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Davidson CJ, Hannigan JH, Perrine SA, Bowen SE. Abuse-like toluene exposure during early adolescence alters subsequent ethanol and cocaine behavioral effects and brain monoamines in male mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 101:107317. [PMID: 38199311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is a gap in understanding the neurobiological impact early adolescent toluene exposure has on subsequent actions of other drugs. Adolescent (PND 28-32) male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 210) were exposed to 0, 2000, or 4000 ppm of toluene vapor for 30 min/day for 5 days. Immediately following the last toluene exposure (PND 32; n = 15) or after a short delay (PND 35; n = 15), a subset of subjects' brains was collected for monoamine analysis. Remaining mice were assigned to one of two abstinence periods: a short 4-day (PND 36) or long 12-day (PND 44) delay after toluene exposure. Mice were then subjected to a cumulative dose response assessment of either cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg; n = 60), ethanol (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 g/kg; n = 60), or saline (5 control injections; n = 60). Toluene concentration-dependently increased locomotor activity during exposure. When later challenged, mice exposed previously to toluene were significantly less active after cocaine (10 and 20 mg/kg) compared to air-exposed controls. Animals were also less active at the highest dose of alcohol (4 g/kg) following prior exposure to 4000 ppm when compared to air-exposed controls. Analysis of monoamines and their metabolites using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum (dSTR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) revealed subtle effects on monoamine or metabolite levels following cumulative dosing that varied by drug (cocaine and ethanol) and abstinence duration. Our results suggest that early adolescent toluene exposure produces behavioral desensitization to subsequent cocaine-induced locomotor activity with subtle enhancement of ethanol's depressive effects and less clear impacts on levels of monoamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - John H Hannigan
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shane A Perrine
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Hsu CCT, Haacke EM, Heyn C, Kato K, Watkins TW, Krings T. "Pseudo" T1-weighted appearance of the brain on FLAIR: unmasking the extent of gray matter involvement on susceptibility-weighted imaging in chronic toluene abuse. Neuroradiology 2018; 61:13-15. [PMID: 30406271 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-018-2128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Chia-Tsong Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chinthaka Heyn
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kosuke Kato
- Department of Medical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Trevor William Watkins
- Department of Medical Imaging, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timo Krings
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Montoya-Filardi A, Mazón M. The addicted brain: Imaging neurological complications of recreational drug abuse. RADIOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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El cerebro adicto: imagen de las complicaciones neurológicas por el consumo de drogas. RADIOLOGIA 2017; 59:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kodavanti PRS, Royland JE, Moore-Smith DA, Besas J, Richards JE, Beasley TE, Evansky P, Bushnell PJ. Acute and subchronic toxicity of inhaled toluene in male Long-Evans rats: Oxidative stress markers in brain. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:10-9. [PMID: 26343380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are of concern to the EPA, are poorly understood, in part because of insufficient characterization of how human exposure duration impacts VOC effects. Two inhalation studies with multiple endpoints, one acute and one subchronic, were conducted to seek effects of the VOC, toluene, in rats and to compare the effects between acute and subchronic exposures. Adult male Long-Evans rats were exposed to toluene vapor (n=6 per group) at a concentration of 0 or 1019 ± 14 ppm for 6h in the acute study and at 0 ± 0, 10 ± 1.4, 97 ± 7, or 995 ± 43 ppm for 6h/d, 5d/week for 13 weeks in the subchronic study. For the acute study, brains were dissected on ice within 30 min of the end of exposure, while for the subchronic study, brains were dissected 18 h after the last exposure. Frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum were assayed for a variety of oxidative stress (OS) parameters including total aconitase (TA), protein carbonyls, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione transferase (GST), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidants (TAS), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), and NADH ubiquinone reductase (UBIQ-RD) activities using commercially available kits. Following acute exposure, UBIQ-RD, GCS and GRD were increased significantly only in the cerebellum, while TAS was increased in frontal cortex. On the other hand, subchronic exposure affected several OS markers including increases in NQO1 and UBIQ-RD. The effect of subchronic toluene exposure on SOD and TAS was greater in the striatum than in the other brain regions. TA activity (involved in maintaining iron homeostasis and an indicator of DNA damage) was inhibited in striatum and cerebellum, increased in hippocampus, and unchanged in frontal cortex. Protein carbonyls increased significantly in both the frontal cortex and cerebellum. In general, the results showed that acute exposure to toluene affected OS parameters to a lesser extent than did subchronic exposure. These results suggest that toluene exposure induces OS in the brain and this may be a component of an adverse outcome pathway for some of the neurotoxic effects reported following toluene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Neurotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Joyce E Royland
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Debra A Moore-Smith
- Neurotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Besas
- Neurotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judy E Richards
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tracey E Beasley
- Neurotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul Evansky
- Inhalation Toxicology Facility, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Philip J Bushnell
- Neurotoxicology Branch, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Specific impairments in instrumental learning following chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1531-42. [PMID: 24322667 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inhalant abuse is prevalent in adolescent populations, with chronic use resulting in neurobiological and cognitive abnormalities in adulthood. However, the nature and persistence of cognitive dysfunction, particularly following adolescent inhalant abuse, remain equivocal. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed specific cognitive processes beginning in late adolescence and adulthood following adolescent inhalation of toluene, a main component of many compounds readily abused. METHODS Adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day (PN) 27) were exposed to chronic intermittent inhaled toluene (10,000 ppm) for 1 h/day, 3 days/week for 4 weeks (PN 27-52) to mimic the patterns observed in human adolescent inhalant abusers. Following toluene exposure, motor and cognitive function was assessed. RESULTS Adolescent toluene exposure did not alter motor learning in the Rotarod task (PN 58) or acquisition, reversal, or retention of spatial learning in the Morris water maze (PN 55-64). In contrast, it delayed acquisition of instrumental responding for sucrose (5 % w/v) and impaired operant reversal learning and cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking in adulthood (PN 57-100). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that exposure to toluene at an abuse concentration during adolescence results in specific impairments in aspects of instrumental learning, without altering motor function and spatial learning in late adolescence/early adulthood. Our data imply that persistent alterations in reward processing may occur following adolescent inhalant misuse.
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Duncan JR, Lawrence AJ. Conventional Concepts and New Perspectives for Understanding the Addictive Properties of Inhalants. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:237-43. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r04cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Study of the potential oxidative stress induced by six solvents in the rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2012; 35:71-83. [PMID: 23270871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of action involved in the neurotoxicity of solvents are poorly understood. In vitro studies have suggested that the effects of some solvents might be due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study assesses hydroxyl radical (OH) generation and measures malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the cerebral tissue of rats exposed to six solvents (n-hexane, n-octane, toluene, n-butylbenzene, cyclohexane and 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane). Three of these solvents have been shown to generate ROS in studies carried out in vitro on granular cell cultures from rat cerebellum. We assessed OH production by quantifying the rate of formation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid using a trapping agent, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, infused via the microdialysis probe, into the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed intraperitoneally to the solvents. Extracellular MDA was quantified in microdialysates collected from the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed, 6h/day for ten days, to 1000ppm of the solvents (except for n-butylbenzene, generated at 830ppm) in inhalation chambers. Tissue levels of free and total MDA were measured in different brain structures for rats acutely (intraperitoneal route) and sub-acutely (inhalation) exposed to solvents. None of the six solvents studied increased the production of hydroxyl radicals in the prefrontal cortex after acute administration. Nor did they increase extracellular or tissue levels of MDA after 10 days' inhalation exposure. On the other hand, a decrease in the concentrations of free MDA in brain structures was observed after acute administration of n-hexane, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane, toluene and n-butylbenzene. Therefore, data of this study carried out in vivo did not confirm observations made in vitro on cell cultures.
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Ezeabogu I, Copenhaver MM, Potrepka J. The influence of neurocognitive impairment on HIV treatment outcomes among drug-involved people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2012; 24:386-93. [PMID: 22250847 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2011.608794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Findings to date indicate that it is feasible to deliver a brief behavioral risk reduction/medication adherence group intervention to HIV-infected injection drug users in a community-based setting. HIV infection and substance abuse can result in neurocognitive impairment and this is directly relevant to intervention development, because a significant number of people living with HIV/AIDS have a positive history of substance abuse and being able to successfully participate in behavioral interventions often requires a relatively high level of cognitive performance. The aim of the current study was to evaluate if changes in information, motivation, and behavior skills with respect to medication adherence, sex- and drug-risk behavior outcomes from baseline to post-intervention are predicted by cognitive impairment following the brief four-session Holistic Health for HIV intervention for HIV-infected Drug Users (3H+). Significant associations were found between change in motivation and certain neurocognitive performance domains. Findings suggest that it may be helpful to specifically tailor such behavioral interventions to accommodate cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Ezeabogu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
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Pascual R, Pilar Zamora-León S, Pérez N, Rojas T, Rojo A, José Salinas M, Reyes Á, Bustamante C. Melatonin ameliorates neocortical neuronal dendritic impairment induced by toluene inhalation in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:467-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Golestani AM, Goodyear BG. Regions of interest for resting-state fMRI analysis determined by inter-voxel cross-correlation. Neuroimage 2011; 56:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Reiter RJ, Manchester LC, Tan DX. Neurotoxins: free radical mechanisms and melatonin protection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 8:194-210. [PMID: 21358970 PMCID: PMC3001213 DOI: 10.2174/157015910792246236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins that pass through the blood-brain barrier put neurons and glia in peril. The damage inflicted is usually a consequence of the ability of these toxic agents to induce free radical generation within cells but especially at the level of the mitochondria. The elevated production of oxygen and nitrogen-based radicals and related non-radical products leads to the oxidation of essential macromolecules including lipids, proteins and DNA. The resultant damage is referred to as oxidative and nitrosative stress and, when the molecular destruction is sufficiently severe, it causes apoptosis or necrosis of neurons and glia. Loss of brain cells compromises the functions of the central nervous system expressed as motor, sensory and cognitive deficits and psychological alterations. In this survey we summarize the publications related to the following neurotoxins and the protective actions of melatonin: aminolevulinic acid, cyanide, domoic acid, kainic acid, metals, methamphetamine, polychlorinated biphenyls, rotenone, toluene and 6-hydroxydopamine. Given the potent direct free radical scavenging activities of melatonin and its metabolites, their ability to indirectly stimulate antioxidative enzymes and their efficacy in reducing electron leakage from mitochondria, it would be expected that these molecules would protect the brain from oxidative and nitrosative molecular mutilation. The studies summarized in this review indicate that this is indeed the case, an action that is obviously assisted by the fact that melatonin readily crosses the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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Pascual R, Bustamante C. Melatonin promotes distal dendritic ramifications in layer II/III cortical pyramidal cells of rats exposed to toluene vapors. Brain Res 2010; 1355:214-20. [PMID: 20678491 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that toluene inhalation produces significant impairments in the basilar dendritic outgrowth of pyramidal cortical cells. This neurotoxic effect was markedly inhibited by melatonin administration at a dose of 5mg kg(-1). The present study was designed to determine whether toluene and melatonin equally affect all basilar dendritic segments or if a differential response exists between the segments. Twenty-eight male mice were weaned at postnatal day 21 (P21) and randomly assigned to either the control (C; n=10,) or toluene (T; n=18) group. Between P22-P32, male rats were placed into a glass chamber and exposed to either toluene vapors (5-000-6000 ppm) or clean air for 10 min a day. When toluene exposure ended (P32), animals were further assigned to the following experimental groups: (a) control/saline (C/S; n=10), (b) toluene/saline (T/S; n=10), or (c) toluene/melatonin 5mg kg(-1) (T/M; n=8). Melatonin or vehicle solutions were administered daily between P32 and P38. Forty-eight hours after the final toluene exposure, the animals were sacrificed, and the pyramidal cortical cells were stained using the Golgi-Cox-Sholl procedure. The number of basilar dendritic branches/order was counted using the centrifugal ordering method. The results indicate that (i) toluene inhalation significantly impairs both proximal and distal basilar dendritic ramifications (in the parietal and frontal/occipital cortices, respectively) and (ii) melatonin both protects neurons from toluene neurotoxicity in all cortical areas studied and increases the complexity of the dendritic tree above control values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pascual
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Brain damage in a large cohort of solvent abusers. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:435-45. [PMID: 20300918 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathology of solvent inhalation consists of patchy myelin loss with white matter macrophages that contain granular inclusions. It has been described only in a small number of cases. We sought to characterize the abnormalities in greater detail. In a retrospective study from 1995 to 2009, we encountered 88 autopsy cases with documented history of solvent abuse by inhalation and 1 with industrial exposure. Among these are 6 fetuses and infants with maternal exposure, 23 children (12-17 years), and 60 adults (18-66 years). Available brain samples from 75 cases were stained with solochrome cyanein (to demonstrate myelin) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) (to highlight the inclusions). Forty brains of ethanol and/or illicit drug exposed individuals and ten cases of multiple sclerosis were examined as controls. We found that 16 cases (age 23-49, median 37 years) had well-established leukoencephalopathy with multifocal myelin loss and abundant macrophages that stain with PAS and which contain birefringent inclusions. Six cases (age 15-55, median 27 years) had early leukoencephalopathy with scattered macrophages but no obvious myelin changes. Clusters of PAS-staining but non-birefringent macrophages were seen in 2/10 cases of (active) multiple sclerosis and in none of the ethanol/drug exposed brains. Ultrastructurally, inclusions from solvent cases differed from multiple sclerosis cases. Although exposure to solvents is impossible to quantify, there appears to be a duration-dependent effect. Brain damage related to solvent abuse can begin within only a few years of the onset. In the context of substance abuse, the changes are relatively specific for solvent inhalation and do not appear to result from demyelination alone. Interaction with ethanol cannot be excluded as a compounding risk factor.
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