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Kizaki T, Kanazawa M, Ishiguro T, Natsumeda M, Tada M, Shimizu H, Okamoto K, Oishi M, Kakita A, Fujii Y, Onodera O. Indications for a brain biopsy in neurological diseases of unknown etiology: The role of magnetic resonance imaging findings and liquid biopsy in yielding definitive pathological diagnoses. J Neurol Sci 2024; 463:123150. [PMID: 39067261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Brain biopsies are often considered for patients who cannot be diagnosed with various laboratory test results. However, physicians tend to be hesitant regarding their application in possibly non-neoplastic brain diseases, due to the invasiveness and risks. The aim was to determine the indications for brain biopsies in cases of neurological diseases of unknown etiology. We retrospectively evaluated diagnostic accuracy, laboratory findings (including a liquid biopsy for malignant lymphoma), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and the post-treatment outcomes of patients undergoing brain biopsies for neurological diseases of unknown etiology. The data of patients who had undergone a brain biopsy during their admission to Niigata University Hospital, between 2011 and 2024, were reviewed. Moreover, the laboratory data and MRI findings between patients with definitive and nonspecific biopsy diagnoses were compared. Twenty-six patients underwent a brain biopsy, and a definitive diagnosis was obtained in 14 patients (53.8%). Even in cases where a nonspecific diagnosis was made, biopsy findings helped rule out malignancy and guide clinical diagnosis and treatment decisions. The liquid biopsy for malignant lymphoma was performed in eight patients, with one yielding a positive result, consistent with primary central nervous system lymphoma. The sensitivity and specificity of liquid biopsy were 0.5 and 1, respectively. Diffusely contrasted cortical lesions and the presence of mass effects on MRI, were significantly associated with a definitive diagnosis, compared to a nonspecific diagnosis. In conclusion, brain MRI and liquid biopsies can assist in determining the appropriate indications for brain biopsies in neurological diseases of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kizaki
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Kanazawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichirou Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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Qi F, Zhang Y, Li X, Fan J, Tan H, Quan C. Tumor or Demyelination? Three Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis Case Reports and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2024; 187:141-146. [PMID: 38641243 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TMS). METHODS Clinical data, laboratory and imaging examinations, and treatment of 3 patients with TMS were retrospectively analyzed. Data were further analyzed in relation to the literature. RESULTS All 3 patients had acute or subacute onset with large lesions on imaging, which were difficult to differentiate from tumors. Two cases had relapses on follow-up and one case had a stereotactic biopsy. CONCLUSIONS TMS is difficult to differentiate from brain tumors. It is necessary to improve the understanding of these diseases, to apply the correct diagnosis and treatment and to avoid unnecessary invasive surgery and inappropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiteng Qi
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Xinchang Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of pathology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Department of PET Centre, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Al Malik YM. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: A literature review of recent findings. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2024; 29:153-160. [PMID: 38981633 PMCID: PMC11305340 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2024.3.20230111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Tumefactive demyelinating lesion is a variant of multiple sclerosis that is a diagnostic challenge. Tumefactive demyelinating lesion requires extensive work-up as its clinical and radiological features are often indistinguishable from other central nervous system lesions, such as tumors. Diagnosis is further complicated by the increasing recognition that tumefactive demyelinating lesions can occur alongside, evolve into, or develop from numerous conditions other than multiple sclerosis, pointing to a possible overlapping etiology. We review herein relevant studies from 2017 onwards to provide a current view on the pathogenesis, clinical and imaging findings, novel diagnostic techniques for differential diagnoses, and management of tumefactive demyelinating lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser M. Al Malik
- From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and from the Divison of Neurology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Czeisler BM. Emergent Management of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2024; 30:781-817. [PMID: 38830071 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the various conditions that can present with acute and severe central nervous system demyelination, the broad differential diagnosis of these conditions, the most appropriate diagnostic workup, and the acute treatment regimens to be administered to help achieve the best possible patient outcomes. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS The discovery of anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibodies and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in the past two decades has revolutionized our understanding of acute demyelinating disorders, their evaluation, and their management. ESSENTIAL POINTS Demyelinating disorders comprise a large category of neurologic disorders seen by practicing neurologists. In the majority of cases, patients with these conditions do not require care in an intensive care unit. However, certain disorders may cause severe demyelination that necessitates intensive care unit admission because of numerous simultaneous multifocal lesions, tumefactive lesions, or lesions in certain brain locations that lead to acute severe neurologic dysfunction. Intensive care may be necessary for the management and prevention of complications for patients who have severely altered mental status, rapidly progressive neurologic worsening, elevated intracranial pressure, severe cerebral edema, status epilepticus, or respiratory failure.
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Saridas F, Mesut G, Ceylan CY, Ozpar R, Ozsen M, Koc ER, Tolunay S, Hakyemez B, Turan OF. Prognostic factors of tumefactive demyelinating lesions and differential features for multiple sclerosis in etiology. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 85:105537. [PMID: 38460252 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many different pathologies may underlie tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Identifying clinical and radiologic distinguishing features before pathologic examination is essential for diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical and radiologic features affecting the etiology and disease course of patients with tumefactive lesions (TDL). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 35 clinicoradiologically or histologically diagnosed TDL patients in our center over 11 years. Patient records were retrospectively evaluated and recorded. Clinical features, cerebral neuroimaging, and histologic biopsy preparations, if any, were assessed by three independent neurologists, two neuroradiologists, and two pathologists at admission and follow-up, respectively. RESULTS The mean age of patients with TDL was 40.02±14.40 years. Symptom onset was 15 (1-365) days. The most common complaints at initial presentation were hemiparesis or hemiplegia, sensory complaints, and cognitive impairment (aphasia or apraxia). The lesions were most commonly localized in the frontal lobe (42.9 %). Mass effect was 17.1 %, edema 60 %, diffusion restriction 62.1 %, and contrast enhancement 71.9 % (mostly ring-shaped (68.8 %)) on MR images. Acute onset and OCB type-2 positivity were associated with MS diagnosis. On the other hand, CSF protein levels above 45 mg/dL were found to be related to non-MS etiologies. Only the predominance of aphasia or apraxia at onset was a risk factor for early high disability (EDSS>4; 3rd month). Subacute-chronic onset, being older than 40 years, or having brainstem symptoms at onset were independent risk factors for late high disability (2nd year). CONCLUSION Acute onset or OCB type 2 positivity is a clue for early diagnosis of MS, while elevated CSF protein is a clue for demyelinating diseases other than MS. Presentation with cognitive dysfunction at onset is an independent risk factor for early disability, while age above 40 years, subacute-chronic presentation and brainstem findings at presentation are independent risk factors for late disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Saridas
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Neurology, Türkiye.
| | - Gizem Mesut
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Neurology, Türkiye
| | - Ceren Yayla Ceylan
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Radiology, Türkiye
| | - Rifat Ozpar
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Radiology, Türkiye
| | - Mine Ozsen
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Pathology, Türkiye
| | - Emine Rabia Koc
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Neurology, Türkiye
| | - Sahsine Tolunay
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Pathology, Türkiye
| | - Bahattin Hakyemez
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Radiology, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Turan
- Bursa Uludağ University Medicine Faculty, Department of Neurology, Türkiye
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Azzimonti M, Margoni M, Zanetta C, Genovese F, Martinelli V, Rocca MA, Baldoli C, Moiola L, Filippi M. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: a challenging first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2024; 271:1663-1667. [PMID: 38153549 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Azzimonti
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Margoni
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanetta
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Genovese
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Baldoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Ongphichetmetha T, Aungsumart S, Siritho S, Apiwattanakul M, Tanboon J, Rattanathamsakul N, Prayoonwiwat N, Jitprapaikulsan J. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: a retrospective cohort study in Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1426. [PMID: 38228919 PMCID: PMC10791607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL), characterized by large (≥ 2 cm) demyelinating lesions mimicking tumors, are a rare manifestation of the central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS-IDD). Distinguishing TDL from other brain lesions can be challenging, often necessitating biopsy or advanced diagnostics. The natural history of TDL varies among races. This study aimed to assess demographics, clinical and radiological features, laboratory findings, management, and outcomes of Thai patients with TDL. We retrospectively reviewed records of twenty-six patients with TDL from the Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders registry from two tertiary medical centers. Among 1102 CNS-IDD patients, 26 (2.4%) had TDL. The median age at TDLs onset was 34.5 years (range 17-75); 69.2% were female. Over 70% manifested TDL as their initial CNS-IDD presentation. Common presenting symptoms included motor deficits, sensory disturbances, and cognitive problems. About two-fifths exhibited multiple lesions, most frequently in the frontoparietal region (46.2%). Half of the patients showed an incomplete ring on post-contrast T1-weighted imaging, with peripheral diffusion-weighted imaging restriction in twenty-one patients. T2-hypointense rims were present in thirteen (56.5%) patients. Brain biopsy was performed in 12 cases (46.1%). Serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin was positive in 16.7% of tested (4/24) cases. Serum myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin was negative in all thirteen patients tested. Twenty patients (76.9%) received intravenous corticosteroids for TDL attacks. After the median follow-up period of 48 months (range 6-300), 23.1% experienced CNS-IDD relapses. Median Expanded Disability Status Scale at TDL diagnosis was 4.3 (range 0.0-9.5), and improved to 3.0 (range 0.0-10.0) at the last follow-up. This study suggested that TDL were rare among Thai CNS-IDD patients, frequently presenting as a monophasic condition with a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchaporn Ongphichetmetha
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd, Siriraj, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Saharat Aungsumart
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Siritho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd, Siriraj, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Metha Apiwattanakul
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jantima Tanboon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Natthapon Rattanathamsakul
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd, Siriraj, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Prayoonwiwat
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd, Siriraj, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd, Siriraj, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
- Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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8
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Inban P, Akuma O, Elavia Z, Akuma CM, Singh M, Kachhadia MP, Musiime ABJ. A rare case of tumefactive demyelination of brain: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8369. [PMID: 38130854 PMCID: PMC10733795 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges encountered in a 30-year-old female presenting with fever followed by Wernicke's aphasia without right-sided weakness, ultimately diagnosed as tumefactive demyelination (TD). TD is a rare neurological condition often misidentified as brain tumors or inflammatory disorders. The case emphasizes the importance of precise differentiation through advanced magnetic resonance imaging, showing restricted diffusion at lesion edges and the absence of gadolinium enhancement. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for tailored treatment and prognostic assessment. This case contributes to our understanding of TD and underscores the need for continued research and collaboration in the field of rare neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pugazhendi Inban
- Department of General MedicineGovernment Medical CollegeChennaiIndia
| | | | | | | | - Mansi Singh
- Bogomolets National Medical UniversityKyivUkraine
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9
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Perez Giraldo GS, Singer L, Cao T, Jamshidi P, Dixit K, Kontzialis M, Castellani R, Pytel P, Anadani N, Bevan CJ, Grebenciucova E, Balabanov R, Cohen BA, Graham EL. Differential Diagnosis of Tumor-like Brain Lesions. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200182. [PMID: 37664132 PMCID: PMC10468256 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Tumor-like brain lesions are rare and commonly suggest a neoplastic etiology. Failure to rapidly identify non-neoplastic causes can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we describe 10 patients who presented with atypical, non-neoplastic tumor-like brain lesions in which brain biopsy was essential for a correct diagnosis and treatment. Recent Findings There has been increasing recognition of autoimmune conditions affecting the nervous system, and many of those diseases can cause tumor-like brain lesions. Currently available reports of non-neoplastic tumor-like brain lesions are scarce. Most case series focus on tumefactive demyelinating lesions, and a comprehensive review including other neuroimmunological conditions such as CNS vasculitis, neurosarcoidosis, histiocytic and infectious etiologies is lacking. Summary We review the literature on tumor-like brain lesions intending to increase the awareness and differential diagnosis of non-neoplastic brain tumor mimics. We advocate for earlier brain biopsies, which, in our case series, significantly changed diagnosis, management, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina S Perez Giraldo
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Lauren Singer
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Toni Cao
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Pouya Jamshidi
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Karan Dixit
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Marinos Kontzialis
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Rudolph Castellani
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Peter Pytel
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Nidhiben Anadani
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Carolyn J Bevan
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Elena Grebenciucova
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Roumen Balabanov
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Bruce A Cohen
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
| | - Edith L Graham
- Departments of Neurology (GSPG, LS, TC, KD, CJB, EG, RB, BAC, ELG), Pathology (PJ, RC), and Radiology (MK), Northwestern University; Department of Pathology (PP), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (NA), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK
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10
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Solomon AJ, Arrambide G, Brownlee WJ, Flanagan EP, Amato MP, Amezcua L, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Corboy JR, Correale J, Fujihara K, Graves J, Harnegie MP, Hemmer B, Lechner-Scott J, Marrie RA, Newsome SD, Rocca MA, Royal W, Waubant EL, Yamout B, Cohen JA. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: an updated consensus approach. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:750-768. [PMID: 37479377 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires careful attention to its differential diagnosis-many disorders can mimic the clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings of this disease. A collaborative effort, organised by The International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis in 2008, provided diagnostic approaches to multiple sclerosis and identified clinical and paraclinical findings (so-called red flags) suggestive of alternative diagnoses. Since then, knowledge of disorders in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis has expanded substantially. For example, CNS inflammatory disorders that present with syndromes overlapping with multiple sclerosis can increasingly be distinguished from multiple sclerosis with the aid of specific clinical, MRI, and laboratory findings; studies of people misdiagnosed with multiple sclerosis have also provided insights into clinical presentations for which extra caution is warranted. Considering these data, an update to the recommended diagnostic approaches to common clinical presentations and key clinical and paraclinical red flags is warranted to inform the contemporary clinical evaluation of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Solomon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, University Health Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wallace J Brownlee
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brenda L Banwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Child Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - John R Corboy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research/University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama, Japan; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Jennifer Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute Neurology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Scott D Newsome
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Royal
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuelle L Waubant
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Neurology Institute, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeffrey A Cohen
- Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Grand S, Nedunchelian M, Charara S, Demaison R, Jean C, Galloux A, Kastler A, Attye A, Berthet C, Krainik A. Tumor or not a tumor: Pitfalls and differential diagnosis in neuro-oncology. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:378-393. [PMID: 37030987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of intracranial expansive lesions are tumors. However, a wide range of lesions can mimic neoplastic pathology. Differentiating pseudotumoral lesions from brain tumors is crucial to patient management. This article describes the most common intracranial pseudotumors, with a focus on the imaging features that serve as clues to detect pseudotumors.
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12
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Boyle T, Fernando SL, Drummond J, Fontes A, Parratt J. Phenotyping variants of tumefactive demyelinating lesions according to clinical and radiological features-A case series. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1092373. [PMID: 36816572 PMCID: PMC9935935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1092373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) are defined as lesions >2 cm on MRI of the brain. They are identified in a range of demyelinating diseases including massive demyelination due to Marburg's acute MS, Schilder's Disease, Balo's concentric sclerosis, and Tumefactive MS. Apart from the rare demyelinating variants which are often diagnosed histologically, there are no detailed data to phenotype TDLs. Methods We describe the clinical and radiological features of four similar patients with very large TDLs (>4 cm), that are not consistent with the rare demyelinating variants and may represent a distinct phenotype. Results All patients presented with hemiplegia and apraxia. The mean age at onset was 37 years with an equal sex distribution. All patients were diagnosed with Tumefactive demyelination based on MRI and CSF analysis, precluding the need for brain biopsy. All responded to potent immunotherapy (including high dose corticosteroids, plasma exchange, rituximab, and/or cyclophosphamide). The mean lag from diagnosis to treatment was 1 day. The median EDSS at presentation was six and recovery to a median EDSS of two occurred over 6 months. Conclusion We propose that Tumefactive lesions larger than 4 cm are termed "Giant demyelinating lesions" (GDLs) not only on the basis of size, but a rapid and fulminant demyelinating presentation leading to acute, severe neurological disability that is, nonetheless, responsive to immunotherapy. Further clinical studies are required to ratify this proposed phenotype, establish the immunological profile and best treatment for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Boyle
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Immunology Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Thérèse Boyle ✉
| | - Suran L. Fernando
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Immunology Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James Drummond
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Department of Neuroradiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Ariadna Fontes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John Parratt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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13
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Miao X, Shao T, Wang Y, Wang Q, Han J, Li X, Li Y, Sun C, Wen J, Liu J. The value of convolutional neural networks-based deep learning model in differential diagnosis of space-occupying brain diseases. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1107957. [PMID: 36816568 PMCID: PMC9932812 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is still a challenge to differentiate space-occupying brain lesions such as tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs), tumefactive primary angiitis of the central nervous system (TPACNS), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), and brain gliomas. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to analyze complex medical data and have proven transformative for image-based applications. It can quickly acquire diseases' radiographic features and correct doctors' diagnostic bias to improve diagnostic efficiency and accuracy. The study aimed to assess the value of CNN-based deep learning model in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying brain diseases on MRI. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical and MRI data from 480 patients with TDLs (n = 116), TPACNS (n = 64), PCNSL (n = 150), and brain gliomas (n = 150). The patients were randomly assigned to training (n = 240), testing (n = 73), calibration (n = 96), and validation (n = 71) groups. And a CNN-implemented deep learning model guided by clinical experts was developed to identify the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequence lesions of these four diseases. We utilized accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate the performance of the CNN model. The model's performance was then compared to the neuroradiologists' diagnosis. Results The CNN model had a total accuracy of 87% which was higher than senior neuroradiologists (74%), and the AUC of TDLs, PCNSL, TPACNS and gliomas were 0.92, 0.92, 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion The CNN model can accurately identify specific radiographic features of TDLs, TPACNS, PCNSL, and gliomas. It has the potential to be an effective auxiliary diagnostic tool in the clinic, assisting inexperienced clinicians in reducing diagnostic bias and improving diagnostic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Miao
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Shao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinnan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Junhai Wen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
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14
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Puac-Polanco P, Zakhari N, Jansen GH, Torres C. Case 309: Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy. Radiology 2023; 306:293-298. [PMID: 36534605 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY A 64-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of lightheadedness and intermittent balance and coordination difficulties. Two months before admission, symptoms became more substantial and persistent, with a worsening sense of disequilibrium and unsteady gait. He reported difficulties pronouncing words and mild word-finding difficulties. His wife noted a change in his cognition and memory over the same time. His medical history included well-controlled chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) secondary to a long history of smoking with associated unintentional 30-lb (13.6-kg) weight loss over the previous 3 years, for which chest CT scanning was performed, revealing no abnormality. On clinical examination, the patient was alert and oriented but had slurred speech. A positive Romberg sign was noted, finger-to-nose and hand rapid alternating movement tests revealed impairment on the right side, and his gait was ataxic. The motor examination revealed normal muscle tone, bulk, and power in the upper and lower extremities. Sensory testing results were normal. Initial MRI of the brain at admission revealed abnormal findings in the left supratentorial brain. Of note, this patient's presentation predated the COVID-19 pandemic. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed predominant pleocytosis (23 × 106/L; normal range, [0-5] × 106/L) (78% lymphocytes, 22% monocytes), elevated protein level (1.23 g/L; normal range, 0.19-0.64 g/L), oligoclonal bands (faint one or two), and a high immunoglobulin G (IgG) index (0.130 g/L; normal reference, ≤0.059 g/L). Despite extensive initial work-up for inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune, or neoplastic causes, a definitive diagnosis was not reached. Thus, repeat MRI of the brain was performed 2 weeks after admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Puac-Polanco
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics (P.P.P., N.Z., C.T.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.H.J.), University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9; and Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada (C.T.)
| | - Nader Zakhari
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics (P.P.P., N.Z., C.T.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.H.J.), University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9; and Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada (C.T.)
| | - Gerard H Jansen
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics (P.P.P., N.Z., C.T.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.H.J.), University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9; and Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada (C.T.)
| | - Carlos Torres
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Physics (P.P.P., N.Z., C.T.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.H.J.), University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9; and Neuroscience Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada (C.T.)
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Abdelgawad MS, Kayed MH, Reda MIS, Abdelzaher E, Farhoud AH, Elsebaie N. Contribution of advanced neuro-imaging (MR diffusion, perfusion and proton spectroscopy) in differentiation between low grade gliomas GII and MR morphologically similar non neoplastic lesions. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-022-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Non-neoplastic brain lesions can be misdiagnosed as low-grade gliomas. Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be non-specific. Additional imaging modalities such as spectroscopy (MRS), perfusion and diffusion imaging aid in diagnosis of such lesions. However, contradictory and overlapping results are still present. Hence, our purpose was to evaluate the role of advanced neuro-imaging in differentiation between low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II) and MR morphologically similar non-neoplastic lesions and to prove which modality has the most accurate results in differentiation.
Results
All patients were classified into two main groups: patients with low-grade glioma (n = 12; mean age, 38.8 ± 16; 8 males) and patients with non-neoplastic lesions (n = 27; mean age, 36.6 ± 15; 19 males) based on the histopathological and clinical–radiological diagnosis. Using ROC curve analysis, a threshold value of 0.93 for rCBV (AUC = 0.875, PPV = 92%, NPV = 71.4%) and a threshold value of 2.5 for Cho/NAA (AUC = 0.829, PPV = 92%, NPV = 71.4%) had 85.2% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity for predicting neoplastic lesions. The area under the curve (AUC) of ROC analysis was good for relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and Cho/NAA ratios (> 0.80) and fair for Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios (0.70–0.80). When the rCBV measurements were combined with MRS ratios, significant improvement was observed in the area under the curve (AUC) (0.969) with improved diagnostic accuracy (89.7%) and sensitivity (88.9%).
Conclusions
Evaluation of rCBV and metabolite ratios at MRS, particularly Cho/NAA ratio, may be helpful in differentiating low-grade gliomas from non-neoplastic lesions. The combination of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion and MRS can significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy and can help avoiding the need for an invasive biopsy.
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Tomura N, Saginoya T, Kaneko C. 18F-Fluorodeoxy Glucose and 11C-Methionine Accumulation in Demyelinating Lesions. World J Nucl Med 2022; 21:261-266. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background Few studies have evaluated the accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 11C-methionine (MET), and other positron emission tomography (PET) tracers in patients with demyelinating disease.
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the accumulation of FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) and MET-PET/CT in demyelinating lesions.
Material and Methods A retrospective search of the patient database in our hospital identified five patients with demyelinating disease in whom PET studies performed in the past 10 years revealed accumulation of FDG or MET. The clinical diagnoses were multiple sclerosis (n=1), myelitis (n=1), limbic encephalitis (n=1), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP; n=1), and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM; n=1). Two patients received FDG-PET/CT alone and three patients received both FDG-PET/CT and MET-PET/CT on the same day. Images were visually and conjointly reviewed by two radiologists. In semiquantitative evaluation, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the lesion was measured. The lesion-to-normal brain uptake ratio (L/N ratio) was calculated.
Results FDG and/or MET accumulated to a part of the lesions seen on MRI. SUVmax on FDG-PET/CT ranged from 3.8 to 10.3, and L/N ratio on MET-PET/CT ranged from 16.6 to 2.4.
Conclusion It has been established that neoplastic and demyelinating lesions can be differentiated on the basis of FDG or MET uptake. However, as accumulation of FDG and MET can also occur in demyelinating lesions; knowledge of this possibility is of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Tomura
- Department of Neuroradiology, Radiology, and Neurology, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Koriyama City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Saginoya
- Department of Neuroradiology, Radiology, and Neurology, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Koriyama City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chikako Kaneko
- Department of Neuroradiology, Radiology, and Neurology, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Koriyama City, Fukushima, Japan
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Sun C, Han J, Lin Y, Qi X, Li C, Liu J, Qiu F. Neuroimaging and clinicopathological differences between tumefactive demyelinating lesions and sentinel lesions of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986473. [PMID: 36059526 PMCID: PMC9433969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveIt is still a challenge to distinguish sentinel lesions of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) from atypical tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) in clinical practice. We aimed to investigate potential differences of clinical features, neuroimaging findings and pathological characteristics between PCNSL and TDLs, improving early accurate diagnosis.MethodsIt was a retrospective study involving 116 patients with TDLs and 150 patients with PCNSLs. All cases were pathologically confirmed. Clinical features, neuroimaging findings and pathological characteristics between two groups were analyzed.ResultsThe onset age was 37 ± 14 years in TDLs and 58 ± 13 years in PCNSL(p=0.000). Main onset symptom was headache in TDLs, while cognitive impairment was frequently noted in PCNSL. CT brain scan image showed hypodense lesions in most cases of TDL (110/116, 94.8%), while approximately 80% patients (120/150) with PCNSL had hyperdense lesions. Furthermore, we found that the presence of Creutzfeldt-Peters cells (might be misdiagnosed as tumor cells) may serve as an important feature in TDLs.ConclusionsOnset age of patients with TDLs was younger than PCNSL. Neuroimaging features on brain CT scan might provide clues to make a differential diagnosis. Pathological features of PCNSL with sentinel lesions or following steroids therapy might mimic TDLs. Dynamic neuroimaging pathological and follow-up information were essential for an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Sun
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Qi
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Qiu, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Feng Qiu
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Qiu, ; Jianguo Liu,
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Yogendran LV, Kalelioglu T, Donahue JH, Ahmad H, Phillips KA, Calautti NM, Lopes MB, Asthagiri AR, Purow B, Schiff D, Patel SH, Fadul CE. The landscape of brain tumor mimics in neuro-oncology practice. J Neurooncol 2022; 159:499-508. [PMID: 35857249 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Differentiating neoplastic and non-neoplastic brain lesions is essential to make management recommendations and convey prognosis, but the distinction between brain tumors and their mimics in practice may prove challenging. The aim of this study is to provide the incidence of brain tumor mimics in the neuro-oncology setting and describe this patient subset. METHODS Retrospective study of adult patients referred to the Division of Neuro-oncology for a presumed diagnosis of brain tumor from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2017, who later satisfied the diagnosis of a non-neoplastic entity based on neuroimaging, clinical course, and/or histopathology evaluation. We classified tumor mimic entities according to clinical, radiologic, and laboratory characteristics that correlated with the diagnosis. RESULTS The incidence of brain tumor mimics was 3.4% (132/3897). The etiologies of the non-neoplastic entities were vascular (35%), inflammatory non-demyelinating (26%), demyelinating (15%), cysts (10%), infectious (9%), and miscellaneous (5%). In our study, 38% of patients underwent biopsy to determine diagnosis, but in 26%, the biopsy was inconclusive. DISCUSSION Brain tumor mimics represent a small but important subset of the neuro-oncology referrals. Vascular, inflammatory, and demyelinating etiologies represent two-thirds of cases. Recognizing the clinical, radiologic and laboratory characteristics of such entities may improve resource utilization and prevent unnecessary as well as potentially harmful diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalanthica V Yogendran
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Tuba Kalelioglu
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph H Donahue
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Haroon Ahmad
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kester A Phillips
- Department of Neurology, The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment at Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole M Calautti
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Maria-Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashok R Asthagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Sohil H Patel
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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French H, Fontes-Villalba A, Maharaj M, Naidoo CSY, Bhatia K, Paterson A, Cook R, Parratt J. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis versus high grade glioma: A diagnostic dilemma. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:146. [PMID: 35509579 PMCID: PMC9062904 DOI: 10.25259/sni_239_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) share similar clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics with high grade glioma (HGG). This study develops an approach to navigating this diagnostic dilemma, with significant treatment implications as the management of both entities is drastically different.
Methods:
A retrospective analysis of 41 TDLs and 91 HGG with respect to demographics, presentation and classical MRI characteristics was performed. A diagnostic pathway was then developed to help diagnose TDLs based on whole neuraxis MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination.
Results:
The diagnosis of TDL is more likely than HGG in younger females who present with subacute or chronic symptoms. MRI characteristics favoring TDL over HGG include smaller size, open rim enhancement, little or no associated edema or mass effect and the presence of a T2 hypointense rim. MRI of the whole neuraxis for detection of other lesions typical of multiple sclerosis (MS), in combination with a lumbar puncture (LP) showing positive CSF-specific oligoclonal bands (OCB), was positive in 90% of the TDL cohort.
Conclusion:
The diagnostic pathway, proposed on the basis of specific clinicoradiological features, should be followed in patients with suspected TDL. If MRI demonstrates other lesions typical of MS and LP demonstrates positive CSF-specific OCBs, then patients should undergo a short course of IV steroids to look for clinical improvement. Patients, who continue to deteriorate, do not demonstrate other lesions on MRI or where the LP is negative for CSF-specific OCB, should be considered for biopsy if safe to do so. This pathway will give the patients the best chance at neurological preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath French
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia,
| | | | - Monish Maharaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand,
| | | | - Kartik Bhatia
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital, Westmead,
| | - Amanda Paterson
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raymond Cook
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - John Parratt
- Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia,
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Uzura Y, Takeuchi H, Ashida S, Fujii C, Shishido-Hara Y, Inaba T, Takai Y, Akazawa K, Mizuno T, Hashimoto N. A tumefactive anti-MOG antibody associated disorder heralding central nervous system B-cell lymphoma: Case report on diagnostic challenge. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 365:577823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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MULTIPLE MEGACYSTIC TUMEFACTIVE DEMYELINATING LESIONS. A CASE REPORT. J Neuroradiol 2022; 49:436-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Vakrakou AG, Brinia ME, Svolaki I, Argyrakos T, Stefanis L, Kilidireas C. Immunopathology of Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions-From Idiopathic to Drug-Related Cases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:868525. [PMID: 35418930 PMCID: PMC8997292 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.868525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) represent a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians, and in rare atypical cases a collaboration of a neuroradiologist, a neurologist, and a neuropathologist is warranted for accurate diagnosis. Recent advances in neuropathology have shown that TDL represent an umbrella under which many different diagnostic entities can be responsible. TDL can emerge not only as part of the spectrum of classic multiple sclerosis (MS) but also can represent an idiopathic monophasic disease, a relapsing disease with recurrent TDL, or could be part of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)- and aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-associated disease. TDL can appear during the MS disease course, and increasingly cases arise showing an association with specific drug interventions. Although TDL share common features with classic MS lesions, they display some unique features, such as extensive and widespread demyelination, massive and intense parenchymal infiltration by macrophages along with lymphocytes (mainly T but also B cells), dystrophic changes in astrocytes, and the presence of Creutzfeldt cells. This article reviews the existent literature regarding the neuropathological findings of tumefactive demyelination in various disease processes to better facilitate the identification of disease signatures. Recent developments in immunopathology of central nervous system disease suggest that specific pathological immune features (type of demyelination, infiltrating cell type distribution, specific astrocyte pathology and complement deposition) can differentiate tumefactive lesions arising as part of MS, MOG-associated disease, and AQP4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Lessons from immunopathology will help us not only stratify these lesions in disease entities but also to better organize treatment strategies. Improved advances in tissue biomarkers should pave the way for prompt and accurate diagnosis of TDL leading to better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli G. Vakrakou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Evgenia Brinia
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Svolaki
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Garg A, Manoj, Agarwal S, Joseph L, Pandit A, Srivastava A. Isolated medullary tumefactive demyelination masquerading as tumor. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:261-262. [PMID: 35693678 PMCID: PMC9175440 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_250_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Hampton DG, Goldman-Yassen AE, Sun PZ, Hu R. Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroimaging: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2021; 42:452-462. [PMID: 34537114 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) is a powerful and versatile technique that offers much more beyond conventional anatomic imaging and has the potential of probing in vivo metabolism. Although MR spectroscopy (MRS) predates clinical MR imaging (MRI), its clinical application has been limited by technical and practical challenges. Other MR techniques actively being developed for in vivo metabolic imaging include sodium concentration imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer. This article will review some of the practical aspects of MRS in neuroimaging, introduce sodium MRI and chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI, and highlight some of their emerging clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Hampton
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Adam E Goldman-Yassen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ranliang Hu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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25
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Zhang Y, Liang K, He J, Ma H, Chen H, Zheng F, Zhang L, Wang X, Ma X, Chen X. Deep Learning With Data Enhancement for the Differentiation of Solitary and Multiple Cerebral Glioblastoma, Lymphoma, and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesion. Front Oncol 2021; 11:665891. [PMID: 34490082 PMCID: PMC8416477 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.665891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the MRI-based differential diagnosis of deep learning with data enhancement for cerebral glioblastoma (GBM), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), and tumefactive demyelinating lesion (TDL). Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed the MRI data of 261 patients with pathologically diagnosed solitary and multiple cerebral GBM (n = 97), PCNSL (n = 92), and TDL (n = 72). The 3D segmentation model was trained to capture the lesion. Different enhancement data were generated by changing the pixel ratio of the lesion and non-lesion areas. The 3D classification network was trained by using the enhancement data. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the value of different enhancement data on the discrimination performance. These results were then compared with the neuroradiologists’ diagnoses. Results The diagnostic performance fluctuated with the ratio of lesion to non-lesion area changed. The diagnostic performance was best when the ratio was 1.5. The AUCs of GBM, PCNSL, and TDL were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.000–1.000), 0.96 (95% CI: 0.923–1.000), and 0.954 (95% CI: 0.904–1.000), respectively. Conclusions Deep learning with data enhancement is useful for the accurate identification of GBM, PCNSL, and TDL, and its diagnostic performance is better than that of the neuroradiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Liang
- CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Dalian Medical University, School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Xibo Ma
- CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuzhu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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26
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Sánchez P, Chan F, Hardy TA. Tumefactive demyelination: updated perspectives on diagnosis and management. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1005-1017. [PMID: 34424129 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1971077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumefactive demyelination (TD) can be a challenging scenario for clinicians due to difficulties distinguishing it from other conditions, such as neoplasm or infection; or with managing the consequences of acute lesions, and then deciding upon the most appropriate longer term treatment strategy. AREAS COVERED The authors review the literature regarding TD covering its clinic-radiological features, association with multiple sclerosis (MS), and its differential diagnosis with other neuroinflammatory and non-inflammatory mimicking disorders with an emphasis on atypical forms of demyelination including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), MOG antibody-associated demyelination (MOGAD) and neuromyelitis spectrum disorders (NMOSD). We also review the latest in the acute and long-term treatment of TD. EXPERT OPINION It is important that the underlying cause of TD be determined whenever possible to guide the management approach which differs between different demyelinating and other inflammatory conditions. Improved neuroimaging and advances in serum and CSF biomarkers should one day allow early and accurate diagnosis of TD leading to better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fiona Chan
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Todd A Hardy
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Nsw, Australia
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27
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Štourač P, Kolčava J, Keřkovský M, Kopřivová T, Křen L, Bednařík J. Progressive Tumefactive Demyelination as the Only Result of Extensive Diagnostic Work-Up: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2021; 12:701663. [PMID: 34305803 PMCID: PMC8297737 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.701663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumefactive demyelinating lesions belong to the rare variants of multiple sclerosis, posing a diagnostic challenge since it is difficult to distinguish them from a neoplasm or other brain lesions and they require a careful differential diagnosis. This contribution presents the case report of a young female with progressive tumefactive demyelinating brain and spinal cord lesions. An extensive diagnostic process including two brain biopsies and an autopsy did not reveal any explanatory diagnosis other than multiple sclerosis. The patient was treated by various disease-modifying treatments without significant effect and died from ascendent infection via ventriculoperitoneal shunt resulting in Staphylococcus aureus meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štourač
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Kolčava
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miloš Keřkovský
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tereza Kopřivová
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Leoš Křen
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Josef Bednařík
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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28
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Differentiating Glioblastomas from Solitary Brain Metastases: An Update on the Current Literature of Advanced Imaging Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122960. [PMID: 34199151 PMCID: PMC8231515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating between glioblastomas and solitary brain metastases proves to be a challenging diagnosis for neuroradiologists, as both present with imaging patterns consisting of peritumoral hyperintensities with similar intratumoral texture on traditional magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Early diagnosis is paramount, as each pathology has completely different methods of clinical assessment. In the past decade, recent developments in advanced imaging modalities enabled providers to acquire a more accurate diagnosis earlier in the patient's clinical assessment, thus optimizing clinical outcome. Dynamic susceptibility contrast has been optimized for detecting relative cerebral blood flow and relative cerebral blood volume. Diffusion tensor imaging can be used to detect changes in mean diffusivity. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging is an innovative modality detecting changes in intracellular volume fraction, isotropic volume fraction, and extracellular volume fraction. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is able to assist by providing a metabolic descriptor while detecting variable ratios of choline/N-acetylaspartate, choline/creatine, and N-acetylaspartate/creatine. Finally, radiomics and machine learning algorithms have been devised to assist in improving diagnostic accuracy while often utilizing more than one advanced imaging protocol per patient. In this review, we provide an update on all the current evidence regarding the identification and differentiation of glioblastomas from solitary brain metastases.
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29
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Tumefactive demyelination mimics primary brain neoplasms on imaging, often necessitating brain biopsy. This article reviews the literature for the clinical and radiologic findings of tumefactive demyelination in various disease processes to facilitate identification of tumefactive demyelination on imaging. CONCLUSION. Both clinical and radiologic findings must be integrated to distinguish tumefactive demyelinating lesions from similarly appearing lesions on imaging. Further research on the immunopathogenesis of tumefactive demyelination and associated conditions will elucidate their interrelationship.
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30
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French HD. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis versus high-grade glioma: A diagnostic dilemma. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:199. [PMID: 34084626 PMCID: PMC8168700 DOI: 10.25259/sni_901_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) share similar clinical features and MRI characteristics with high-grade glioma (HGG). This study develops an approach to navigating this diagnostic dilemma, with significant treatment implications as the management of both entities is drastically different. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 41 TDLs and 91 HGG with respect to demographics, presentation, and classical MRI characteristics was performed. A diagnostic pathway was then developed to help diagnose TDLs based on whole neuraxis MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Results: The diagnosis of TDL is more likely than HGG in younger females who present with subacute or chronic symptoms. MRI characteristics favoring TDL over HGG include smaller size, open rim enhancement, little or no associated edema or mass effect, and the presence of a T2 hypointense rim. MRI of the whole neuraxis for detection of other lesions typical of multiple sclerosis (MS), in combination with a lumbar puncture (LP) showing positive CSF-specific oligoclonal bands (OCB), was positive in 90% of the TDL cohort. Conclusion: The diagnostic pathway, proposed on the basis of specific clinicoradiological features, should be followed in patients with suspected TDL. If MRI demonstrates other lesions typical of MS and LP demonstrates positive CSF-specific OCBs, then patients should undergo a short course of IV steroids to look for clinical improvement. Patients who continue to deteriorate, do not demonstrate other lesions on MRI or where the LP is negative for CSF-specific OCB, should be considered for biopsy if safe to do so. This pathway will give the patients the best chance at neurological preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath David French
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Nonneoplastic entities may closely resemble the imaging findings of primary or metastatic intracranial neoplasia, posing diagnostic challenges for the referring provider and radiologist. Prospective identification of brain tumor mimics is an opportunity for the radiologist to add value to patient care by decreasing time to diagnosis and avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures and medical therapies, but requires familiarity with mimic entities and a high degree of suspicion on the part of the interpreting radiologist. This article provides a framework for the radiologist to identify "brain tumor mimics," highlighting imaging and laboratory pearls and pitfalls, and illustrating unique and frequently encountered lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Donahue
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0170, USA
| | - Sohil H Patel
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0170, USA
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800432, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0170, USA
| | - Sugoto Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0170, USA.
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32
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Erbay MF, Kamisli O. A case of high grade glioma following treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with fingolimod. Neurol India 2021; 68:478-480. [PMID: 32415029 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.284361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a major cause of neurological disability, especially in young adults. There have been several case reports of an increased risk of cancer after long-term treatment for multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The side effects commonly associated with fingolimod are cardiac side effects, macular edema, and elevated liver enzyme levels. Increased risks of infection and cancer have also been reported. High grade glioma is an aggressive primary brain tumor. There has been one case report of high grade glioma during fingolimod treatment. Here, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme after one year of fingolimod treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozden Kamisli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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33
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Zhu N, Presas-Rodríguez S, Núñez-Marín F, Quirant-Sánchez B, Ramo-Tello C. Single pseudotumour lesion, a rare debut presentation of optic neuromyelitis spectrum disorder. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 36:396-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Xie N, Sun Q, Yang J, Zhou Y, Xu H, Zhou L, Zhou Y. High clinical heterogeneity in a Chinese pedigree of retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:56. [PMID: 33516249 PMCID: PMC7847589 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Being a newly defined disease, RVCL-S is underrecognized by clinicians globally. It is an autosomal dominantly inherited small vessel disease caused by the heterozygous C-terminal frameshift mutation in TREX1 gene. RVCL-S is featured by cerebral dysfunction, retinopathy, and vasculopathy in multiple internal organs. Misdiagnosis may cause devastating consequences in patients, such as iatrogenic PML caused by misuse of immunosuppressants. Thus, increasing awareness of this disease is in urgent need. Results We uncovered a large Chinese origin RVCL-S pedigree bearing the TREX1 mutation. A comprehensive characterization combining clinical, genetic, and neuropathological analysis was performed. The Intrafamilial comparison showed highly heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. Mutation carriers in our pedigree presented with retinopathy (8/13), seizures (2/13), increased intracranial pressure (1/13), mild cognitive impairment (3/13), stroke-like episode (3/13), mesenteric ischemia (1/13), nephropathy (9/13), ascites (3/13), hypertension (9/13), hyperlipidemia (3/8), hypoalbuminemia (3/8), normocytic anemia (3/8), subclinical hypothyroidism (1/8), hyperfibrinogenemia (1/8), hyperparathyroidism (2/8), and abnormal inflammatory markers (4/8). The constellation of symptoms is highly varied, making RVCL-S a challenging diagnosis. Comparison with reported RVCL-S pedigrees further revealed that the mesenteric ischemia is a novel clinical finding and the MRS pattern of brain lesions is emulating neoplasm and tumefactive demyelination. Conclusion Our reports characterize a highly heterogeneous RVCL-S pedigree, highlight the probability of misdiagnosis in clinical practice, and broaden the clinical spectrum of RVCL-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Xie
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jinxia Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yangjie Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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35
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Paoletti M, Muzic SI, Marchetti F, Farina LM, Bastianello S, Pichiecchio A. Differential imaging of atypical demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system. Radiol Med 2021; 126:827-842. [PMID: 33486703 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-021-01334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The detection of atypical and sometimes aggressive or tumefactive demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system often poses difficulties in the differential diagnosis. The clinical presentation is generally aspecific, related to the location and similar to a number of different lesions, including neoplasms and other intracranial lesions with mass effect. CSF analysis may also be inconclusive, especially for lesions presenting as a single mass at onset. As a consequence, a brain biopsy is frequently performed for characterization. Advanced MRI imaging plays an important role in directing the diagnosis, reducing the rate of unnecessary biopsies and allowing a prompt start of therapy that is often crucial, especially in the case of infratentorial lesions. In this review, the main pattern of presentation of atypical inflammatory demyelinating diseases is discussed, with particular attention on the differential diagnosis and how to adequately define the correct etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Paoletti
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
| | | | | | - Lisa Maria Farina
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Stefano Bastianello
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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36
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Suthiphosuwan S, Bharatha A, Hsu CCT, Lin AW, Maloney JA, Munoz DG, Palmer CA, Osborn AG. Tumefactive Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Imaging Findings of a Rare and Underrecognized Neuroinflammatory Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:2075-2081. [PMID: 32883666 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) is a poorly understood neuroinflammatory disease of the CNS affecting the intracranial vasculature. Although PCNSV classically manifests as a multifocal beaded narrowing of the intracranial vessels, some patients may not have angiographic abnormalities. A rare subset of patients with PCNSV present with masslike brain lesions mimicking a neoplasm. In this article, we retrospectively review 10 biopsy-confirmed cases of tumefactive PCNSV (t-PCNSV). All cases of t-PCNSV in our series that underwent CTA or MRA were found to have normal large and medium-sized vessels. T-PCNSV had a variable MR imaging appearance with most cases showing cortical/subcortical enhancing masslike lesion (70%), often with microhemorrhages (80%). Diffusion restriction was absent in all lesions. In summary, normal vascular imaging does not exclude the diagnosis of t-PCNSV. Advanced imaging techniques including MR perfusion and MR spectroscopy failed to demonstrate specific findings for t-PCNSV but assisted in excluding neoplasm in the differential diagnosis. Biopsy remains mandatory for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suthiphosuwan
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (S.S., A.B., CC-T.H., A.W.L.)
| | - A Bharatha
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (S.S., A.B., CC-T.H., A.W.L.)
- Surgery (A.B.)
| | - C C-T Hsu
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (S.S., A.B., CC-T.H., A.W.L.)
- Department of Medical Imaging (CC-T.H.), Gold Coast University Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - A W Lin
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (S.S., A.B., CC-T.H., A.W.L.)
| | - J A Maloney
- Department of Radiology (J.A.M.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - D G Munoz
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (D.G.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - A G Osborn
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences (A.G.O.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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37
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Zhu N, Presas-Rodríguez S, Núñez-Marín F, Quirant-Sánchez B, Ramo-Tello C. [Single pseudotumour lesion, a rare debut presentation of optic neuromyelitis spectrum disorder]. Neurologia 2020. [PMID: 32912746 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Zhu
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España.
| | - S Presas-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - F Núñez-Marín
- Instituto de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - B Quirant-Sánchez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - C Ramo-Tello
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
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Padilha IG, Fonseca APA, Pettengill ALM, Fragoso DC, Pacheco FT, Nunes RH, Maia ACM, da Rocha AJ. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:776-792. [PMID: 31925460 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) deserves special attention because of its impact on cognitive function and development. Although knowledge regarding pediatric MS has rapidly increased, understanding the peculiarities of this population remains crucial for disease management. There is limited expertise about the efficacy and safety of current disease-modifying agents. Although pathophysiology is not entirely understood, some risk factors and immunological features have been described and are discussed herein. While the revised International Pediatric MS Study Group diagnostic criteria have improved the accuracy of diagnosis, the recently revised McDonald criteria also offer some new insights into the pediatric population. It is fundamental that radiologists have strong knowledge about the vast spectrum of demyelinating disorders that can occur in childhood to ensure appropriate diagnosis and provide early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Padilha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil.
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana P A Fonseca
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Pettengill
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego C Fragoso
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Pacheco
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato H Nunes
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C M Maia
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio J da Rocha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
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Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover: A Clinical Neuropathological Conference Case. Can J Neurol Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Combined central and peripheral demyelination with tumefactive demyelinating lesions in the brainstem and longitudinally extensive optic neuritis: a case report. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:1601-1603. [PMID: 31872355 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Miki Y. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of demyelinating diseases: An update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Miki
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
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Thebault S, Hanes I, Woulfe J, Bourque PR. Paraneoplastic recurrent tumefactive demyelination in a 62-year-old man with metastatic seminoma. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 6:e527. [PMID: 30588483 PMCID: PMC6299676 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thebault
- Ottawa Hospital, Division of Neurology (S.T., P.R.B.); The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (I.H.); The Ottawa Hospital (J.W.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (P.R.B.), ON, Canada
| | - Ilana Hanes
- Ottawa Hospital, Division of Neurology (S.T., P.R.B.); The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (I.H.); The Ottawa Hospital (J.W.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (P.R.B.), ON, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- Ottawa Hospital, Division of Neurology (S.T., P.R.B.); The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (I.H.); The Ottawa Hospital (J.W.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (P.R.B.), ON, Canada
| | - Pierre R Bourque
- Ottawa Hospital, Division of Neurology (S.T., P.R.B.); The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (I.H.); The Ottawa Hospital (J.W.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (P.R.B.), ON, Canada
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