50 for data/rates, 22 for barriers, and 17 for possible solutions. DISCUSSION Despite cultural differences among unique regions of the globe, women face similar challenges when pursuing neurosurgery, such as difficulty advancing their careers, balancing duties at work and at home, meeting social and cultural expectations, and finding support and mentorship. Encouragingly, measures are already being implemented worldwide to allow women to fulfill their multiple other roles through maternity leave policies, increasing their access to mentors, and enabling promotions throughout their careers. CONCLUSIONS With the shortage of neurosurgeons in many regions of the world, the recruitment of female neurosurgeons plays a vital role in meeting those demands. Our cultures and professional societies should celebrate their inclusion and promotion and accommodate the complex role of women as neurosurgeons, mothers, partners, scientists, and leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alison M Westrup
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christen M O'Neal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Madeline C Hendrix
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joanna E Gernsback
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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9
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Tissot MIJ, Boyke AE, Onyewuenyi A, Glauser G, Mackenzie ES, Thach BJ, Detchou DKE. Letter to the Editor. On the right side of history: expanding diversity within neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:982-983. [PMID: 33892475 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.jns21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne I J Tissot
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Alvin Onyewuenyi
- 3Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL
| | - Gregory Glauser
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Evalyn S Mackenzie
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bethany J Thach
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Donald K E Detchou
- 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Casillo SM, Venkatesh A, Muthiah N, Agarwal N, Scott T, Romani R, Fernández LL, Aristizabal S, Ginalis EE, Ozair A, Bhat V, Faruqi A, Bajaj A, Sonkar AA, Ikeda DS, Chiocca EA, Lonser RR, Sutton TE, McGregor JM, Rea GL, Schunemann VA, Ngwenya LB, Marlin ES, Porensky PN, Shaikhouni A, Huntoon K, Dornbos D, Shaw AB, Powers CJ, Gluski JM, Culver LG, Goodwin AM, Ham S, Marupudi NI, Bhat DI, Berry KM, Wu EM, Wang MY. Biographies of international women leaders in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E19. [PMID: 33789227 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.focus201096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We received so many biographies of women neurosurgery leaders for this issue that only a selection could be condensed here. In all of them, the essence of a leader shines through. Many are included as "first" of their country or color or other achievement. All of them are included as outstanding-in clinical, academic, and organized neurosurgery. Two defining features are tenacity and service. When faced with shocking discrimination, or numbing indifference, they ignored it or fought valiantly. When choosing their life's work, they chose service, often of the most neglected-those with pain, trauma, and disability. These women inspire and point the way to a time when the term "women leaders" as an exception is unnecessary.-Katharine J. Drummond, MD, on behalf of this month's topic editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Casillo
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anisha Venkatesh
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nallammai Muthiah
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Teresa Scott
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, Warwickshire
| | - Rossana Romani
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Southampton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laura L Fernández
- 4Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Semillero Investigación Neurotrauma, Group of Investigation INUB-MEDITECH, Institute of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sarita Aristizabal
- 4Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Semillero Investigación Neurotrauma, Group of Investigation INUB-MEDITECH, Institute of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth E Ginalis
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ahmad Ozair
- 6Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow
| | - Vivek Bhat
- 7Faculty of Medicine, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore
| | - Arjumand Faruqi
- 6Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow
| | - Ankur Bajaj
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow
| | - Abhinav Arun Sonkar
- 9Department of General Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Daniel S Ikeda
- 10Department of Surgery, US Naval Hospital Okinawa, Japan
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- 11Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Russell R Lonser
- 12Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tracy E Sutton
- 12Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John M McGregor
- 12Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gary L Rea
- 12Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Victoria A Schunemann
- 13Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura B Ngwenya
- 14Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Evan S Marlin
- 15Department of Neurosurgery, St. Luke's University Hospital, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul N Porensky
- 16Service of Neurosurgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, California
| | - Ammar Shaikhouni
- 17Division of Pediatric Neurological Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristin Huntoon
- 18Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Dornbos
- 19Department of Neurosurgery, Semmes Murphey Clinic and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew B Shaw
- 20Department of Neurosurgery, Baptist Medical Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ciarán J Powers
- 12Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob M Gluski
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Lauren G Culver
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Alyssa M Goodwin
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Steven Ham
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit.,22Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Neena I Marupudi
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit.,22Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dhananjaya I Bhat
- 23Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital, Bangalore, India; and
| | - Katherine M Berry
- 24Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eva M Wu
- 24Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael Y Wang
- 24Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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11
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Karekezi C, Thango N, Aliu-Ibrahim SA, Bechri H, You Broalet EM, Bougrine M, Cheserem JB, Mbaye M, Shabhay ZA, Tighilt N, Bakhti S, El Abbadi N. History of African women in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E15. [PMID: 33789234 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The number of women in the medical field has increased in Africa over the last few decades, yet the underrepresentation of women within neurosurgery has been a recurrent theme. Of all surgical disciplines, neurosurgery is among the least equitable, and the rate of increase in female surgeons lags behind other surgical disciplines such as general surgery. This historical review provides an overview of the history of women in neurosurgery and their current status on the African continent. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first article to provide such an overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Karekezi
- 1Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Nqobile Thango
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Hajar Bechri
- 4Neurosurgery Department, ONO Hospital, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Education, Rabat Medical School, Mohammed Vth University Souissi, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mouna Bougrine
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Cheikh Zaid International University Hospital, Abulcasis International University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Maguette Mbaye
- 8Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Fann Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Zarina Ali Shabhay
- 9Neurosurgery Department, Muhimbili Orthopedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and
| | - Nabila Tighilt
- 10Department of Neurosurgery, Ali Ait Idir Specialized Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Souad Bakhti
- 10Department of Neurosurgery, Ali Ait Idir Specialized Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Najia El Abbadi
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Cheikh Zaid International University Hospital, Abulcasis International University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
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Olson S, McAlpine H, Cain SA, Mitchell R, Olsson G, Drummond KJ. Editorial. International women leaders in neurosurgery: past, present, and what the future must look like. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E2. [PMID: 33789238 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Olson
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Heidi McAlpine
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Sarah A Cain
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Ruth Mitchell
- 3Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria.,4Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria; and
| | - Gemma Olsson
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria.,3Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
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13
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Habibi Z, Hadi NA, Kim EE, Alkhataybeh RAM, Sbeih A, Abou-Hamden A, Abdulsalam HKA, Shehhi NA, Al-Azzani R, Garozzo D, Hasan A, Namer T, Quadamkhear H, Zabihyan S, Nejat F, Rosseau G. Progress in neurosurgery: Contributions of women neurosurgeons in the Middle East. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 86:337-346. [PMID: 33653667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Middle East is known for its complex history and rich environment and culture. The region is home to a wide variety of traditions, cultures and religions, which have made the area vulnerable to political conflicts. Despite these difficulties, science and medicine have always thrived in the region, with many medical practices and principles established by physicians and scholars living in the Middle East. The first academic neurosurgical activity in the region started in the 1950s. The first women neurosurgeons in the Middle East started training in the 1970s, and were from Iran, Palestine, followed by Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. These pioneers have encountered serious challenges, yet have become role models for the next generation. These women have paved the way and facilitated neurosurgical training and practice for more women surgeons. The gradual increase in the number of women neurosurgical residents in the region leads to the expectation that women will play a more prominent role in the future as leaders in neurosurgery in the Middle East. This collaborative study, which identifies the known women neurosurgeons in the Middle East for the first time, may serve to provide background and context for further contributions of women neurosurgeons for our profession and our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Habibi
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Children's Medical Center, No 63, Gharib Ave, Keshavarz Blv, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nada Ayedh Hadi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Rimayah, Al Hars Al Watani, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eliana E Kim
- University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Ave. Suite S-245, San Francisco, CA 94143-0454, United States; Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States.
| | | | - Aseel Sbeih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, PO Box 855122, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal Abou-Hamden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, 1 Port Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Hissah K Al Abdulsalam
- Division of Neurosurgery, King Saud University, P.O.Box: 266, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora Al Shehhi
- Tawam Hospital, Maqam Street, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Roqia Al-Azzani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Al-Thwra Modern General Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Debora Garozzo
- Mediclinic Parkview Hospital, Umm Suquim, Al Barsha South 3 PO BOX 51122, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Alya Hasan
- Neurosurgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Jamal Abdel Nasser Street, PO Box 5, 13001, Kuwait
| | - Thana Namer
- Division of Neurosurgery, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Prince Mutib Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz Rd, Ar Rimayah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hama Quadamkhear
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rozhawa Hospital, 100 Meter Street, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Samira Zabihyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ahmadabad Blvd., Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Children's Medical Center, No 63, Gharib Ave, Keshavarz Blv, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gail Rosseau
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20037, United States
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14
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Detchou DK, Onyewuenyi A, Reddy V, Boyke A, Mbabuike N, Ashley WW, Nduom EK. Letter: A Call to Action: Increasing Black Representation in Neurological Surgery. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:E469-E473. [PMID: 33611592 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Detchou
- Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alvin Onyewuenyi
- Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vamsi Reddy
- Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andre Boyke
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York, New York, USA
| | - Nnenna Mbabuike
- Department of Neurological Surgery Ascension St. Mary's Hospital Saginaw, Michigan, USA
| | - William W Ashley
- Department of Neurological Surgery Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edjah K Nduom
- Surgical Neurology Branch National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Kim EE, Klein AL, Lartigue JW, Hervey-Jumper SL, Rosseau G. Diversity in Neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 2021; 145:197-204. [PMID: 32891852 PMCID: PMC7470761 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, the field of neurosurgery has evolved and expanded in various directions. Neurosurgeons have continuously pushed the boundaries of the specialty with scientific discovery and innovation. A diverse array of neurosurgical techniques, treatments, and new areas of study have emerged within the field. Meanwhile, the neurosurgical workforce has stayed demographically homogeneous throughout time. Certain groups remain underrepresented owing to systemic barriers based on social identities and categorizations, including gender, race, ability status, and others. In this article, we highlight some of the underrepresented groups in neurosurgery and chronicle the important contributions and achievements that individuals from these groups have made in the field despite structural barriers and discrimination. We present evidence from the basic sciences, economics, business, and other disciplines that illustrate that diversity is not only just but also the most rational pursuit for positive growth and advancement. Diversity is needed to enrich the specialty and augment its capacity to serve the heterogeneous population of patients that reflect our society. To promote equity and diversity in the field, ongoing deliberate, organized, and systematic efforts to change the status quo and make the field more inclusive are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana E Kim
- Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Andrea L Klein
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jean W Lartigue
- Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gail Rosseau
- Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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