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Martín-Noguerol T, Concepción-Aramendia L, Lim CT, Santos-Armentia E, Cabrera-Zubizarreta A, Luna A. Conventional and advanced MRI evaluation of brain vascular malformations. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:428-445. [PMID: 33856735 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) include a wide range of pathological conditions related to intra and extracranial vessel abnormalities. Although some VMs show typical neuroimaging features, other VMs share and overlap pathological and neuroimaging features that hinder an accurate differentiation between them. Hence, it is not uncommon to misclassify different types of VMs under the general heading of arteriovenous malformations. Thorough knowledge of the imaging findings of each type of VM is mandatory to avoid these inaccuracies. Conventional MRI sequences, including MR angiography, have allowed the evaluation of CNS VMs without using ionizing radiation. Newer MRI techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging, black blood sequences, arterial spin labeling, and 4D flow imaging, have an added value of providing physiopathological data in real time regarding the hemodynamics of VMs. Beyond MR images, new insights using 3D printed models are being incorporated as part of the armamentarium for a noninvasive evaluation of VMs. In this paper, we briefly review the pathophysiology of CNS VMs, focusing on the MRI findings that may be helpful to differentiate them. We discuss the role of each conventional and advanced MRI sequence for VMs assessment and provide some insights about the value of structured reports of 3D printing to evaluate VMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cc Tchoyoson Lim
- Neuroradiology Department, National Neuroscience Institute and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | - Antonio Luna
- MRI Unit, Radiology Department, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain
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2
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L'Hotta AJ, Thomas KM, Milgrom SA, Hemenway MS, Levy JMM. Medical and rehabilitation interventions in pediatric central nervous system radiation necrosis: A case report. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28705. [PMID: 32985070 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiation necrosis is a potentially debilitating side effect of therapy necessary to treat pediatric central nervous system tumors. Clinical signs of cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) are similar to symptoms of disease progression and require close monitoring. The case of an infant diagnosed with a malignant rhabdoid tumor is presented to describe the medical and rehabilitation interventions implemented to address CRN. Rehabilitation providers should routinely be consulted in children with CRN as they fill a critical role in treatment, neurological symptom monitoring, and intervention planning to address family-centered functional goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J L'Hotta
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Sarah A Milgrom
- Department Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molly S Hemenway
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Kailaya-Vasan A, Samuthrat T, Walsh DC. Severe adverse radiation effects complicating radiosurgical treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations and the potential benefit of early surgical treatment. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 55:25-31. [PMID: 30029956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with stereotactic radiosurgery is rarely complicated by severe adverse radiation effects (ARE). The treatment of these sequelae is varied and often ineffectual. We present three cases of brain AVMs treated with SRS, all complicated by severe AREs. All three cases failed to respond to what is currently considered the standard treatment - corticosteroids - and indeed one patient died as a result of the side effects of their extended use. Two cases were successfully treated with surgical excision of the necrotic lesion resulting in immediate clinical improvement. Having considered the experience described in this paper and reviewed the published literature to date we suggest that surgical treatment of AREs should be considered early in the management of this condition should steroid therapy not result in early improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahilan Kailaya-Vasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Thiti Samuthrat
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel C Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London, UK
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Thenier-Villa JL, Galárraga-Campoverde RA, Martínez Rolán RM, De La Lama Zaragoza AR, Martínez Cueto P, Muñoz Garzón V, Salgado Fernández M, Conde Alonso C. Linear Accelerator Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Central Nervous System Arteriovenous Malformations: A 15-Year Analysis of Outcome-Related Factors in a Single Tertiary Center. World Neurosurg 2017; 103:291-302. [PMID: 28435119 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery is one of the modalities available for the treatment of central nervous system arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The aim of this study was to describe our 15-year experience with this technique in a single tertiary center and the analysis of outcome-related factors. METHODS From 1998 to 2013, 195 patients were treated with linear accelerator-based radiosurgery; we conducted a retrospective study collecting patient- and AVM-related variables. Treatment outcomes were obliteration, posttreatment hemorrhage, symptomatic radiation-induced changes, and 3-year neurologic status. We also analyzed prognostic factors of each outcome and predictability analysis of 5 scales: Spetzler-Martin grade, Lawton-Young supplementary and Lawton combined scores, radiosurgery-based AVM score, Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale, and Heidelberg score. RESULTS Overall obliteration rate was 81%. Nidus diameter and venous drainage were predictive of obliteration (P < 0.05), ruptured status and previous embolization were not related to rate of obliteration, and low-grade AVMs had higher obliteration rates. Posttreatment hemorrhage incidence was 8.72%; nidus diameter was the only predictor (P = 0.05). Symptomatic radiation-induced changes occurred in 11.79% of patients and were significantly associated with unruptured status (P < 0.05). Treatment success as a composite measure was obtained in 70.77% of patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were presented for each scoring system and outcome measure; best area under the curve was 0.687 for Lawton combined score in the obliteration outcome. CONCLUSIONS In the long-term, linear accelerator-based radiosurgery is a useful, valid, effective, and safe modality for treatment of brain AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Thenier-Villa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | | | - Rosa María Martínez Rolán
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Martínez Cueto
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Víctor Muñoz Garzón
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Manuel Salgado Fernández
- Department of Radiophysics, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Conde Alonso
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Complex of Vigo-Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Matsuo T, Kamada K, Izumo T, Hayashi N, Nagata I. Cyst formation after linac-based radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation: Examination of predictive factors using magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 121:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has been performed since the 1970s. When an AVM is treated with radiosurgery, radiation injury to the vascular endothelium induces the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the elaboration of extracellular collagen, which leads to progressive stenosis and obliteration of the AVM nidus. Obliteration after AVM radiosurgery ranges from 60% to 80%, and relates to the size of the AVM and the prescribed radiation dose. The major drawback of radiosurgical AVM treatment is the risk of bleeding during the latent period (typically 2 years) between treatment and AVM thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Friedman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, PO Box 100265, MBI, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Chernov MF, Ono Y, Abe K, Usukura M, Hayashi M, Izawa M, Diment SV, Ivanov PI, Muragaki Y, Iseki H, Hori T, Okada Y, Takakura K. Differentiation of tumor progression and radiation-induced effects after intracranial radiosurgery. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 116:193-210. [PMID: 23417479 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1376-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of intracranial tumors demonstrate some degree of enlargement after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). It necessitates differentiation of their regrowth and various treatment-induced effects. Introduction of low-dose standards for SRS of benign neoplasms significantly decreased the risk of the radiation-induced necrosis after -management of schwannomas and meningiomas. Although in such cases a transient increase of the mass volume within several months after irradiation is rather common, it usually followed by spontaneous shrinkage. Nevertheless, distinguishing tumor recurrence from radiation injury is often required in cases of malignant parenchymal brain neoplasms, such as metastases and gliomas. The diagnosis is frequently complicated by histopathological heterogeneity of the lesion with coexistent viable tumor and treatment-related changes. Several neuroimaging modalities, namely structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, perfusion computed tomography (CT) and MRI, single-voxel and multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as single photon emission CT and positron emission tomography with various radioisotope tracers, may provide valuable diagnostic information. Each of these methods has advantages and limitations that may influence its usefulness and accuracy. Therefore, use of a multimodal radiological approach seems reasonable. Addition of functional and metabolic neuroimaging to regular structural MRI investigations during follow-up after SRS of parenchymal brain neoplasms may permit detailed evaluation of the treatment effects and early prediction of the response. If tissue sampling of irradiated intracranial lesions is required, it is preferably performed with the use of metabolic guidance. In conclusion, differentiation of tumor progression and radiation-induced effects after intracranial SRS is challenging. It should be based on a complex evaluation of the multiple clinical, radiosurgical, and radiological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F Chernov
- Faculty of Advanced Techno-Surgery, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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Friedman WA, Bova FJ. Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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OYOSHI T, HIRAHARA K, UETSUHARA K, YATSUSHIRO K, ARITA K. Delayed Radiation Necrosis 7 Years After Gamma Knife Surgery for Arteriovenous Malformation -Two Case Reports-. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010; 50:62-6. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.50.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki OYOSHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | | | | | - Kazutaka YATSUSHIRO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori ARITA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
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Pérez-Espejo M, Felipe-Murcia M, Martínez-Lage J, García-Fernández R, De la Fuente-Muñoz I, Salinas-Ramos J, Fernández-Pérez J, Tobarra-González B, Palma-Copete J, González-López A, Romero J. Eficacia del oxígeno hiperbárico en el tratamiento de la radionecrosis y el edema cerebral sintomáticos tras radiocirugía con acelerador lineal. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(09)70142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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