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Yadav S, Pawar G, Kulkarni P, Ferris C, Amiji M. CNS Delivery and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Intranasally Administered Cyclosporine-A in Cationic Nanoformulations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:843-854. [PMID: 30591529 PMCID: PMC6806630 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the CNS delivery efficiency, distribution, therapeutic efficacy, and safety of cyclosporine A (CSA) using a cationic oil-in-water nanoemulsion system upon intranasal administration. An omega-3 fatty acid-rich, flaxseed oil-based nanoemulsion was used for intranasal delivery to the brain, and further magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate and confirm the transport of the positively charged CSA nanoemulsion (CSA-NE) in CNS. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential of CSA peptide was evaluated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of neuroinflammation in rats. CSA-NE showed a good safety profile when tested in vitro in RPMI 2650 cells. Upon intranasal administration in rats, the nanoemulsion delivery system showed higher uptake in major regions of the brain based on changes in MRI T1 (longitudinal relaxation time) values. Additionally, CSA nanoemulsion showed improved therapeutic efficacy by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated rat model of neuroinflammation compared with solution formulation. Preliminary safety evaluations show that the nanoemulsion system was well tolerated and did not cause any acute negative effects in rats. Based on these results, intranasal delivery of CSA and other "neuroprotective peptides" may provide a clinically translatable strategy for treating neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (S.Y., G.P., C.F., M.A.); Center for Translational Neuro-Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K., C.F.); and Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.Y.)
| | - Grishma Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (S.Y., G.P., C.F., M.A.); Center for Translational Neuro-Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K., C.F.); and Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.Y.)
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (S.Y., G.P., C.F., M.A.); Center for Translational Neuro-Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K., C.F.); and Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.Y.)
| | - Craig Ferris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (S.Y., G.P., C.F., M.A.); Center for Translational Neuro-Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K., C.F.); and Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.Y.)
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (S.Y., G.P., C.F., M.A.); Center for Translational Neuro-Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K., C.F.); and Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.Y.)
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Cueno ME, Kamio N, Seki K, Kurita-Ochiai T, Ochiai K. High butyric acid amounts induce oxidative stress, alter calcium homeostasis, and cause neurite retraction in nerve growth factor-treated PC12 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:709-13. [PMID: 25808460 PMCID: PMC4463921 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyric acid (BA) is a common secondary metabolite by-product produced by oral pathogenic bacteria and is detected in high amounts in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontal disease. Previous works have demonstrated that BA can cause oxidative stress in various cell types; however, this was never explored using neuronal cells. Here, we exposed nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated PC1(2) cells to varying BA concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 5.0 mM). We measured total heme, H(2)O(2), catalase, and calcium levels through biochemical assays and visualized the neurite outgrowth after BA treatment. Similarly, we determined the effects of other common periodontal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on neurite outgrowth for comparison. We found that high (1.0 and 5.0 mM) BA concentrations induced oxidative stress and altered calcium homeostasis, whereas low (0.5 mM) BA concentration had no significant effect. Moreover, compared to other SCFAs, we established that only BA was able to induce neurite retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E. Cueno
- />Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
| | - Noriaki Kamio
- />Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
| | - Keisuke Seki
- />Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587 Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- />Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310 Japan
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Osman MM, Lulic D, Glover L, Stahl CE, Lau T, van Loveren H, Borlongan CV. Cyclosporine-A as a neuroprotective agent against stroke: its translation from laboratory research to clinical application. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:359-68. [PMID: 21592568 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stoke remains a leading cause of death and disability with limited treatment options. Extensive research has been aimed at studying cell death events that accompany stroke and how to use these same cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets for treating the disease. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) has been implicated as a major factor associated with stroke-induced neuronal cell death. MPTP activation and increased permeability has been shown to contribute to the events that lead to cell death. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressant in transplantation and rheumatic medicine, has been recently shown to possess neuroprotective properties through its ability to block the MPTP, which in turn inhibits neuronal damage. This newfound CsA-mediated neuroprotection pathway prompted research on its use to prevent cell death in stroke and other neurological conditions. Preclinical studies are being conducted in hopes of establishing the safety and efficacy guidelines for CsA use in human trials as a potential neuroprotective agent against stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of the current laboratory and clinical status of CsA neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Osman
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Yousuf S, Atif F, Kesherwani V, Agrawal SK. Neuroprotective effects of Tacrolimus (FK-506) and Cyclosporin (CsA) in oxidative injury. Brain Behav 2011; 1:87-94. [PMID: 22399088 PMCID: PMC3236540 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of hypoxic damage to central nervous system lead to energy depletion, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and increased calcium. We hypothesized that in vitro tacrolimus (FK-506) and cyclosporine A (CsA) could be protective against hypoxic damage in spinal cord. Dorsal columns were isolated from the spinal cord of adult rats and injured by exposure to hypoxic condition for 1 h, and treated with FK-506 (0.1 μM) and CsA (0.1 μM). After injury, reperfusion was carried out for 2 h. Tissues were collected, processed for biochemical assays, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Spinal cord hypoxia caused a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in mitochondrial ATP (30.64%) and tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) (60.14%) content. Conversely, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in tissue LPO level (57.77%) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (461.24%) was observed in hypoxic group. Mitochondrial swelling was also significantly increased in hypoxic group (90.0%). Treatment with either FK-506 or CsA showed that significant neuroprotective effects (P < 0.05-0.01) were measured in various parameters in hypoxic groups. FK-506 and CsA treatment showed increase in ATP by 11.19% and 16.14% while GSH content increased by 66.46% and 77.32%, respectively. Conversely, LPO content decreased by 18.97% and 24.06% and MPO level by 42.86% and 18.66% after FK-506 and CsA treatment. Calcium uptake was also decreased in mitochondria as exhibited by the increase in absorbance by 11.19% after FK-506 treatment. TTC staining also showed increased viability after FK-506 and CsA treatment. In conclusion, present study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of FK-506 and CsA treatment against spinal cord hypoxia induced damage is mediated via their antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Varun Kesherwani
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, 6009 Poynter Hall, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198‐6250
| | - Sandeep Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, 6009 Poynter Hall, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198‐6250
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Deleersnijder A, Van Rompuy AS, Desender L, Pottel H, Buée L, Debyser Z, Baekelandt V, Gerard M. Comparative analysis of different peptidyl-prolyl isomerases reveals FK506-binding protein 12 as the most potent enhancer of alpha-synuclein aggregation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26687-701. [PMID: 21652707 PMCID: PMC3143632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are members of the immunophilins, enzymes that assist protein folding with their peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. Some non-immunosuppressive inhibitors of these enzymes have neuroregenerative and neuroprotective properties with an unknown mechanism of action. We have previously shown that FKBPs accelerate the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-SYN) in vitro and in a neuronal cell culture model for synucleinopathy. In this study we investigated whether acceleration of α-SYN aggregation is specific for the FKBP or even the PPIase family. Therefore, we studied the effect of several physiologically relevant PPIases, namely FKBP12, FKBP38, FKBP52, FKBP65, Pin1, and cyclophilin A, on α-SYN aggregation in vitro and in neuronal cell culture. Among all PPIases tested in vitro, FKBP12 accelerated α-SYN aggregation the most. Furthermore, only FKBP12 accelerated α-SYN fibril formation at subnanomolar concentrations, pointing toward an enzymatic effect. Although stable overexpression of various FKBPs enhanced the aggregation of α-SYN and cell death in cell culture, they were less potent than FKBP12. When FKBP38, FKBP52, and FKBP65 were overexpressed in a stable FKBP12 knockdown cell line, they could not fully restore the number of α-SYN inclusion-positive cells. Both in vitro and cell culture data provide strong evidence that FKBP12 is the most important PPIase modulating α-SYN aggregation and validate the protein as an interesting drug target for Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Deleersnijder
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, K. U. Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Van Rompuy
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, K. U. Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Pottel
- the Laboratory of Biophysics, K. U. Leuven-Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Luc Buée
- INSERM, U837, rue Polonovski, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université Lille-Nord de France, UDSL, Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Lille 2, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France, and
- CHRU, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Zeger Debyser
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and
- the Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy and
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, K. U. Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Melanie Gerard
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, K. U. Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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Wang D, Lagerstrom R, Sun C, Bishof L, Valotton P, Götte M. HCA-vision: Automated neurite outgrowth analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1165-70. [PMID: 20855562 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110382894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Automating the analysis of neurons in culture represents a key aspect of the search for neuroactive compounds. A number of commercial neurite analysis software packages tend to measure some basic features such as total neurite length and number of branching points. However, with only these measurements, some differences between neurite morphologies that are clear to a human observer cannot be identified. The authors have developed a suite of image analysis tools that will allow researchers to produce quality analyses at primary screening rates. The suite provides sensitive and information-rich measurements of neurons and neurites. It can discriminate subtle changes in complex neurite arborization even when neurons and neurites are dense. This allows users to selectively screen for compounds triggering different types of neurite outgrowth behavior. In mixed cell populations, neurons can be filtered and separated from other brain cell types so that neurite analysis can be performed only on neurons. It supports batch processing with a built-in database to store the batch-processing results, a batch result viewer, and an ad hoc query builder for users to retrieve features of interest. The suite of tools has been deployed into a software package called HCA-Vision. The free version of the software package is available at http://www.hca-vision.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadong Wang
- Biotech Imaging, CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Inhibition of FK506 binding proteins reduces alpha-synuclein aggregation and Parkinson's disease-like pathology. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2454-63. [PMID: 20164329 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5983-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein (alpha-SYN) is a key player in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In pathological conditions, the protein is present in a fibrillar, aggregated form inside cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies. Members of the FK506 binding protein (FKBP) family are peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that were shown recently to accelerate the aggregation of alpha-SYN in vitro. We now established a neuronal cell culture model for synucleinopathy based on oxidative stress-induced alpha-SYN aggregation and apoptosis. Using high-content analysis, we examined the role of FKBPs in aggregation and apoptotic cell death. FK506, a specific inhibitor of this family of proteins, inhibited alpha-SYN aggregation and neuronal cell death in this synucleinopathy model dose dependently. Knockdown of FKBP12 or FKBP52 reduced the number of alpha-SYN aggregates and protected against cell death, whereas overexpression of FKBP12 or FKBP52 accelerated both aggregation of alpha-SYN and cell death. Thus, FK506 likely targets FKBP members in the cell culture model. Furthermore, oral administration of FK506 after viral vector-mediated overexpression of alpha-SYN in adult mouse brain significantly reduced alpha-SYN aggregate formation and neuronal cell death. Our data explain previously described neuroregenerative and neuroprotective effects of immunophilin ligands and validate FKBPs as a novel drug target for the causative treatment of PD.
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Rana OR, Saygili E, Meyer C, Gemein C, Krüttgen A, Andrzejewski MG, Ludwig A, Schotten U, Schwinger RH, Weber C, Weis J, Mischke K, Rassaf T, Kelm M, Schauerte P. Regulation of nerve growth factor in the heart: The role of the calcineurin–NFAT pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:568-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yaniv SP, Ben-Shachar D, Klein E. Norepinephrine–glucocorticoids interaction does not annul the opposite effects of the individual treatments on cellular plasticity in neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 596:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Immunosuppression after traumatic or ischemic CNS damage: it is neuroprotective and illuminates the role of microglial cells. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 84:211-33. [PMID: 18262323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute traumatic and ischemic events in the central nervous system (CNS) invariably result in activation of microglial cells as local representatives of the immune system. It is still under debate whether activated microglia promote neuronal survival, or whether they exacerbate the original extent of neuronal damage. Protagonists of the view that microglial cells cause secondary damage have proposed that inhibition of microglial activation by immunosuppression is beneficial after acute CNS damage. It is the aim of this review to analyse the effects of immunosuppressants on isolated microglial cells and neurons, and to scrutinize the effects of immunosuppression in different in vivo models of acute CNS trauma or ischemia. It is found that the immunosuppressants cytosine-arabinoside, different steroids, cyclosporin A, FK506, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, and minocycline all have direct inhibitory effects on microglial cells. These effects are mainly exerted by inhibiting microglial proliferation or microglial secretion of neurotoxic substances such as proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Furthermore, immunosuppression after acute CNS trauma or ischemia results in improved structure preservation and, mostly, in enhanced function. However, all investigated immunosuppressants also have direct effects on neurons, and some immunosuppressants affect other glial cells such as astrocytes. In summary, it is safe to conclude that immunosuppression after acute CNS trauma or ischemia is neuroprotective. Furthermore, circumferential evidence indicates that microglial activation after traumatic or ischemic CNS damage is not beneficial to adjacent neurons in the immediate aftermath of such acute lesions. Further experiments with more specific agents or genetic approaches that specifically inhibit microglial cells are needed in order to fully answer the question of whether microglial activation is "good or bad".
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Li GN, Livi LL, Gourd CM, Deweerd ES, Hoffman-Kim D. Genomic and morphological changes of neuroblastoma cells in response to three-dimensional matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1035-47. [PMID: 17439391 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in neural tissue engineering require a comprehensive understanding of neuronal growth in 3 dimensions. This study compared the gene expression of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells cultured in 3-dimensional (3D) with those cultured in 2-dimensional (2D) environments. Microarray analysis demonstrated that, in response to varying matrix geometry, SH-SY5Y cells exhibited differential expression of 1,766 genes in collagen I, including those relevant to cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and neurite outgrowth. Cells extended longer neurites in 3D collagen I cultures than in 2D. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction experiments and morphological analysis comparing collagen I and Matrigel tested whether the differential growth and gene expression reflected influences of culture dimension or culture material. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells responded to geometry by differentially regulating cell spreading and genes associated with actin in similar patterns for both materials; however, neurite outgrowth and the expression of the gene encoding for neurofilament varied with the type of material. Electron microscopy and mechanical analysis showed that collagen I was more fibrillar than Matrigel, with larger inter-fiber distance and higher stiffness. Taken together, these results suggest complex cell-material interactions, in which the dimension of the culture material influences gene expression and cell spreading and the structural and mechanical properties of the culture material influence gene expression and neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace N Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Cui Q, Hodgetts SI, Hu Y, Luo JM, Harvey AR. Strain-specific differences in the effects of cyclosporin A and FK506 on the survival and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:986-99. [PMID: 17408862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune response can influence neuronal viability and plasticity after injury, effects differing in strains of rats with different susceptibility to autoimmune disease. We assessed the effects of i.p. injections of cyclosporin A (CsA) or FK506 on adult retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration into peripheral nerve (PN) autografted onto the cut optic nerve of rats resistant (Fischer F344) or vulnerable (Lewis) to autoimmune disease. Circulating and tissue CsA and FK506 levels were similar in both strains. Three weeks after autologous PN transplantation the number of viable beta-III tubulin-positive RGCs was significantly greater in CsA- and FK506-treated F344 rats compared with saline-injected controls. RGC survival in Lewis rats was not significantly altered. In F344 rats, retrograde labeling of RGCs revealed that CsA or FK506 treatment significantly increased the number of RGCs that regenerated an axon into a PN autograft; however these agents had no beneficial effect on axonal regeneration in Lewis rats. PN grafts in F344 rats also contained comparatively more pan-neurofilament immunoreactive axons. In both strains, 3 weeks after transplantation CsA or FK506 treatment resulted in increased retinal macrophage numbers, but only in F344 rats was this increase significant. At this time-point PN grafts in both strains contained many macrophages and some T cells. T cell numbers in Lewis rats were significantly greater than in F344 animals. The increased RGC axonal regeneration seen in CsA- or FK506-treated F344 but not Lewis rats shows that modulation of immune responses after neurotrauma has complex and not always predictable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Cui
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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