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Dimensional label learning contributes to the development of executive functions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11008. [PMID: 35773365 PMCID: PMC9246947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key to understanding how the brain develops is to understand how learning can change brain function. One index of learning that takes place in early childhood involves the comprehension and production of labels describing the shape and color features of objects, a process known as dimensional label learning (DLL). DLL requires integrating auditory and visual stimuli to form a system of mappings that link label representations (e.g. “red” and “color”) and visual feature representations (e.g. “red” and the hue red). Children gain expertise with these labels between the ages of 2 and 5 years, and at the same time they begin to demonstrate skills in using labels to guide cognitive function in other domains. For example, one of the hallmark measures of executive function development requires children to use verbally instructed rules to guide attention to visual dimensions. The broader impact of DLL, however, has not yet been explored. Here, we examine how the neural processes associated with the comprehension and production of labels for visual features predicts later performance on executive function tasks. Specifically, we show that left frontal cortex is activated during comprehension and production tasks at 33 months of age. Moreover, we find that neural activation in this region during label production at 33 months is associated with dimensional attention, but not spatial selective attention, at 45 months. These results shed new light on the role of label learning in developmental changes in brain and behavior. Moreover, these data suggest that dimensional label learning generalizes beyond the learned information to influence other aspects of cognition. We anticipate that these results may serve as a starting point for future work to implement label training as an intervention to influence later cognition.
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Tajima CI, Tajima S, Koida K, Komatsu H, Aihara K, Suzuki H. Population Code Dynamics in Categorical Perception. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22536. [PMID: 26935275 PMCID: PMC4776180 DOI: 10.1038/srep22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Categorical perception is a ubiquitous function in sensory information processing, and is reported to have important influences on the recognition of presented and/or memorized stimuli. However, such complex interactions among categorical perception and other aspects of sensory processing have not been explained well in a unified manner. Here, we propose a recurrent neural network model to process categorical information of stimuli, which approximately realizes a hierarchical Bayesian estimation on stimuli. The model accounts for a wide variety of neurophysiological and cognitive phenomena in a consistent framework. In particular, the reported complexity of categorical effects, including (i) task-dependent modulation of neural response, (ii) clustering of neural population representation, (iii) temporal evolution of perceptual color memory, and (iv) a non-uniform discrimination threshold, are explained as different aspects of a single model. Moreover, we directly examine key model behaviors in the monkey visual cortex by analyzing neural population dynamics during categorization and discrimination of color stimuli. We find that the categorical task causes temporally-evolving biases in the neuronal population representations toward the focal colors, which supports the proposed model. These results suggest that categorical perception can be achieved by recurrent neural dynamics that approximates optimal probabilistic inference in the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro I. Tajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo. 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satohiro Tajima
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva. CMU, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Kowa Koida
- EIIRIS, Toyohashi University of Technology. 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Komatsu
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences. 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo. 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences. 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo. 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo. 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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A Proposed Neurological Interpretation of Language Evolution. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:872487. [PMID: 26124540 PMCID: PMC4466361 DOI: 10.1155/2015/872487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the very beginning of the aphasia history it has been well established that there are two major aphasic syndromes (Wernicke's-type and Broca's-type aphasia); each one of them is related to the disturbance at a specific linguistic level (lexical/semantic and grammatical) and associated with a particular brain damage localization (temporal and frontal-subcortical). It is proposed that three stages in language evolution could be distinguished: (a) primitive communication systems similar to those observed in other animals, including nonhuman primates; (b) initial communication systems using sound combinations (lexicon) but without relationships among the elements (grammar); and (c) advanced communication systems including word-combinations (grammar). It is proposed that grammar probably originated from the internal representation of actions, resulting in the creation of verbs; this is an ability that depends on the so-called Broca's area and related brain networks. It is suggested that grammar is the basic ability for the development of so-called metacognitive executive functions. It is concluded that while the lexical/semantic language system (vocabulary) probably appeared during human evolution long before the contemporary man (Homo sapiens sapiens), the grammatical language historically represents a recent acquisition and is correlated with the development of complex cognition (metacognitive executive functions).
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Lubrano V, Filleron T, Démonet JF, Roux FE. Anatomical correlates for category-specific naming of objects and actions: a brain stimulation mapping study. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:429-43. [PMID: 23015527 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of object and action words can be dissociated in aphasics, yet their anatomical correlates have been difficult to distinguish in functional imaging studies. To investigate the extent to which the cortical neural networks underlying object- and action-naming processing overlap, we performed electrostimulation mapping (ESM), which is a neurosurgical mapping technique routinely used to examine language function during brain-tumor resections. Forty-one right-handed patients who had surgery for a brain tumor were asked to perform overt naming of object and action pictures under stimulation. Overall, 73 out of the 633 stimulated cortical sites (11.5%) were associated with stimulation-induced language interferences. These interference sites were very much localized (<1 cm(2) ), and showed substantial variability across individuals in their exact localization. Stimulation interfered with both object and action naming over 44 sites, whereas it specifically interfered with object naming over 19 sites and with action naming over 10 sites. Specific object-naming sites were mainly identified in Broca's area (Brodmann area 44/45) and the temporal cortex, whereas action-naming specific sites were mainly identified in the posterior midfrontal gyrus (Brodmann area 6/9) and Broca's area (P = 0.003 by the Fisher's exact test). The anatomical loci we emphasized are in line with a cortical distinction between objects and actions based on conceptual/semantic features, so the prefrontal/premotor cortex would preferentially support sensorimotor contingencies associated with actions, whereas the temporal cortex would preferentially underpin (functional) properties of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lubrano
- Université Paul Sabatier, SFR 96, Unité INSERM UMR 825, Toulouse, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
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Interaction between lexical and grammatical language systems in the brain. Phys Life Rev 2012; 9:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pagani R, Bosco G, Dalla Valle E, Capitani E, Laiacona M. The assessment of colour perception, naming and knowledge: a new test device with a case study. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:801-9. [PMID: 22076482 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Besides ocular diseases, also cerebral damage may cause colour vision deficits; cerebral lesions may be associated with a variety of clinical conditions that impair colour processing. This study presents procedures and normative data for a rapid, comprehensive seven-test battery aimed at assessing colour perception, colour naming and object colour knowledge. The norms, obtained from 96 healthy Italian participants, allow normality/pathology judgements on the basis of one-sided tolerance limits, after adjusting the score of each test for the demographic variables of the proband subjects. We also report, as an example, use of the battery in a stroke patient; this patient was chosen because her lesion affected the left temporal-occipital cortex, an area sometimes associated with a deficit of colour processing. The patient resulted normal on colour perception and colour name retrieval, but defective on object colour knowledge probed using the stimulus name. For the sound definition of the functional locus of cognitive impairment at the single case level, a multi-faceted set of tasks is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Pagani
- UO Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale, Ospedale San Paolo, via Di Rudinì 8, Milan, Italy.
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Giussani C, Riva M, Gallucci M, Boukhatem L, Sganzerla EP, Demonet JF, Roux FE. Anatomical correlates for category-specific naming of living and non-living things. Neuroimage 2011; 56:323-9. [PMID: 21296167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selective naming categories impairments for living and non-living things are widely reported in brain damaged patients. Electrostimulation mapping was used to study the possible anatomical segregation of living/non-living categories in a prospective series of patients operated on for tumor removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty brain mappings (patients with no language impairment; range: 14-80 years; mean: 48 years; 26 males; 5 left handed) were performed in 46 left and 4 right hemispheres using two linguistically controlled tasks (naming for living and non-living things) during an awake surgery procedure. Fifteen regions and four macro cortical areas were designed to analyze the distribution of the interference sites. RESULTS Over 761 sites stimulated in the lateral hemispheres, 130 naming interferences sites were detected in small cortical areas (<1cm(2)). High individual variability was observed for living/non-living word retrieval localization and organization with a majority (62%) of shared living/non-living interferences. Specific living (12%) or non-living (26%) interferences were found too. In group analysis, no statistical significant anatomical localization was observed for living items in left lateral hemispheric cortex. A statistical significant representation of interference sites for non-living objects was found (Generalized Estimating Equation methodology, z-test=2.28, p=0.027) in the left posterolateral temporoparietal cortex. No influence of histopathology, gender and age on anatomical localization of naming categories was detected. CONCLUSION The existence of dedicated neural structures for naming non-living things in the left posterolateral temporoparietal cortex is supported by this study although high individual differences exist in the organization of word categories retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- Centres Hospitalo-Universitaires, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
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Giussani C, Pirillo D, Roux FE. Mirror of the soul: a cortical stimulation study on recognition of facial emotions. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:520-7. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.5.jns081522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The capability of recognizing the expressions of facial emotions has been hypothesized to depend on a right hemispheric cortical-subcortical network. Its impairment deeply disturbs social relationships. To spare right hemispheric cortical areas involved in recognizing facial emotion, the authors used intraoperative cortical stimulation and the awake surgery technique in a consecutive series of patients. The feasibility and the interest to map them during brain mapping for neurosurgical procedures are discussed.
Methods
After a preoperative neuropsychological evaluation, 18 consecutive patients with right hemispheric lesions (5 metastases, 6 high-grade gliomas, 4 low-grade gliomas, 2 arteriovenous malformations, and 1 malignant meningioma) were tested by intraoperative cortical stimulation while performing a facial emotion recognition task along with sensorimotor and visuospatial tasks.
Results
Three hundred eighty-six cortical sites were studied. Five (1.30%) reproducible interference sites for facial emotion recognition were identified in 5 patients: 1 site in the medial segment of T1; 1 site in the posterior segment of T1; 1 site in the posterior segment of T2; and 2 sites in the supramarginal gyrus. No selective impairment was found regarding the emotion category. All facial emotion recognition sites were spared during surgery, and none of the patients experienced postoperative deficits in recognition of facial emotions.
Conclusions
The finding of interference sites in facial emotion recognition in the right posterior perisylvian area, independent to sensorimotor or visuospatial orientation processes, reinforces the theory about the role of anatomically and functionally segregated right hemisphere structures in this cognitive process. The authors advocate offering a brain mapping of facial emotion recognition to patients with right posterior perisylvian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
| | - David Pirillo
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
| | - Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
- 3Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Giussani C, Roux FE, Bello L, Lauwers-Cances V, Papagno C, Gaini SM, Puel M, Démonet JF. Who is who: areas of the brain associated with recognizing and naming famous faces. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:289-99. [PMID: 18928357 DOI: 10.3171/2007.8.17566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT It has been hypothesized that specific brain regions involved in face naming may exist in the brain. To spare these areas and to gain a better understanding of their organization, the authors studied patients who underwent surgery by using direct electrical stimulation mapping for brain tumors, and they compared an object-naming task to a famous face-naming task. METHODS Fifty-six patients with brain tumors (39 and 17 in the left and right hemispheres, respectively) and with no significant preoperative overall language deficit were prospectively studied over a 2-year period. Four patients who had a partially selective famous face anomia and 2 with prosopagnosia were not included in the final analysis. RESULTS Face-naming interferences were exclusively localized in small cortical areas (< 1 cm2). Among 35 patients whose dominant left hemisphere was studied, 26 face-naming specific areas (that is, sites of interference in face naming only and not in object naming) were found. These face naming-specific sites were significantly detected in 2 regions: in the left frontal areas of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri (p < 0.001) and in the anterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri (p < 0.01). Variable patterns of interference were observed (speech arrest, anomia, phonemic, or semantic paraphasia) probably related to the different stages in famous face processing. Only 4 famous face-naming interferences were found in the right hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS Relative anatomical segregation of naming categories within language areas was detected. This study showed that famous face naming was preferentially processed in the left frontal and anterior temporal gyri. The authors think it is necessary to adapt naming tasks in neurosurgical patients to the brain region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France
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Roux FE, Borsa S, Démonet JF. “The Mute Who Can Sing”: a cortical stimulation study on singing. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:282-8. [DOI: 10.3171/2007.9.17565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
In an attempt to identify cortical areas involved in singing in addition to language areas, the authors used a singing task during direct cortical mapping in 5 patients who were amateur singers and had undergone surgery for brain tumors. The organization of the cortical areas involved in language and singing was analyzed in relation with these surgical data.
Methods
One left-handed and 4 right-handed patients with brain tumors in left (2 cases) and right (3 cases) hemispheres and no significant language or singing deficits underwent surgery with the “awake surgery” technique. All patients had a special interest in singing and were involved in amateur singing activities. They were tested using naming, reading, and singing tasks.
Results
Outside primary sensorimotor areas, singing interferences were rare and were exclusively localized in small cortical areas (< 1 cm2). A clear distinction was found between speech and singing in the Broca region. In the Broca region, no singing interference was found in areas in which interference in naming and reading tasks were detected. Conversely, a specific singing interference was found in nondominant middle frontal gyri in one patient. This interference consisted of abrupt singing arrest without apparent face, mouth, and tongue contraction. Finally, nonspecific singing interferences were found in the right and left precentral gyri in all patients (probably by interference in final articulatory mechanisms of singing).
Conclusions
Dissociations between speech and singing found outside primary sensorimotor areas showed that these 2 functions use, in some cortical stages, different cerebral pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- 1Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 825; and Fédérations de
- 2Neurochirurgie et
| | | | - Jean-François Démonet
- 1Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 825; and Fédérations de
- 3Neurologie, Centres Hospitalo-Universitaires, Toulouse, France
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Barnett KJ, Finucane C, Asher JE, Bargary G, Corvin AP, Newell FN, Mitchell KJ. Familial patterns and the origins of individual differences in synaesthesia. Cognition 2008; 106:871-93. [PMID: 17586484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The term synaesthesia has been applied to a range of different sensory-perceptual and cognitive experiences, yet how these experiences are related to each other is not well understood. Not only are there disparate types of synaesthesia, but even within types there are vast individual differences in the way that stimuli induce synaesthesia and in the subjective synaesthetic experience. An investigation of the inheritance patterns of different types of synaesthesia is likely to elucidate whether a single underlying mechanism can explain all types. This study is the first to systematically survey all types of synaesthesia within a familial framework. We recruited 53 synaesthetes and 42% of these probands reported a first-degree relative with synaesthesia. We then directly contacted as many first-degree relatives as possible and collected complete data on synaesthetic status for all family members for 17 families. We found that different types of synaesthesia can occur within the same family and that the qualitative nature of the experience can differ between family members. Our findings strongly indicate that various types of synaesthesia are fundamentally related at the genetic level, but that the explicit associations and the individual differences between synaesthetes are influenced by other factors. Synaesthesia thus provides a good model to explore the interplay of all these factors in the development of cognitive traits in general.
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Jakobson L, Pearson P, Robertson B. Hue-specific colour memory impairment in an individual with intact colour perception and colour naming. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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