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Zhang X, Zhu S, Li T, Liu YJ, Chen W, Chen J. Targeting immune checkpoints in malignant glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:7157-7174. [PMID: 27756892 PMCID: PMC5351697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common and a highly aggressive cancer in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer immunotherapy, strategies to boost the body's anti-cancer immune responses instead of directly targeting tumor cells, recently achieved great success in treating several human solid tumors. Although once considered "immune privileged" and devoid of normal immunological functions, CNS is now considered a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, featuring the recent progresses in neurobiology and neuroimmunology and a highly immunosuppressive state in malignant glioma. In this review, we focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically, antagonizing monoclonal antibodies for programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We discuss advances in the working mechanisms of these immune checkpoint molecules, their status in malignant glioma, and current preclinical and clinical trials targeting these molecules in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tete Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- ADC Biomedical Research Institute, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Targeting Motor End Plates for Delivery of Adenoviruses: An Approach to Maximize Uptake and Transduction of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33058. [PMID: 27619631 PMCID: PMC5020496 DOI: 10.1038/srep33058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy can take advantage of the skeletal muscles/motor neurons anatomical relationship to restrict gene expression to the spinal cord ventral horn. Furthermore, recombinant adenoviruses are attractive viral-vectors as they permit spatial and temporal modulation of transgene expression. In the literature, however, several inconsistencies exist with regard to the intramuscular delivery parameters of adenoviruses. The present study is an evaluation of the optimal injection sites on skeletal muscle, time course of expression and mice’s age for maximum transgene expression in motor neurons. Targeting motor end plates yielded a 2.5-fold increase in the number of transduced motor neurons compared to injections performed away from this region. Peak adenoviral transgene expression in motor neurons was detected after seven days. Further, greater numbers of transduced motor neurons were found in juvenile (3–7 week old) mice as compared with adults (8+ weeks old). Adenoviral injections produced robust transgene expression in motor neurons and skeletal myofibres. In addition, dendrites of transduced motor neurons were shown to extend well into the white matter where the descending motor pathways are located. These results also provide evidence that intramuscular delivery of adenovirus can be a suitable gene therapy approach to treat spinal cord injury.
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Sims-Robinson C, Hur J, Hayes JM, Dauch JR, Keller PJ, Brooks SV, Feldman EL. The role of oxidative stress in nervous system aging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68011. [PMID: 23844146 PMCID: PMC3699525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While oxidative stress is implicated in aging, the impact of oxidative stress on aging in the peripheral nervous system is not well understood. To determine a potential mechanism for age-related deficits in the peripheral nervous system, we examined both functional and morphological changes and utilized microarray technology to compare normal aging in wild-type mice to effects in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-deficient (Sod1(-/-)) mice, a mouse model of increased oxidative stress. Sod1(-/-) mice exhibit a peripheral neuropathy phenotype with normal sensory nerve function and deficits in motor nerve function. Our data indicate that a decrease in the synthesis of cholesterol, which is vital to myelin formation, correlates with the structural deficits in axons, myelin, and the cell body of motor neurons in the Sod1(+/+) mice at 30 months and the Sod1(-/-) mice at 20 months compared with mice at 2 months. Collectively, we have demonstrated that the functional and morphological changes within the peripheral nervous system in our model of increased oxidative stress are manifested earlier and resemble the deficits observed during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline R. Dauch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Keller
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Susan V. Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sakowski SA, Lunn JS, Busta AS, Oh SS, Zamora-Berridi G, Palmer M, Rosenberg AA, Philip SG, Dowling JJ, Feldman EL. Neuromuscular effects of G93A-SOD1 expression in zebrafish. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:44. [PMID: 22938571 PMCID: PMC3506515 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disorder involving the degeneration and loss of motor neurons. The mechanisms of motor neuron loss in ALS are unknown and there are no effective treatments. Defects in the distal axon and at the neuromuscular junction are early events in the disease course, and zebrafish provide a promising in vivo system to examine cellular mechanisms and treatments for these events in ALS pathogenesis. Results We demonstrate that transient genetic manipulation of zebrafish to express G93A-SOD1, a mutation associated with familial ALS, results in early defects in motor neuron outgrowth and axonal branching. This is consistent with previous reports on motor neuron axonal defects associated with familial ALS genes following knockdown or mutant protein overexpression. We also demonstrate that upregulation of growth factor signaling is capable of rescuing these early defects, validating the potential of the model for therapeutic discovery. We generated stable transgenic zebrafish lines expressing G93A-SOD1 to further characterize the consequences of G93A-SOD1 expression on neuromuscular pathology and disease progression. Behavioral monitoring reveals evidence of motor dysfunction and decreased activity in transgenic ALS zebrafish. Examination of neuromuscular and neuronal pathology throughout the disease course reveals a loss of neuromuscular junctions and alterations in motor neuron innervations patterns with disease progression. Finally, motor neuron cell loss is evident later in the disease. Conclusions This sequence of events reflects the stepwise mechanisms of degeneration in ALS, and provides a novel model for mechanistic discovery and therapeutic development for neuromuscular degeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor 5017 AAT-BSRBMI, USA
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Yang P. Lentiviral vector mediates exogenous gene expression in adult rat DRG following peripheral nerve remote delivery. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:173-9. [PMID: 22318316 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary sensory neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) have been extensively used as models in neurobiology and provide a useful model to study the mechanism of neural regeneration. Therefore, efficient and stable gene delivery to these postmitotic cells has significant therapeutic potential. Various studies involving the viral vector systems capable of neuronal transduction have been extensively evaluated in the cultured DRG neurons by adeno-associated virus. In the present study, we investigated the transduction performance of the lentiviral vector that mediates the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the DRG by sciatic nerve retrograde transport and tested whether PKAc expression in the DRG could inhibit the activation of RhoA after spinal cord injury. Five days after sciatic nerve remote delivery of lentiviral vector (LV)/PKAc-internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-GFP or LV/GFP, the L4-L6 DRGs were dissected for primary culture or immunostaining to observe the exogenous gene expression, or transecting the dorsal part of lumbar enlargement was performed, and 16 h later, the function of the exogenous gene was tested by RhoA pull-down analysis. The results showed that the lentiviral vector could mediate exogenous gene PKAc expression in the DRG and then inhibit spinal cord injury-induced RhoA activation by remote delivery of LV/PKAc-IRES-GFP through the sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Kliem MA, Heeke BL, Franz CK, Radovitskiy I, Raore B, Barrow E, Snyder BR, Federici T, Kaye Spratt S, Boulis NM. Intramuscular administration of a VEGF zinc finger transcription factor activator (VEGF-ZFP-TF) improves functional outcomes in SOD1 rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 12:331-9. [PMID: 21864053 DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2011.574142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor neuron loss leading to paralysis and death. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has angiogenic, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties, and has preserved neuromuscular function and protected motor neurons in rats engineered to overexpress the human gene coding the mutated G93A form of the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). We assessed the effects of intramuscular administration of a plasmid that encodes a zinc finger protein transcription factor (ZFP-TF) engineered to induce VEGF expression in the SOD1 rat model of ALS. Weekly injections of the plasmid preserved ipsilateral hindlimb grip strength and markedly improved rotarod performance in SOD1 rats compared to the vehicle-treated group. The number of motor neurons and the proportion of innervated neuromuscular junctions were similar in both groups. In conclusion, our data suggest that administration of the VEGF-ZFP-TF may be neuroprotective and has potential as a safe and practical approach for the management of motor disability in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Kliem
- Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University, Atlanta , Georgia, USA
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Handy CR, Krudy C, Boulis N. Gene therapy: a potential approach for cancer pain. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:987597. [PMID: 22110939 PMCID: PMC3196247 DOI: 10.1155/2011/987597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is experienced by as many as 90% of cancer patients at some point during the disease. This pain can be directly cancer related or arise from a sensory neuropathy related to chemotherapy. Major pharmacological agents used to treat cancer pain often lack anatomical specificity and can have off-target effects that create new sources of suffering. These concerns establish a need for improved cancer pain management. Gene therapy is emerging as an exciting prospect. This paper discusses the potential for viral vector-based treatment of cancer pain. It describes studies involving vector delivery of transgenes to laboratory pain models to modulate the nociceptive cascade. It also discusses clinical investigations aimed at regulating pain in cancer patients. Considering the prevalence of pain among cancer patients and the growing potential of gene therapy, these studies could set the stage for a new class of medicines that selectively disrupt nociceptive signaling with limited off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalonda R. Handy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Krudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Targeted retrograde gene delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor suppresses apoptosis of neurons and oligodendroglia after spinal cord injury in rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:497-504. [PMID: 20190624 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181b8e89b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Histologic and immunohistochemical studies after targeted retrograde adenovirus (AdV)-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene delivery via intramuscular injection in rats with injured spinal cord. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effect of targeted retrograde AdV-BDNF gene transfection in the traumatically injured spinal cord in terms of prevention of apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several studies investigated the neuroprotective effects of neurotrophins including BDNF on spinal cord injury, with respect to prevention of neural cell apoptosis in injured spinal cord. However, no report has described the potential effect of targeted retrograde neurotrophic factor gene delivery in injured spinal cord on prevention of neural cell apoptosis. METHODS AdV-BDNF or AdV-LacZ was used for retrograde delivery via bilateral sternomastoid muscles to the spinal accessory motoneurons immediately after spinal cord injury in rats. Localization of beta-galactosidase expression produced by LacZ gene or AdV-BDNF gene transfection was examined by immunofluorescence staining and double staining of cell markers (NeuN, RIP, GFAP, OX-42, and NG2) in the injured spinal cord. TUNEL-positive cells were counted and immunoreactivity to active caspase-3 and NG2 was examined after gene injection. RESULTS Retrograde delivery of LacZ marker gene was identified in cervical spinal neurons and glial cells including oligodendrocytes in the white matter.AdV-BDNF transfection resulted in a significant decrease in the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells by downregulating the caspase apoptotic pathway, with significant promotion of NG2 expression in injured spinal cord, compared with AdV-LacZ injection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that targeted retrograde BDNF gene delivery suppresses apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the injured rat spinal cord.
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Nakajima H, Uchida K, Kobayashi S, Inukai T, Yayama T, Sato R, Mwaka E, Baba H. Target muscles for retrograde gene delivery to specific spinal cord segments. Neurosci Lett 2008; 435:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Uchida K, Nakajima H, Inukai T, Takamura T, Kobayashi S, Furukawa S, Baba H. Adenovirus-mediated retrograde transfer of neurotrophin-3 gene enhances survival of anterior horn neurons oftwy/twy mice with chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1789-800. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Strategic approaches to developing drug treatments for ALS. Drug Discov Today 2007; 13:67-72. [PMID: 18190866 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress in understanding the cellular mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has not been matched with the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression. The multiple potential causes and relative rarity of the disease are two significant factors that make drug development and assessment in clinical trials extremely difficult. We review recent progress in promoting therapeutics into clinical trials and highlight the value of moderate throughput screening for the acceleration and improvement of drug design.
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Nakajima H, Uchida K, Kobayashi S, Inukai T, Horiuchi Y, Yayama T, Sato R, Baba H. Rescue of rat anterior horn neurons after spinal cord injury by retrograde transfection of adenovirus vector carrying brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:703-12. [PMID: 17439352 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of retrograde gene delivery via the sternomastoid muscle of recombinant adenovirus vector (AdV) carrying brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene for the rescue of injured rat spinal cord. One hundred-thirty five adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study with a standard weight-compression technique to produce spinal cord injury. AdV-BDNF gene or AdV-beta-galactosidase (AdV-LacZ) gene was injected into the sternomastoid muscle immediately after traumatic C4 segment spinal cord injury. AdV-BDNF was successfully appeared in the injured cervical spinal cord following injection into the sternomastoid muscle. BDNF expression in the anterior horn neurons of the cervical spinal cord reached peak levels at 1-2 weeks; and the expression persisted at significant levels for approximately 4 weeks after injury. AdV-BDNF transfection was associated with increased numbers of intact neurons as confirmed by Nissl, cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) staining especially from 2 weeks after injury, compared with the AdV-LacZ injected rats. Our results suggest that in vivo targeted retrograde AdV-BDNF-gene delivery may enhance neuronal survival following traumatic injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakajima
- Division of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan.
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Xu K, Uchida K, Nakajima H, Kobayashi S, Baba H. Targeted retrograde transfection of adenovirus vector carrying brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene prevents loss of mouse (twy/twy) anterior horn neurons in vivo sustaining mechanical compression. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006; 31:1867-74. [PMID: 16924202 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000228772.53598.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical analysis after adenovirus (AdV)-mediated BDNF gene transfer in and around the area of mechanical compression in the cervical spinal cord of the hyperostotic mouse (twy/twy). OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effect of targeted AdV-BDNF gene transfection in the twy mouse with spontaneous chronic compression of the spinal cord motoneurons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several studies reported the neuroprotective effects of neurotrophins on injured spinal cord. However, no report has described the effect of targeted retrograde neurotrophic gene delivery on motoneuron survival in chronic compression lesions of the cervical spinal cord resembling lesions of myelopathy. METHODS LacZ marker gene using adenoviral vector (AdV-LacZ) was used to evaluate retrograde delivery from the sternomastoid muscle in adult twy mice (16-week-old) and (control). Four weeks after the AdV-LacZ or AdV-BDNF injection, the compressed cervical spinal cord was removed en bloc for immunohistologic investigation of b-galactosidase activity and immunoreactivity and immunoblot analyses of BDNF. The number of anterior horn neurons was counted using Nissl, ChAT and AChE staining. RESULTS Spinal accessory motoneurons between C1 and C3 segments were successfully transfected by AdV-LacZ in both twy and ICR mice after targeted intramuscular injection. Immunoreactivity to BDNF was significantly stronger in AdV-BDNF-gene transfected twy mice than in AdV-LacZ-gene transfected mice. At the cord level showing the maximum compression in AdV-BDNF-transfected twy mice, the number of anterior horn neurons was sinificantly higher in the topographic neuronal cell counting of Nissl-, ChAT-, and AChE-stained samples than in AdV-LacZ-injected twy mice. CONCLUSION Targeted AdV-BDNF-gene delivery significantly increased Nissl-stained anterior horn neurons and enhanced cholinergic enzyme activities in the twy. Our results suggest that targeted retrograde AdV-BDNF-gene in vivo delivery may enhance neuronal survival even under chronic mechanical compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Fukui Faculty of Medicine, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
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Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MND), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), are progressive neurodegenerative diseases that share the common characteristic of upper and/or lower motor neuron degeneration. Therapeutic strategies for MND are designed to confer neuroprotection, using trophic factors, anti-apoptotic proteins, as well as antioxidants and anti-excitotoxicity agents. Although a large number of therapeutic clinical trials have been attempted, none has been shown satisfactory for MND at this time. A variety of strategies have emerged for motor neuron gene transfer. Application of these approaches has yielded therapeutic results in cell culture and animal models, including the SOD1 models of ALS. In this study we describe the gene-based treatment of MND in general, examining the potential viral vector candidates, gene delivery strategies, and main therapeutic approaches currently attempted. Finally, we discuss future directions and potential strategies for more effective motor neuron gene delivery and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Federici
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, NB2-126A, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Nakajima H, Uchida K, Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Yayama T, Sato R, Baba H. Targeted retrograde gene delivery into the injured cervical spinal cord using recombinant adenovirus vector. Neurosci Lett 2005; 385:30-5. [PMID: 15936879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Direct routes of gene administration (intrathecal, intracerebroventricular or intraparenchymal infusion) have been used for effective and sustained gene delivery, but serious concerns exist about possible traumatic injury as well as neural damage that may lead to further tissue necrosis, apoptosis and cell death. We evaluated targeted retrograde gene delivery through the sternomastoid muscle (innervated by the spinal accessory nerves) into the injured cervical spinal cord using a recombinant adenovirus vector. LacZ gene expression in the cervical spinal cord was noted from 3 days to 4 weeks after the injection of vector into the sternomastoid muscles of the rats. Recombinant adenovirus vector was transferred via a retrograde mechanism into the injured cervical spinal cord with high transduction efficacy (80.6--98.9%) over certain adenoviral titer and dosage. Transduction was less efficient when the vector was injected 1 and 2 weeks after spinal cord injury (44.2--56.8%). Our results indicate retrograde delivery of recombinant adenovirus vector is possible immediately after spinal cord injury, and that this method is promising for gene delivery because it is effective, selective, less invasive to the injured spinal cord, has long-lasting gene expression, and is potentially feasible treatment choice for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakajima
- Division of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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