Longitudinal myelotomy in the treatment of spasticity of the legs

The therapeutic effects of ablative neurosurgical procedures on the spinal cord for intractable spinal spasticity

STUDY DESIGN

This research is a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE

To study the therapeutic effects of operative procedures, including dorsal longitudinal myelotomy (DLM) and dorsal root entry zone lesion (DREZL) on spasticity and associated aspects.

SETTING

Tertiary university hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

METHODS

Eighteen patients with refractory spasticity of spinal origin who underwent the operations were recruited. Clinical parameters for evaluating severity of spasticity and ambulatory status were compared between before and after surgery, and between surgeries.

RESULTS

A statistically significant reduction of spasticity as measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Adductor Tone Rating Scale (ATRS) and Penn Spasm Frequency Scale (PSFS) was found after surgeries and in the overall analysis (p < 0.05). Chronic pressure ulcers disappeared postoperatively in 11 cases. All of 7 bed-ridden subjects experienced improvement in their ambulatory status postoperatively. DLM was found to be more effective than DREZL in reduction of spasticity.

CONCLUSION

Ablative neurosurgery on the spinal cord is still valuable in situations when intrathecal baclofen is unavailable. These operations are potentially effective in the treatment of intractable spasticity of spinal origin.

Therapeutics in the Management of Spasticity

Spasticity is commonly defined as a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch re flexes that results from a variety of disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord. Treat ment of spasticity is generally considered when the increase in tone interferes with functional activities, such as positioning, mobility, or daily cares, when it is painful, or when it leads to complications such as contractures or skin breakdown. This re view discusses the pathophysiology of spasticity and details the various treatments avail able, including physical and occupational therapy modalities, use of splints and or thoses, oral and intrathecal medications, nerve blocks, botulinum toxin injections, and orthopedic and neurosurgical interventions.

Surgical treatment of painful spasticity after spinal cord injury

STUDY DESIGN

There are several conservative methods of painful spasticity treatment. However, conservative methods do not always provide long-term and complete antispastic effects in cases of spinal cord injury with severe painful spasticity.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the effectiveness of myelotomy by Bischof II and Pourpre in patients with paraplegia and severe painful spasticity in the late period after spinal cord trauma.

SETTING

Spinal Care Unit, Meir General Hospital, Israel.

METHODS

Twenty patients had longitudinal T-myelotomy by the Bischof II technique and 20 longitudinal myelotomy en croix (Pourpre). The spasticity was determined by evaluated muscle tone and muscle spasm according to the Ashworth and spasm-frequency scales. The pain was determined by McGill short questionnaire. The results were calculated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test, by Mann-Whitney U-test and Students t-test. Clinical outcomes after myelotomy in-patients with chronic spinal cord injury and painful spasticity were evaluated after 6 months, 5 and 10 year follow-up period.

RESULTS

Pain was relieved in all cases. The best motor antispastic effect was achieved after Pourpre myelotomy in 18 of the patients (90%) were evaluated after a follow-up of 6 months, 15 patients (75%) after 5 years, and 11 patients (64.7%) after 10 years. Following Bischof II myelotomy results were classified as good: in 13 patients-(65%) at 6 months; in nine patients (45%) at 5 years and in six patients-(40%) at 10 years. Statistical analysis showed no reliable relationship between the level of Spinal cord lesion (T4-T10) and the type of operation. No instability occurred as a result of antispastic operation in any patient.

CONCLUSION

A higher rate of beneficial outcome was achieved after Pourpre myelotomy. We recommend this operation for patients with paraplegia and painful spasticity, who do not have hope of regaining voluntary motor function. However, transections of basic pathways of spasticity are not always sufficient for complete antispastic effects. Good results after the operation may deteriorate in time. Therefore further investigations into the mechanism of the spasticity syndrome in the spinal cord injured patient are required.

The surgical treatment of spasticity

Many neurosurgical procedures have been designed for or applied to the treatment of spasticity arising from different disorders, including cerebral palsy; traumatic, ischemic, or hypoxic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Neurosurgical procedures are primarily aimed at reducing spasticity by interrupting the stretch reflex at various sites along the spinal reflex arc or attempting to increase the centrally mediated inhibitory influence on the pool of motor neurons in the anterior horn. Surgical interventions for spasticity can be classified into peripheral ablative procedures, such as rhizotomy or peripheral neurectomy, and central ablative procedures, such as cordectomy, myelotomy, or stereotactic procedures. Non-ablative procedures include peripheral nerve or motor point blocks, the implantation of cerebellar or spinal stimulators, and the implantation of subdural catheters for infusion of pharmacologic agents to increase inhibitory activity. Several proposed mechanisms for spasticity are reviewed so that the rationale for the various surgical interventions for spasticity described may be better understood.

Efficacy of dorsal longitudinal myelotomy in treating spinal spasticity: a review of 20 cases

The authors report their experience using dorsal longitudinal myelotomy in treating spasticity in 20 patients with complete spinal cord injuries. These patients suffered from severe painful flexor/extensor spasms that prevented them from wheelchair ambulation and/or their decubitus ulcers healing. All were receiving large doses of various oral drugs, including baclofen, which had failed to control their spasticity, and all underwent a modification of a posterior T-myelotomy as first described by Bischof. All 20 patients enjoyed immediate complete relief of their painful spasms, although two (10%) eventually experienced return of their spasms and are thus classified as long-term failures. Seventeen patients succeeded in markedly reducing, or being completely weaned from, their antispasmodic medications. In 11 of 14 patients, nonhealing decubitus ulcers subsequently healed with treatment. Bladder function was unchanged from the preoperative status in all patients. Chronic intrathecal baclofen infusion has recently been reported as an effective treatment of the spasticity of paraplegia. The results of this study, along with previous reports advocating dorsal longitudinal myelotomy, suggest that this approach is an efficacious alternative to chronic baclofen infusion in reducing spasticity for complete paraplegics. Considering the cost of the infusion pump, along with the fact that chronic intrathecal baclofen therapy necessitates long-term medical supervision, it appears that myelotomy is superior for this select group of patients who have no hope of regaining voluntary motor function.

Skeletal muscle changes following myelotomy in paraplegic patients

Pourpre's dorsal T-shaped myelotomy was performed on three paraplegic patients in which medical and electro-physiological procedures proved to be ineffective concerning muscle spasms. The myelotomy led to the elimination of spasms and of muscle hypertonicity in the lower limbs. Biopsies of the rectus femoris muscles were performed bilaterally one year before and two months following myelotomy. The first biopsy revealed fascicular atrophy, with type I fibre preferential atrophy, which is usually found in paraplegic patients. After myelotomy some histological differences were seen: reduction of type II fibre diameter and the presence of target-targetoid fibres and of atrophic dark fibres. There was a difference of fibre pattern type in hypertonic spastic muscles compared to that seen in spasm relieved by myelotomy. The morphological changes seen after myelotomy are interpreted as denervation changes because of the surgical lesion by the myelotomy on the anterior horn cells.

Cerebellar stimulation for chronic extensor-flexor rigidity and opisthotonus secondary to hypoxia. Report of two cases

Two patients with chronic hypertonus (in a decerebrate state) as a result of hypoxia are described. Long-term cerebellar stimulation markedly modified their extraordinarily severe extensor-flexor rigidity phenomena that had resulted in chronic opisthotonus.

Multiple sclerosis--management and rehabilitation

After reviewing the size of the problem of multiple sclerosis, and the likely case-load for doctors in different settings, this paper than proceeds to consider the major challenges in management and rehabilitation for this disease. The latter resolve themselves into what to discuss with the patient; relapses and their prevention, including general advice on such matters as stress, pregnancy, and infection; major problems including bladder and bowel dysfunction, sexual difficulties, spasticity, ataxia and incoordination, vision, and intellectual and psychological manifestations, and other problems, such as menstruation, obesity, and pressure sores. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of specialist physicians.

Myelotomy for control of mass spasms in paraplegia

A new myelotomy knife is described and a procedure, designed to sever certain reflex connections while preserving as many corticospinal connections as possible, is presented. Through intermittent dorsal midline incisions the gray matter lateral to the central canal is severed bilaterally under the microscope from L-1 to S-1. This procedure relieved mass spasms and hyperactive reflexes in 14 paraplegic or tetraplegic patients, but preserved postural reflexes and whatever voluntary motor power the patients had prior to myelotomy. Before myelotomy all patients were bedridden. Afterward nine patients were able to use a wheel chair and five were able to walk with the use of parallel bars or crutches.

Dorsal longitudinal myelotomy

An evaluation of dorsal longitudinal myelotomy in the management of spasticity of the lower limbs has been done in 17 patients. The follow-up has varied from 1 month to over 2 years. Most patients achieved satisfactory relief from spasticity. Eight patients have died after the operation in chronic care hospitals. In all except one, the spasticity had been relieved. Eight out of the nine living patients have benefited from myelotomy. Recurrence of spasticity following the first operation occurred in four patients, two of whom improved after a repeat myelotomy. In the presence of fixed contractures of the hip and knee joints, a satisfactory clinical result may not be obtained after the myelotomy.