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Nawaz S, Hayat F, Khan S, Rehman S, Sardar N, Aman S. CAUSES OF HYDROCEPHALUS AND COMPLICATIONS OF VP SHUNT IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION. GOMAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.46903/gjms/16.04.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTARCT Background: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a common procedure for treatment of hydrocephalus. The objectives of the study were to determine the causes of hydrocephalus and complications of VP shunt in our pediatric population. Materials & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January 2018 to January 2019. The sample size was 97 selected through consecutive, non-probability sampling technique using online sample size calculator, the Raosoft. The inclusion criteria were all pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. All those post-operative patient operated for other pathologies of brain and spine without VP shunt were excluded from the study. CT or MRI of brain with and without contrast were done. Post operatively all the patients were followed up till 6 months and any complication which occurred were documented. Demographic variable were sex and age in years. Research variables were causes of hydrocephalus and post-operative complications of VP shunt. All variables except age in years being categorical were analyzed through frequency and percentages. Age was calculated by mean and SD using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 97 patients, boys were 59(60.82%) and girls were 38(39.17%). The mean age of the sample was 4.5 ±5 ranging from 5 months to 13 years. The most common cause was aqueductal stenosis having 58(59.7 %), myelo-meningocele were 17(17.7%), post meningitis were 12(12.3%) and remaining 10(10.3%) were associated with brain tumors. Out of 21 patients 12(57.2%) developed shunt obstruction, 5(23.8%) shunt infection, 2(9.5%) developed post-operative seizures, 2(9.5%) had exteriorization of lower end of shunt through abdominal incision. Conclusion: The most common cause of hydrocephalus is acqueductal stenosis. The most common complication of VP shunt is shunt obstruction in pediatric population, having pre-school boys as modal group.
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Wright E, Fischbach M, Zaloszyc A, Paglialonga F, Aufricht C, Dufek S, Bakkaloğlu S, Klaus G, Zurowska A, Ekim M, Ariceta G, Holtta T, Jankauskiene A, Schmitt CP, Stefanidis CJ, Walle JV, Vondrak K, Edefonti A, Shroff R. Hemodialysis in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: prevalence, management and outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:137-43. [PMID: 26386590 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodialysis (HD) in children with a concomitant ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is rare. Registry data suggest that peritoneal dialysis with a VPS is safe, but little is known about HD in the presence of a VPS. METHODS We performed a 10-year survey to determine the prevalence of a VPS, complications and outcome in children with a VPS on HD in 15 dialysis units from the 13 countries participating in the European Pediatric Dialysis Working Group. RESULTS Eleven cases of HD with a VPS were reported (prevalence 1.33 %; 328 patient-months) and compared with prospective Registry data. The median age at start of dialysis was 9.6 [inter-quartile range (IQR) 1.0-15.0] years and median HD vintage was 2.4 (IQR 1.7-3.0) years. Dialysis was performed through a central venous line (CVL) and through an arteriovenous fistula in six and five children, respectively. Three CVL infections occurred in two children, but these children did not develop VPS infections or meningitis. Symptoms of hemodynamic instability were reported in six (55 %) children at least once per week, with hypotension or hypertension occurring in four of these children and nausea, vomiting and headaches occurring in two; four other children reported less frequent symptoms. Seizures on dialysis occurred in two children, at a frequency of less than once per month, with one child also experiencing visual disturbances. During follow-up (median 4.0; IQR 0.38-7.63 years), three children remained on HD and eight had a functioning transplant. No patients were switched to PD. CONCLUSIONS Hemodialysis in children with a VPS is safe, but associated with frequent symptoms of hemodynamic instability. No episodes of VPS infection or meningitis were seen among the children in the survey, not even in those with CVL sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wright
- Nephro-Urology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | | | - Fabio Paglialonga
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stephanie Dufek
- Nephro-Urology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Gema Ariceta
- University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Edefonti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rukshana Shroff
- Nephro-Urology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Park MK, Kim M, Park KS, Park SH, Hwang JH, Hwang SK. A Retrospective Analysis of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Revision Cases of a Single Institute. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 57:359-63. [PMID: 26113963 PMCID: PMC4479717 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.5.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt complication is a major obstacle in the management of hydrocephalus. To study the differences of VP shunt complications between children and adults, we analyzed shunt revision surgery performed at our hospital during the past 10 years. Methods Patients who had undergone shunt revision surgery from January 2001 to December 2010 were evaluated retrospectively by chart review about age distribution, etiology of hydrocephalus, and causes of revision. Patients were grouped into below and above 20 years old. Results Among 528 cases of VP shunt surgery performed in our hospital over 10 years, 146 (27.7%) were revision surgery. Infection and obstruction were the most common causes of revision. Fifty-one patients were operated on within 1 month after original VP shunt surgery. Thirty-six of 46 infection cases were operated before 6 months after the initial VP shunt. Incidence of shunt catheter fracture was higher in younger patients compared to older. Two of 8 fractured catheters in the younger group were due to calcification and degradation of shunt catheters with fibrous adhesion to surrounding tissue. Conclusion The complications of VP shunts were different between children and adults. The incidence of shunt catheter fracture was higher in younger patients. Degradation of shunt catheter associated with surrounding tissue calcification could be one of the reasons of the difference in facture rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kyu Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Myungsoo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Kyoo Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Guided Application of Ventricular Catheters (GAVCA)--multicentre study to compare the ventricular catheter position after use of a catheter guide versus freehand application: study protocol for a randomised trail. Trials 2013; 14:428. [PMID: 24330776 PMCID: PMC3866392 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard technique for the placement of ventricular catheters (VC) comprises a high proportion of malpositioning of the catheter (12.5 to 40%). Technical advances such as neuronavigation or ultrasound have been shown to increase the accuracy of the procedure. Since these means result in significant technical and time consuming efforts, they are used for selected cases only. In order to simplify the controlled placement of ventricular catheters a newly developed smartphone assisted guiding tool has been introduced. In this study the efficacy and safety of this guiding tool is determined. METHODS/DESIGN This study is a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. A total of 144 patients planned for an elective shunting procedure will be enrolled throughout 10 study centres within two years. The primary objective of the trial is to show the superiority of the guided placement in comparison to the standard freehand technique of ventricular catheter application. Patients will be followed up for 30 days after the operation in regard to image-based evaluation of the catheter position as well as possible shunt dysfunction and complications. DISCUSSION The Guided Application of Ventricular Catheters (GAVCA) trial compares the guided catheter positioning with the standard freehand technique of catheter placement in hydrocephalic patients. If superiority is shown, the standard technique may be changed with the advantage of a more reliable and safer positioning of the ventricular catheter with just a slight effort in time and pre-operative planning. TRIAL REGISTRATION The GAVCA trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT01811589.
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Sotelo J. The hydrokinetic parameters of shunts for hydrocephalus might be inadequate. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22530174 PMCID: PMC3326986 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.94292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment of hydrocephalus continues to be dismal. Shunting is the neurosurgical procedure more frequently associated with complications, which are mostly related with dysfunctions of the shunting device, rather than to mishaps of the rather simple surgical procedure. Overdrainage and underdrainage are the most common dysfunctions; of them, overdrainage is a conspicuous companion of most devices. Even when literally hundreds of different models have been proposed, developed, and tested, overdrainage has plagued all shunts for the last 60 years. Several investigations have demonstrated that changes in the posture of the subject induce unavoidable and drastic differences of intraventricular hydrokinetic pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage through the shunt. Of all the parameters that participate in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus, the only invariable one is cerebrospinal fluid production at a constant rate of approximately 0.35 ml/min. However, this feature has not been considered in the design of currently available shunts. Our experimental and clinical studies have shown that a simple shunt, whose drainage capacity complies with this unique parameter, would prevent most complications of shunting for hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sotelo
- Emeritus Investigator, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
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Warf BC. Hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects: characteristics, management, and outcome in sub-Saharan Africa. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:1589-94. [PMID: 21928025 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-011-1484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The past decade has provided new insights into the causes and optimal treatment of infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, I review what we have learned in East Africa about the characteristics, management, and outcomes of hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects, with particular emphasis on its primary treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy combined with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC). METHODS New data from an updated review of the CURE Children's Hospital clinical database is combined with previously published observations to summarize what we have learned to date. RESULTS Hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele (MM) accounted for 11.8% of 2,780 new cases of hydrocephalus reviewed, and that associated with encephalocele (EC) accounted for 0.5%. Treatment for hydrocephalus was required in 51% of infants with MM and 32% of those with EC. Aqueductal stenosis or obstruction was observed in 82.7% of patients with MM and 71% of those with EC. ETV/CPC successfully treated hydrocephalus without any further surgery in 76% of infants with MM and 80% of those with EC, and was superior to shunting in regard to the incidence of treatment failure, operative mortality, and infection. Shunting in MM infants has no apparent developmental advantage. Although 5-year mortality for infants with neural tube defects in Uganda is significantly greater than their unaffected peers, this appears to be dramatically reduced by the "observer effect" of community-based rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS Primary management by ETV/CPC avoids the increased danger of shunt dependence in sub-Saharan Africa for most infants with hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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