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Raybaud C, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, Laughlin S. Posterior fossa tumors in children: developmental anatomy and diagnostic imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:1661-76. [PMID: 26351220 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modern understanding of the relation between the mutated cancer stem cell and its site of origin and of its interaction with the tissue environment is enhancing the importance of developmental anatomy in the diagnostic assessment of posterior fossa tumors in children. The aim of this review is to show how MR imaging can improve on the exact identification of the tumors in the brainstem and in the vicinity of the fourth ventricle in children, using both structural imaging data and a precise topographical assessment guided by the developmental anatomy. RESULTS The development of the hindbrain results from complex processes of brainstem segmentation, ventro-dorsal patterning, multiple germinative zones, and diverse migration pathways of the neural progenitors. Depending on their origin in the brainstem, gliomas may be infiltrative or not, as well as overwhelmingly malignant (pons), or mostly benign (cervicomedullary, medullo-pontine tegmental, gliomas of the cerebellar peduncles). In the vicinity of the fourth ventricles, the prognosis of the medulloblastomas (MB) correlates the molecular subtyping as well as the site of origin: WNT MB develop from the Wnt-expressing lower rhombic lip and have a good prognosis; SHH MB develop from the Shh-modulated cerebellar cortex with an intermediate prognosis (dependent on age); recurrences are local mostly. The poor prognosis group 3 MB is radiologically heterogeneous: some tumors present classic features but are juxtaventricular (rather than intraventricular); others have highly malignant features with a small principal tumor and an early dissemination. Group 4 MB has classic features, but characteristically usually does not enhance; dissemination is common. Although there is as yet no clear molecular subgrouping of the ependymomas, their sites of origin and their development can be clearly categorized, as most develop in an exophytic way from the ventricular surface of the medulla in clearly specific locations: the obex region with expansion in the cistern magna, or the lateral recess region with expansion in the CPA and prepontine cisterns (cerebellar ependymomas, and still more intra-brainstem ependymomas are rare). Finally, almost all cerebellar gliomas are pilocytic astrocytomas. CONCLUSIONS A developmental and anatomic approach to the posterior fossa tumors in children (together with diffusion imaging data) provides a reliable pre-surgical identification of the tumor and of its aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Raybaud
- Pediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Neurooncology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- Pediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
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Kristoffersen K, Nedergaard MK, Villingshøj M, Borup R, Broholm H, Kjær A, Poulsen HS, Stockhausen MT. Inhibition of Notch signaling alters the phenotype of orthotopic tumors formed from glioblastoma multiforme neurosphere cells but does not hamper intracranial tumor growth regardless of endogene Notch pathway signature. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:862-77. [PMID: 24755988 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain cancer stem-like cells (bCSC) are cancer cells with neural stem cell (NSC)-like properties found in the devastating brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). bCSC are proposed a central role in tumor initiation, progression, treatment resistance and relapse and as such present a promising target in GBM research. The Notch signaling pathway is often deregulated in GBM and we have previously characterized GBM-derived bCSC cultures based on their expression of the Notch-1 receptor and found that it could be used as predictive marker for the effect of Notch inhibition. The aim of the present project was therefore to further elucidate the significance of Notch pathway activity for the tumorigenic properties of GBM-derived bCSC. METHODS Human-derived GBM xenograft cells previously established as NSC-like neurosphere cultures were used. Notch inhibition was accomplished by exposing the cells to the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT prior to gene expression analysis and intracranial injection into immunocompromised mice. RESULTS By analyzing the expression of several Notch pathway components, we found that the cultures indeed displayed different Notch pathway signatures. However, when DAPT-treated neurosphere cells were injected into the brain of immunocompromised mice, no increase in survival was obtained regardless of Notch pathway signature and Notch inhibition. We did however observe a decrease in the expression of the stem cell marker Nestin, an increase in the proliferative marker Ki-67 and an increased number of abnormal vessels in tumors formed from DAPT-treated, high Notch-1 expressing cultures, when compared with the control. CONCLUSION Based on the presented results we propose that Notch inhibition partly induces differentiation of bCSC, and selects for a cell type that more strongly induces angiogenesis if the treatment is not sustained. However, this more differentiated cell type might prove to be more sensitive to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kristoffersen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Kjølhede Nedergaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging; Copenhagen University Hospital and University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Villingshøj
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rehannah Borup
- Center for Genomic Medicine; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Neuropathology; The Diagnostic Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging; Copenhagen University Hospital and University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Thérése Stockhausen
- Department of Radiation Biology; The Finsen Center; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kamal MM, Sathyan P, Singh SK, Zinn PO, Marisetty AL, Liang S, Gumin J, El-Mesallamy HO, Suki D, Colman H, Fuller GN, Lang FF, Majumder S. REST regulates oncogenic properties of glioblastoma stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:405-14. [PMID: 22228704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Although many GBM tumors are believed to be caused by self-renewing, glioblastoma-derived stem-like cells (GSCs), the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and other oncogenic properties of GSCs are only now being unraveled. Here we showed that GSCs derived from GBM patient specimens express varying levels of the transcriptional repressor repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST), suggesting heterogeneity across different GSC lines. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments indicated that REST maintains self-renewal of GSCs. High REST-expressing GSCs (HR-GSCs) produced tumors histopathologically distinct from those generated by low REST-expressing GSCs (LR-GSCs) in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models. Knockdown of REST in HR-GSCs resulted in increased survival in GSC-transplanted mice and produced tumors with higher apoptotic and lower invasive properties. Conversely, forced expression of exogenous REST in LR-GSCs produced decreased survival in mice and produced tumors with lower apoptotic and higher invasive properties, similar to HR-GSCs. Thus, based on our results, we propose that a novel function of REST is to maintain self-renewal and other oncogenic properties of GSCs and that REST can play a major role in mediating tumorigenicity in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Kamal
- Department of Genetics,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Optimization of glioblastoma multiforme stem cell isolation, transfection, and transduction. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:509-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin YW, Chen HM, Fang JY. Gene silencing by the Polycomb group proteins and associations with cancer. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:187-95. [PMID: 21294604 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.512605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer not only is associated with inherited genetic sequences but also results from epigenetic changes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying epigenetic modifications is important for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. There is much evidence showing that some Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are abnormally expressed in certain tumors. This review addresses biological functions and biochemical behaviors of the Polycomb repression complex proteins, including their enzymatic activities. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of PcG gene silencing by PcG and its link to cancers are summarized that will shed light on this novel area of study in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kroonen J, Nassen J, Boulanger YG, Provenzano F, Capraro V, Bours V, Martin D, Deprez M, Robe P, Rogister B. Human glioblastoma-initiating cells invade specifically the subventricular zones and olfactory bulbs of mice after striatal injection. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:574-85. [PMID: 20886597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In patients with glioblastoma multiforme, recurrence is the rule despite continuous advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Within these malignant gliomas, glioblastoma stem cells or initiating cells have been recently described, and they were shown to be specifically involved in experimental tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that some human glioblastoma cells injected into the striatum of immunodeficient nude mice exhibit a tropism for the subventricular zones. There and similarily to neurogenic stem cells, these subventricular glioblastoma cells were then able to migrate toward the olfactory bulbs. Finally, the glioblastoma cells isolated from the adult mouse subventricular zones and olfactory bulbs display high tumorigenicity when secondary injected in a new mouse brain. Together, these data suggest that neurogenic zones could be a reservoir for particular cancer-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kroonen
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Denysenko T, Gennero L, Roos MA, Melcarne A, Juenemann C, Faccani G, Morra I, Cavallo G, Reguzzi S, Pescarmona G, Ponzetto A. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells: heterogeneity, microenvironment and related therapeutic strategies. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:343-51. [PMID: 20535838 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an incurable malignancy. GBM patients have a short life expectancy despite aggressive therapeutic approaches based on surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy. Glioblastoma growth is characterized by a high motility of tumour cells, their resistance to both chemo/radio-therapy, apoptosis inhibition leading to failure of conventional therapy. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), identified in GBM as well as in many other cancer types, express the membrane antigen prominin-1 (namely CD133). These cells and normal Neural Stem Cells (NSC) share surface markers and properties, i.e. are able to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. Stem cell self-renewal depends on microenvironmental cues, including Extracellular Matrix (ECM) composition and cell types. Therefore, the role of microenvironment needs to be evaluated to clarify its importance in tumour initiation and progression through CSCs. The specific microenvironment of CSCs was found to mimic in part the vascular niche of normal stem cells. The targeting of GMB CSCs may represent a powerful treatment approach. Lastly, in GBM patients cancer-initiating cells contribute to the profound immune suppression that in turn correlated with CSCs STAT3 (CD133 + ). Further studies of microenvironment are needed to better understand the origin of GMB/GBM CSCs and its immunosuppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Denysenko
- CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Taupin P. Potential of neural stem cells for the treatment of brain tumors. Clin Med Oncol 2008; 2:451-4. [PMID: 21892316 PMCID: PMC3161643 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing multipotent cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. As such they hold the promise to treat a broad range of neurological diseases and injuries. Neural progenitor and stem cells have been isolated and characterized in vitro, from adult, fetal and post-mortem tissues, providing sources of material for cellular therapy. However, NSCs are still elusive cells and remain to be unequivocally identified and characterized, limiting their potential use for therapy. Neural progenitor and stem cells, isolated and cultured in vitro, can be genetically modified and when transplanted migrate to tumor sites in the brain. These intrinsic properties of neural progenitor and stem cells provide tremendous potential to bolster the translation of NSC research to therapy. It is proposed to combine gene therapy and cellular therapy to treat brain cancers. Hence, neural progenitor and stem cells provide new opportunities for the treatment of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taupin
- Fighting Blindness Vision Research Institute
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