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Furst LM, Roussel EM, Leung RF, George AM, Best SA, Whittle JR, Firestein R, Faux MC, Eisenstat DD. The Landscape of Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas: The Virtues and Pitfalls of Pre-Clinical Models. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:424. [PMID: 38927304 PMCID: PMC11200883 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are malignant and usually fatal central nervous system (CNS) WHO Grade 4 tumors. The majority of pHGG consist of diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), H3.3 or H3.1 K27 altered, or diffuse hemispheric gliomas (DHG) (H3.3 G34-mutant). Due to diffuse tumor infiltration of eloquent brain areas, especially for DMG, surgery has often been limited and chemotherapy has not been effective, leaving fractionated radiation to the involved field as the current standard of care. pHGG has only been classified as molecularly distinct from adult HGG since 2012 through Next-Generation sequencing approaches, which have shown pHGG to be epigenetically regulated and specific tumor sub-types to be representative of dysregulated differentiating cells. To translate discovery research into novel therapies, improved pre-clinical models that more adequately represent the tumor biology of pHGG are required. This review will summarize the molecular characteristics of different pHGG sub-types, with a specific focus on histone K27M mutations and the dysregulated gene expression profiles arising from these mutations. Current and emerging pre-clinical models for pHGG will be discussed, including commonly used patient-derived cell lines and in vivo modeling techniques, encompassing patient-derived xenograft murine models and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Lastly, emerging techniques to model CNS tumors within a human brain environment using brain organoids through co-culture will be explored. As models that more reliably represent pHGG continue to be developed, targetable biological and genetic vulnerabilities in the disease will be more rapidly identified, leading to better treatments and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M. Furst
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (L.M.F.); (E.M.R.); (R.F.L.); (M.C.F.)
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (L.M.F.); (E.M.R.); (R.F.L.); (M.C.F.)
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ryan F. Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (L.M.F.); (E.M.R.); (R.F.L.); (M.C.F.)
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Ankita M. George
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Sarah A. Best
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James R. Whittle
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ron Firestein
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (L.M.F.); (E.M.R.); (R.F.L.); (M.C.F.)
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (L.M.F.); (E.M.R.); (R.F.L.); (M.C.F.)
- Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Ni S, Chen R, Hu K. Experimental murine models of brainstem gliomas. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1218-1235. [PMID: 34954326 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an intractable central nervous system (CNS) tumor, brainstem gliomas (BGs) are one of the leading causes of pediatric death by brain tumors. Owing to the risk of surgical resection and the little improvement in survival time after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is an urgent need to find reliable model systems to better understand the regional pathogenesis of the brainstem and improve treatment strategies. In this review, we outline the evolution of BG murine models, and discuss both their advantages and limitations in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Ni
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Srikanthan D, Taccone MS, Van Ommeren R, Ishida J, Krumholtz SL, Rutka JT. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: current insights and future directions. Chin Neurosurg J 2021; 7:6. [PMID: 33423692 PMCID: PMC7798267 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-020-00218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a lethal pediatric brain tumor and the leading cause of brain tumor–related death in children. As several clinical trials over the past few decades have led to no significant improvements in outcome, the current standard of care remains fractionated focal radiation. Due to the recent increase in stereotactic biopsies, tumor tissue availabilities have enabled our advancement of the genomic and molecular characterization of this lethal cancer. Several groups have identified key histone gene mutations, genetic drivers, and methylation changes in DIPG, providing us with new insights into DIPG tumorigenesis. Subsequently, there has been increased development of in vitro and in vivo models of DIPG which have the capacity to unveil novel therapies and strategies for drug delivery. This review outlines the clinical characteristics, genetic landscape, models, and current treatments and hopes to shed light on novel therapeutic avenues and challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilakshan Srikanthan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S Taccone
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Randy Van Ommeren
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Joji Ishida
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Stacey L Krumholtz
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Suite 1503, 555, University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Souza TKF, Nucci MP, Mamani JB, da Silva HR, Fantacini DMC, de Souza LEB, Picanço-Castro V, Covas DT, Vidoto EL, Tannús A, Gamarra LF. Image and motor behavior for monitoring tumor growth in C6 glioma model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201453. [PMID: 30048545 PMCID: PMC6062126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to monitor tumor growth by using image techniques and behavioral testing through general and specific motor activities (spontaneous movements and gait). Our sample includes male Wistar rats, 2 months old and weighing 250-300 g, that is categorized into three groups: control, sham, and experimental. The experimental group was anesthetized; the C6 cells with luciferase expression that were suspended in a culture medium were implanted into the right frontoparietal cortex of the rats. The sham group received implant only with culture medium without cells. Images and behavioral tests were evaluated at base time and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after induced tumor growth analysis. The tumor volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative bioluminescence imaging (BLI) signal showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.96. The MRI showed that the mean tumor volume increased by approximately 10, 26, and 49 times according to a comparison of tumor volume on the seventh day with 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. The quantification of the BLI signal was (4.12 ± 2.01) x 10(8), (8.33 ± 3.12) x 10(8), (28.43 ± 6.32) x 10(8), and (63.02 ± 10.53) x 10(8) photons/s at the seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth day, respectively. After 14 days of tumor induction, both behavioral tests showed significant differences between tumor and sham or control groups. Our study showed a high correlation between MRI and BLI for tumor growth monitoring with complement aspects analysis in tumor volume. In addition, functional behavioral analysis displayed sensitivity to monitor tumor growth, as well as to detect early significant changes between groups, primarily in the tumor group. The results of gait analysis were more sensitive than general motor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Virginia Picanço-Castro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Luis Vidoto
- CIERMag-Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Tannús
- CIERMag-Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lionel Fernel Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Santa Casa Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xu C, Liu X, Geng Y, Bai Q, Pan C, Sun Y, Chen X, Yu H, Wu Y, Zhang P, Wu W, Wang Y, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yang R, Lewis J, Bigner D, Zhao F, He Y, Yan H, Shen Q, Zhang L. Patient-derived DIPG cells preserve stem-like characteristics and generate orthotopic tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76644-76655. [PMID: 29100338 PMCID: PMC5652732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating brain tumor, with a median survival of less than one year. Due to enormous difficulties in the acquisition of DIPG specimens and the sophisticated technique required to perform brainstem orthotopic injection, only a handful of DIPG pre-clinical models are available. In this study, we successfully established eight patient-derived DIPG cell lines, mostly derived from treatment-naïve surgery or biopsy specimens. These patient-derived cell lines can be stably passaged in serum-free neural stem cell media and displayed distinct morphologies, growth rates and chromosome abnormalities. In addition, these cells retained genomic hallmarks identical to original human DIPG tumors. Notably, expression of several neural stem cell lineage markers was observed in DIPG cell lines. Moreover, three out of eight cell lines can form orthotopic tumors in mouse brainstem by stereotactic injection and these tumors faithfully represented the characteristics of human DIPG by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological staining. Taken together, we established DIPG pre-clinical models resembling human DIPG and they provided a valuable resource for future biological and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingran Bai
- Center for Life Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changcun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darell Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qin Shen
- Center for Life Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Misuraca KL, Cordero FJ, Becher OJ. Pre-Clinical Models of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Front Oncol 2015; 5:172. [PMID: 26258075 PMCID: PMC4513210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a rare and incurable brain tumor that arises in the brainstem of children predominantly between the ages of 6 and 8. Its intricate morphology and involvement of normal pons tissue precludes surgical resection, and the standard of care today remains fractionated radiation alone. In the past 30 years, there have been no significant advances made in the treatment of DIPG. This is largely because we lack good models of DIPG and therefore have little biological basis for treatment. In recent years, however, due to increased biopsy and acquisition of autopsy specimens, research is beginning to unravel the genetic and epigenetic drivers of DIPG. Insight gleaned from these studies has led to improvements in approaches to both model these tumors in the lab and to potentially treat them in the clinic. This review will detail the initial strides toward modeling DIPG in animals, which included allograft and xenograft rodent models using non-DIPG glioma cells. Important advances in the field came with the development of in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft models derived directly from autopsy material of DIPG patients or from human embryonic stem cells. Finally, we will summarize the progress made in the development of genetically engineered mouse models of DIPG. Cooperation of studies incorporating all of these modeling systems to both investigate the unique mechanisms of gliomagenesis in the brainstem and to test potential novel therapeutic agents in a preclinical setting will result in improvement in treatments for DIPG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Misuraca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | | | - Oren J Becher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In most studies, treatment decisions of brainstem glioma are based solely on MRI features and do not incorporate a histopathological diagnosis. In the current study, we sought to compare MRI characteristics with histopathological findings of bainstem glioma. METHODS From April 2003 through April 2012, 150 patients were diagnosed with brainstem gliomas by MRI and microsurgically treated in Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China. All the MRI and histopathological findings of these patients were respectively reviewed. RESULTS Of the 150 patients, 65 were female and 85 were male, 120 were adults and 30 were children (age < 18 years), 108 were low-grade glioma (72.0%), 35 were high-grade glioma (23.3%). The accuracy of the MRI diagnosis for brainstem glioma was 95.3%. Data analysis of the MRI findings revealed that a focal lesion was associated with a more favorable histopathological diagnosis in intrinsic (P=0.005) and exophytic (P=0.001) brainstem glioma patients. In the intrinsic diffuse type, tumors without enhancement had more favorable pathological findings (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the largest case series of this nature reported in the literature to date. The results of this study suggest that MRI features of brainstem gliomas could predict some pathological features and guide prognosis, choice of biopsy and treatment modalities. The pathology of tumors with a focal appearance on MRI was associated with a prognosis that was significantly better than their diffuse counterparts. For the intrinsic diffuse gliomas, non-enhancing tumors had pathology suggestive of a favorable prognosis.
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Wang Y, Tian Y, Wan H, Li D, Wu W, Yin L, Jiang J, Wan W, Zhang L. Differences between brainstem gliomas in juvenile and adult rats. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:246-250. [PMID: 23946812 PMCID: PMC3742815 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that gliomas of the brainstem behave differently in children and adults. The aim of the present study was to compare and analyze the differences between these gliomas in juvenile and adult rats with regard to tumor growth, survival, pathology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 25 juvenile and 25 adult Wistar rats were divided into groups A (15 juvenile rats), B (10 juvenile rats), C (15 adult rats) and D (10 adult rats). The rats of groups A and C (experimental) were injected with glioma cells, while groups B and D (control) were injected with a physiological saline solution. Rat neurological signs, survival time, tumor size, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2, MMP-9 and β-catenin were compared. The survival time of group A was 19.47±2.232 days, whereas that of group C was 21.47±2.232 days (P<0.05). The tumor sizes were 4.55 and 4.62 mm (P>0.05) in groups A and C, respectively. HE and immunohistochemical staining revealed no differences between the groups. The results suggest that the growth patterns and invasiveness of brainstem gliomas may vary in children compared with adults due to the varied biological behaviors of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Wu W, Tian Y, Wan H, Ma J, Song Y, Wang Y, Zhang L. Expression of β-catenin and E- and N-cadherin in human brainstem gliomas and clinicopathological correlations. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:318-23. [PMID: 23240619 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.758123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem gliomas are usually associated with serious dysfunction and poor prognosis especially for diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas; however, the reasons are still unclear. Some clinical studies have suggested that the invasive ability may be different among brainstem gliomas, and the dysfunction of β-catenin and E- and N-cadherin appears to be connected with tumor invasion and progression. In this study, the expression of β-catenin and E- and N-cadherin was detected in 40 brainstem glioma samples using immunochemistry and was further analyzed in 18 samples using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The clinicopathological characteristics were also analyzed. The results show that there was no obvious staining for E-cadherin, but weak expression at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level could be seen in a few samples. The protein and mRNA expression levels of β-catenin and N-cadherin were significantly associated with the pathological grades of brainstem gliomas. No significant differences in the expression levels of β-catenin and N-cadherin were observed for age, sex, location or diffuse growing pattern. The overall survival of patients with low β-catenin expression was longer than that with high β-catenin expression, and there was a trend toward increased expression of N-cadherin with shorter survival; however, both of them had no statistical differences. These results demonstrate that expression of β-catenin and N-cadherin is associated with the malignant progression of brainstem gliomas but not correlated with the diffuse and invasive growing pattern. β-catenin and N-cadherin are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for brainstem glioma, which need to be validated in a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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WANG XUAN, ZHANG HONGWEI, ZHANG ANLING, HAN LEI, WANG KUN, LIU RAN, YANG SHAOHUA, PU PEIYU, SHEN CHANGHONG, KANG CHUNSHENG, YU CHUNJIANG. Upregulation of miR-20a and miR-106b is involved in the acquisition of malignancy of pediatric brainstem gliomas. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1293-300. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Aoki Y, Hashizume R, Ozawa T, Banerjee A, Prados M, James CD, Gupta N. An experimental xenograft mouse model of diffuse pontine glioma designed for therapeutic testing. J Neurooncol 2012; 108:29-35. [PMID: 22231932 PMCID: PMC3841009 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for diffuse infiltrating pontine gliomas (DIPG) remains extremely poor, with the majority of patients surviving less than 2 years. Here, we have adapted standard xenograft techniques to study glioma growth in the mouse brainstem, and have utilized the mouse model for studying a relevant therapeutic for treating DIPGs. bioluminescence imaging monitoring revealed a progressive increase in signal following the injection of either of two tumor cell types into the brainstem. Mice with orthotopic GS2 tumors, and receiving a single 100 mg/kg dose of temozolomide showed a lengthy period of decreased tumor luminescence, with substantially increased survival relative to untreated mice (P < 0.001). A small molecule inhibitor that targets cdk4/6 was used to test AM-38 brainstem xenograft response to treatment. Drug treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth, and significantly extended survival. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using an orthotopic brainstem tumor model in athymic mice, and for application to testing therapeutic agents in treating DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Aoki
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Anu Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Jansen M, van Vuurden D, Vandertop W, Kaspers G. Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: A systematic update on clinical trials and biology. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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King KS, Prodanov T, Kantorovich V, Fojo T, Hewitt JK, Zacharin M, Wesley R, Lodish M, Raygada M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, McCormack S, Eisenhofer G, Milosevic D, Kebebew E, Stratakis CA, Pacak K. Metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma related to primary tumor development in childhood or adolescence: significant link to SDHB mutations. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4137-42. [PMID: 21969497 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present data on the high rate of SDHB mutations in patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma whose initial tumor presentation began in childhood or adolescence. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 2000 to 2010, 263 patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma were evaluated through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD. Of the 263 patients, 125 patients were found to have metastatic disease; of these 125 patients, 32 patients presented with a tumor before 20 years of age. An additional 17 patients presented with a tumor before 20 years of age but demonstrated no development of metastatic disease. Genetic testing for mutations in the VHL, MEN, and SDHB/C/D genes was performed on patients without previously identified genetic mutations. RESULTS Of the 32 patients who presented with metastatic disease and had their primary tumor in childhood or adolescence, sequence analysis of germline DNA showed SDHB mutations in 23 patients (71.9%), SDHD mutations in three patients (9.4%), VHL mutations in two patients (6.3%), and an absence of a known mutation in four patients (12.5%). The majority of these 32 patients (78.1%) presented with primary tumors in an extra-adrenal location. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma who presented with a primary tumor in childhood/adolescence had primary extra-adrenal tumors and harbored SDHB mutations. Except for primary tumors located in the head and neck where SDHD genetic testing is advised, we recommend that patients who present with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma with primary tumor development in childhood or adolescence undergo SDHB genetic testing before they undergo testing for other gene mutations, unless clinical presentation or family history suggests a different mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S King
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma-current status and future strategies. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:1391-7. [PMID: 21533575 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-011-1468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas which constitute 15% of all childhood brain tumors are inoperable and response to radiation and chemotherapy has not improved long-term survival. Due to lack of newer effective therapies, mean survival after diagnosis has remained less than 12 months. Trials investigating chemotherapy and/or radiation have proven disappointing. As biopsy of these tumors are rarely performed due to the high eloquence of the brain stem, information about the pathology and biology remains elusive hindering development of novel biologic agents. Poor access of most chemotherapeutic agents to these tumors due to the blood-brain barrier continues to undermine therapeutic efficacy. Thus, to date, we remain at a virtual standstill in our attempts to improve the prognosis of children with these tumors. METHODS An extensive review of the literature was performed concerning children with diffuse brain stem gliomas including clinical trials, evolving molecular biology, and newer therapeutic endeavors. CONCLUSION A pivotal approach in improving the prognosis of these tumors should include the initiation of biopsy and encouraging families to consider autopsy to study the molecular biology. This will help in redefining this tumor by its molecular signature and profiling targeted therapy. Continued advances should be pursued in neuroimaging technology including identifying surrogate markers of early disease progression. Defining strategies to enhance local delivery of drugs into tumors with the help of newer surgical techniques are important. Exhaustive research in all these aspects as a multidisciplinary approach could provide hope to children with these fatal tumors.
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Caretti V, Zondervan I, Meijer DH, Idema S, Vos W, Hamans B, Bugiani M, Hulleman E, Wesseling P, Vandertop WP, Noske DP, Kaspers G, Molthoff CFM, Wurdinger T. Monitoring of tumor growth and post-irradiation recurrence in a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma mouse model. Brain Pathol 2010; 21:441-51. [PMID: 21159008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal malignancy because of its diffuse infiltrative growth pattern. Translational research suffers from the lack of a representative DIPG animal model. Hence, human E98 glioma cells were stereotactically injected into the pons of nude mice. The E98 DIPG tumors presented a strikingly similar histhopathology to autopsy material of a DIPG patient, including diffuse and perivascular growth, brainstem- and supratentorial invasiveness and leptomeningeal growth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was effectively employed to image the E98 DIPG tumor. [(18) F] 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18) F]fluorothymidine (FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was applied to assess the subcutaneous (s.c.) E98 tumor proliferation status but no orthotopic DIPG activity could be visualized. Next, E98 cells were cultured in vitro and engineered to express firefly luciferase and mCherry (E98-Fluc-mCherry). These cultured E98-Fluc-mCherry cells developed focal pontine glioma when injected into the pons directly. However, the diffuse E98 DIPG infiltrative phenotype was restored when cells were injected into the pons immediately after an intermediate s.c. passage. The diffuse E98-Fluc-mCherry model was subsequently used to test escalating doses of irradiation, applying the bioluminescent Fluc signal to monitor tumor recurrence over time. Altogether, we here describe an accurate DIPG mouse model that can be of clinical relevance for testing experimental therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Caretti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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Becher OJ, Hambardzumyan D, Walker TR, Helmy K, Nazarian J, Albrecht S, Hiner RL, Gall S, Huse JT, Jabado N, MacDonald TJ, Holland EC. Preclinical evaluation of radiation and perifosine in a genetically and histologically accurate model of brainstem glioma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2548-57. [PMID: 20197468 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem gliomas (BSG) are a rare group of central nervous system tumors that arise mostly in children and usually portend a particularly poor prognosis. We report the development of a genetically engineered mouse model of BSG using the RCAS/tv-a system and its implementation in preclinical trials. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha is overexpressed in 67% of pediatric BSGs. Based on this observation, we induced low-grade BSGs by overexpressing PDGF-B in the posterior fossa of neonatal nestin tv-a mice. To generate high-grade BSGs, we overexpressed PDGF-B in combination with Ink4a-ARF loss, given that this locus is commonly lost in high-grade pediatric BSGs. We show that the likely cells of origin for these mouse BSGs exist on the floor of the fourth ventricle and cerebral aqueduct. Irradiation of these high-grade BSGs shows that although single doses of 2, 6, and 10 Gy significantly increased the percent of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive nuclei, only 6 and 10 Gy significantly induce cell cycle arrest. Perifosine, an inhibitor of AKT signaling, significantly induced TUNEL-positive nuclei in this high-grade BSG model, but in combination with 10 Gy, it did not significantly increase the percent of TUNEL-positive nuclei relative to 10 Gy alone at 6, 24, and 72 hours. Survival analysis showed that a single dose of 10 Gy significantly prolonged survival by 27% (P = 0.0002) but perifosine did not (P = 0.92). Perifosine + 10 Gy did not result in a significantly increased survival relative to 10 Gy alone (P = 0.23). This PDGF-induced BSG model can serve as a preclinical tool for the testing of novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren J Becher
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J. Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; and
| | - Mark M. Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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