1
|
Reifenberg P, Zimmer A. Branched-chain amino acids: physico-chemical properties, industrial synthesis and role in signaling, metabolism and energy production. Amino Acids 2024; 56:51. [PMID: 39198298 PMCID: PMC11358235 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val)-are essential nutrients with significant roles in protein synthesis, metabolic regulation, and energy production. This review paper offers a detailed examination of the physico-chemical properties of BCAAs, their industrial synthesis, and their critical functions in various biological processes. The unique isomerism of BCAAs is presented, focusing on analytical challenges in their separation and quantification as well as their solubility characteristics, which are crucial for formulation and purification applications. The industrial synthesis of BCAAs, particularly using bacterial strains like Corynebacterium glutamicum, is explored, alongside methods such as genetic engineering aimed at enhancing production, detailing the enzymatic processes and specific precursors. The dietary uptake, distribution, and catabolism of BCAAs are reviewed as fundamental components of their physiological functions. Ultimately, their multifaceted impact on signaling pathways, immune function, and disease progression is discussed, providing insights into their profound influence on muscle protein synthesis and metabolic health. This comprehensive analysis serves as a resource for understanding both the basic and complex roles of BCAAs in biological systems and their industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reifenberg
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich‑Weiss‑Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varfaj I, Abualzulof GWA, Moretti S, Migni A, Uda I, Goracci L, Ianni F, Carotti A, Sardella R. Development of an easy-to-set-up multiple heart-cutting achiral-chiral LC-LC method for the analysis of branched-chain amino acids in commercial tablets. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1041-1053. [PMID: 38477690 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the development and application of a multiple heart-cutting achiral-chiral LC-LC method (mLC-LC) for the analysis of dansylated (Dns) branched-chain amino acids in commercial tablets are described. In the first dimension, a Waters Xbridge RP C18 achiral column was used under gradient conditions with buffered aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The elution order Dns-valine (Dns-Val) < Dns-isoleucine (Dns-Ile) < Dns-leucine (Dns-Leu) turned out with full resolution between adjacent peaks: 7.25 and 1.50 for the Val/Ile and the Ile/Leu pairs, respectively. A "research" validation study was performed, revealing high accuracy (Recovery%) and precision (RSD%) using two external set solutions, respectively, in the range 93.7%-104.1% and 0.4%-3.2%. The C18 column was connected via a two-position six-port switching valve to the quinidine-based Chiralpak quinidine-anion-exchange chiral column. A water/acetonitrile, 30/70 (v/v) with 50 mM ammonium acetate (apparent pH of 5.5) eluent allowed getting the three enantiomers' pairs resolved: RS equal to 4.3 for Dns-Val and Dns-Ile, and 1.7 for Dns-Leu. The application of the mLC-LC method confirmed that the content of Val, Ile, and Leu in the tablets was compliant with that labeled by the producer. Only l-enantiomers were found in the food supplement, as confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Migni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Uda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drăgoi CM, Nicolae AC, Ungurianu A, Margină DM, Grădinaru D, Dumitrescu IB. Circadian Rhythms, Chrononutrition, Physical Training, and Redox Homeostasis-Molecular Mechanisms in Human Health. Cells 2024; 13:138. [PMID: 38247830 PMCID: PMC10814043 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A multitude of physiological processes, human behavioral patterns, and social interactions are intricately governed by the complex interplay between external circumstances and endogenous circadian rhythms. This multidimensional regulatory framework is susceptible to disruptions, and in contemporary society, there is a prevalent occurrence of misalignments between the circadian system and environmental cues, a phenomenon frequently associated with adverse health consequences. The onset of most prevalent current chronic diseases is intimately connected with alterations in human lifestyle practices under various facets, including the following: reduced physical activity, the exposure to artificial light, also acknowledged as light pollution, sedentary behavior coupled with consuming energy-dense nutriments, irregular eating frameworks, disruptions in sleep patterns (inadequate quality and duration), engagement in shift work, and the phenomenon known as social jetlag. The rapid evolution of contemporary life and domestic routines has significantly outpaced the rate of genetic adaptation. Consequently, the underlying circadian rhythms are exposed to multiple shifts, thereby elevating the susceptibility to disease predisposition. This comprehensive review endeavors to synthesize existing empirical evidence that substantiates the conceptual integration of the circadian clock, biochemical molecular homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the stimuli imparted by physical exercise, sleep, and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Manuela Drăgoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.D.); (A.C.N.); (A.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Alina Crenguţa Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.D.); (A.C.N.); (A.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.D.); (A.C.N.); (A.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Denisa Marilena Margină
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.D.); (A.C.N.); (A.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Daniela Grădinaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.D.); (A.C.N.); (A.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu
- Department of Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inoue Y, Ueda S, Tanikawa T, Sano A, Suzuki R, Todo H, Higuchi Y, Akao K. Characterization of Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Viscosity, and Antioxidant Capacity in Rice Wines Made in Saitama, Japan, with Different Sake Rice. Foods 2023; 12:4004. [PMID: 37959123 PMCID: PMC10647497 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical properties of Japanese rice wines, including their functional properties and carbohydrate and amino acid content in solution and solid state. Three samples were tested. The glucose, allose, and raffinose contents in samples (A, B, C) in g/100 g were (3.47, 3.45, 7.05), (1.60, 1.63, 1.61), and (2.14, 2.75, 1.49), respectively. The total amino acid in µmol/mL was (3.1, 3.5, 4.4). Glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine varied in content across the samples. The viscosity (10 °C) and activation energy (ΔE) calculated using the Andrade equation were (2.81 ± 0.03, 2.74 ± 0.06, 2.69 ± 0.03) mPa-s and (22.3 ± 1.1, 22.0 ± 0.2, 21.3 ± 0.5) kJ/mol, respectively. Principal component analysis using FT-IR spectra confirmed the separation of the samples into principal components 2 and 3. The IC50 values from the DPPH radical scavenging test were (2364.7 ± 185.3, 3041.9 ± 355.1, 3842.7 ± 228.1) µg/mL. Thus, the three rice wines had different carbohydrate and amino acid contents, viscosities, and antioxidant capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sae Ueda
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aiko Sano
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan (R.S.)
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan (R.S.)
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 3500295, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Higuchi
- Applicative Solution Lab, JASCO Corporation, 2967-5 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji 1928537, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akao
- Applicative Solution Lab, JASCO Corporation, 2967-5 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji 1928537, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Stukas R. Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4003. [PMID: 37764784 PMCID: PMC10535035 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to develop a relatively high muscle mass and low body adipose tissue for the sake of better athletic performance. A full range of nine essential amino acids and eleven non-essential amino acids have to attend in appropriate amounts for protein biosynthesis. The aim of the observational comparative cross-sectional study was to assess the association between the diet quality profile and training-induced muscle mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance among elite male athletes. The research sample comprised 18.1 ± 3.1 year-old Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 234). The study participants were enrolled to complete 24-h dietary recalls of three non-consecutive days. The body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The present study showed a significant insufficiency of the mean carbohydrate intake of 5.7 g/kg/day in a group of aerobic male athletes. The lower muscle mass of aerobic male athletes was related to the lower-carbohydrate diet (adjusted odd ratio (ORadj) 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.7). The mean protein intake of 1.8 g/kg/day was optimal for anabolism in the samples of both anaerobic and aerobic male athletes. The protein intake in appropriate doses was potentially associated with an increase in muscle mass only in anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7). The positive relationship was revealed between the possible muscle mass gain and the increased intakes of amino acids such as isoleucine and histidine among anaerobic athletes (ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-4.7 and ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0-4.3, respectively). An inverse feasible association was indicated between a higher intake of valine and lower muscle mass quantities among anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5). The recommendations for sports nutritionists should emphasize the necessity of advising professional athletes on dietary strategies on how to manipulate dietary amino acid composition with respect to achieving long-term body composition goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bersiner K, Park SY, Schaaf K, Yang WH, Theis C, Jacko D, Gehlert S. Resistance exercise: a mighty tool that adapts, destroys, rebuilds and modulates the molecular and structural environment of skeletal muscle. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:78-95. [PMID: 37583075 PMCID: PMC10440184 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle regulates health and performance by maintaining or increasing strength and muscle mass. Although the molecular mechanisms in response to resistance exercise (RE) significantly target the activation of protein synthesis, a plethora of other mechanisms and structures must be involved in orchestrating the communication, repair, and restoration of homeostasis after RE stimulation. In practice, RE can be modulated by variations in intensity, continuity and volume, which affect molecular responses and skeletal muscle adaptation. Knowledge of these aspects is important with respect to planning of training programs and assessing the impact of RE training on skeletal muscle. METHODS In this narrative review, we introduce general aspects of skeletal muscle substructures that adapt in response to RE. We further highlighted the molecular mechanisms that control human skeletal muscle anabolism, degradation, repair and memory in response to acute and repeated RE and linked these aspects to major training variables. RESULTS Although RE is a key stimulus for the activation of skeletal muscle anabolism, it also induces myofibrillar damage. Nevertheless, to increase muscle mass accompanied by a corresponding adaptation of the essential substructures of the sarcomeric environment, RE must be continuously repeated. This requires the permanent engagement of molecular mechanisms that re-establish skeletal muscle integrity after each RE-induced muscle damage. CONCLUSION Various molecular regulators coordinately control the adaptation of skeletal muscle after acute and repeated RE and expand their actions far beyond muscle growth. Variations of key resistance training variables likely affect these mechanisms without affecting muscle growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Käthe Bersiner
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirill Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Theis
- Center for Anaesthesiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen LF, Chang HC, Cai ZC, Chen YJ, Hsu WL, Chuang YH, Lee SC, Huang HC. Community-based exercise and nutritional interventions to improve frailty syndrome among older adults: A quasi-experimental study. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 51:222-231. [PMID: 37018848 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the efficacy of single and combined effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplements on improving frailty and quality of life in older adults. In total, 120 study participants were allocated into a combined exercise-and-BCAA supplementation group, an exercise-only group, a BCAA supplementation-only group, and a control group. Results showed that Fried's frailty score significantly decreased in the combined exercise-and-BCAA supplementation group (β= -1.73, p<0.001), exercise-only group (β= -1.68, p<0.001), and BCAA supplementation-only group (β= -0.73, p=0.005) compared to the control group. Moreover, the combination of exercise and BCAA supplements and the exercise-only program produced significant improvements in frailty compared to the BCAA supplement-only group and control group (p<0.05). Exercise should be a critical approach for older adults to improve frailty. Healthcare professionals in geriatric care should incorporate exercise programs as frailty management and prevention for older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Lotung Poh-Ai Home Care Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, 61-8 Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan; Department of Community Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 83, Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Cheng Chang
- Department of Community Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 83, Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 83 Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-Ci Cai
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Jen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 83 Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ling Hsu
- Department of Community Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 83, Nanchang Street, Luodong Township, Yilan County, 265006, Taiwan.
| | - Yeu-Hui Chuang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center in Nursing Clinical Practice, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chun Lee
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chuan Huang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Escalante G, Gonzalez AM, St Mart D, Torres M, Echols J, Islas M, Schoenfeld BJ. Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? Heliyon 2022; 8:e12113. [PMID: 36544833 PMCID: PMC9761713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CM) is an established and effective dietary supplement, but it is not the only form of creatine. We analyzed forms of creatine for sale on Amazon.com" title = "http://Amazon.com">Amazon.com and evaluated if the advertised claims are supported by the available scientific evidence. We also analyzed the cost per gram of the forms of creatine. A total of 175 creatine supplements were included and we reported the total creatine content per serving, form(s) of creatine in products, product claims, and prevalence of products third party certified. The identified products contained 16 forms of creatine other than CM. The prevalence of products containing functional ingredients with CM or forms of creatine was 29.7%, and the prevalence of products containing blends of different forms of creatine was 21.7%. Only 8% of products were third party certified. The products using only CM (n = 91) had a mean price per gram of $0.12 ± 0.08, whereas products using only other forms of creatine (n = 32) had a mean price per gram of $0.26 ± 0.17. Approximately 88% of alternative creatine products in this study are classified as having limited to no evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodriguez-Lopez P, Rueda-Robles A, Sánchez-Rodríguez L, Blanca-Herrera RM, Quirantes-Piné RM, Borrás-Linares I, Segura-Carretero A, Lozano-Sánchez J. Analysis and Screening of Commercialized Protein Supplements for Sports Practice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213500. [PMID: 36360118 PMCID: PMC9658000 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rise in the popularity of the consumption of sports-related supplements. However, the hypothesis is raised that it is necessary to analyze the quality aspects of these supplements in relation to the information provided on the label, to avoid associated risks and obtain the greatest possible benefit from their consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to carry out an analysis or screening of the protein supplements that are currently marketed in Spain. We analyzed the labels of 52 protein sports supplements available both in physical stores and online. The analysis consisted of addressing three relevant aspects considering the labeling: (a) the legislative framework in which the supplements are marketed, (b) the quality of the protein, and (c) the presence of other ingredients according to the specifications of the label. In the legislative context, there do not seem to be any specific regulations to guarantee consumer protection, which can lead to unfair practices and misleading advertising. Most of the supplements analyzed to comply with the requirements of their current regulations. However, claims about their benefits that are not allowed under European legislation have been found in some of them. Regarding composition and according to label information, the supplements have been found to provide a sufficient dose of protein in terms of recommended protein intake per serving. Regarding the presence of other ingredients and according to the information on the label, most of them, except for egg supplements, contain other ingredients. Colostrum was also found in one of the supplements evaluated. The conclusions of the study reveal that, due to a lack of knowledge or misleading advertising practices, supplements are often not used properly. The information provided is essential for both professionals and consumers to avoid the risks associated with consumption, such as unintentional doping, interactions between ingredients that reduce the quality of the supplement, and consumption of supplements inappropriately, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Rodriguez-Lopez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Leticia Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Blanca-Herrera
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Quirantes-Piné
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The effect of fermented wheat protein hydrolysate on the exercise performance in mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
11
|
Jaroch A, Kozakiewicz M, Jaroch K, Główczewska-Siedlecka E, Bojko B, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Untargeted Metabolomic Assay of Prefrail Older Adults after Nutritional Intervention. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050378. [PMID: 35629882 PMCID: PMC9145750 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome causing a reduction in the body’s functional reserves. Proper nutrition may be helpful in delaying transitioning older adults from pre-frail to frailty syndrome. The present study evaluates the nutritional status of pre-frail patients who underwent nutritional intervention and metabolomic changes resulting from this intervention. Sixteen pre-frail patients (68.4 ± 5.5 years old; 81.3% women) were enrolled for nutritional intervention, and twenty-nine robust elderly people (69.3 ± 5.3 years old; 82.8% women) were the control group. Pre-frail patients consumed 1.0 g protein/kg BW/day for eight weeks through diet modification and an additional daily intake of a protein powder formula. Taken measurements included: Nutritional anthropometry, assessment of food intake, and blood serum analysis with an untargeted metabolomic assessment. Protein consumption increased by 25.8%; moreover, significant increases in body weight (+1.2 kg; p = 0.023) and muscle mass index (+0.1 kg/m2; p = 0.042) were also observed. The untargeted metabolomic assay showed a significant increase in arachidonic acid (p = 0.038), and valine (p = 0.008) among pre-frail patients. Increased protein consumption is reflected in improved anthropometric and biochemical parameters of pre-frail patients. Moreover, metabolomic assay can be a useful tool in determining compliance with dietary recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Jaroch
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Emilia Główczewska-Siedlecka
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin SW, Lee GH, Kim JY, Kim CY, Choo YM, Cho W, Han EH, Hwang YP, Kim YA, Jeong HG. Effect of Porcine Whole Blood Protein Hydrolysate on Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber Expression and Mitochondrial Biogenesis via the AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031229. [PMID: 35163153 PMCID: PMC8835758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of a variety of functionally different fiber types. Slow-twitch type I muscle fibers are rich with mitochondria, and mitochondrial biogenesis promotes a shift towards more slow fibers. Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), regulates slow-twitch muscle fiber expression and mitochondrial function. The BCAA content is increased in porcine whole-blood protein hydrolysates (PWBPH) but the effect of PWBPH on muscle fiber type conversion is unknown. Supplementation with PWBPH (250 and 500 mg/kg for 5 weeks) increased time to exhaustion in the forced swimming test and the mass of the quadriceps femoris muscle but decreased the levels of blood markers of exercise-induced fatigue. PWBPH also promoted fast-twitch to slow-twitch muscle fiber conversion, elevated the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers (SIRT1, p-AMPK, PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM) and increased succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities in ICR mice. Similarly, PWBPH induced markers of slow-twitch muscle fibers and mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, AMPK and SIRT1 inhibition blocked the PWBPH-induced muscle fiber type conversion in C2C12 myotubes. These results indicate that PWBPH enhances exercise performance by promoting slow-twitch muscle fiber expression and mitochondrial function via the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
- Department of R&D, Jinju Bioindustry Foundation, Jinju 52839, Korea;
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Chae Yeon Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Young Moo Choo
- Department of R&D, Jinju Bioindustry Foundation, Jinju 52839, Korea;
| | - Whajung Cho
- R&D Institute, AMINOLAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 06774, Korea;
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Korea;
| | | | - Yong An Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.W.J.); (G.H.L.); (J.Y.K.); (C.Y.K.); (Y.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5936
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marcon M, Zanella P. The effect of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in physical exercise: A systematic review of human randomized controlled trials. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Santos CS, Oliveira Júnior ES, Lopes de Sá MJ, Esteves EA. The anabolic role of plant-based proteins in response to chronic resistance exercise. REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE 2021. [DOI: 10.21876/rcshci.v11i3.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is essential to prevent sarcopenia and ensure health and quality of life as aging progress. The two determinants of muscle protein synthesis are the increased load on skeletal muscle through resistance exercise and protein intake. For an effective result of maintaining or increasing muscle mass, it is relevant to consider the quantitative and adequate intake of protein, and the dietary source of protein since the plant-based protein has differences in comparison to animals that limit its anabolic capacity. Given the increase in vegetarianism and the elderly population, which consumes fewer food sources of animal protein, the importance of understanding how protein of plant-based protein can sustain muscle protein synthesis in the long term when associated with resistance exercise is justified, as well as the possibilities of dietary adequacy in the face of this demand.
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of fish paste products, fish balls 'tsumire', intake in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e62. [PMID: 34457244 PMCID: PMC8365533 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish paste product, fish balls ‘tsumire’, is a traditional type of Japanese food made from minced fish as well as imitation crab, kamaboko and hanpen. Although tsumire is known as a high-protein and low-fat food, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its health benefits. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of tsumire intake on organ weight and biomarker levels in Sprague–Dawley rats for 84 d as a preliminary study. Six-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: group I, fed normal diets, and group II, fed normal diets with 5 % dried tsumire. Throughout the administration period, we monitored their body weight and food intake; at the end of this period, we measured their organ weight and analysed their blood biochemistry. No significant differences were observed with respect to body weight, food intake, organ weight and many biochemical parameters between the two groups. It was found that inorganic phosphorus and glucose levels were higher in group II rats than in group I rats. On the other hand, sodium, calcium, amylase and cholinesterase levels were significantly lower in group II than in group I. Interestingly, we found that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase in group II were significantly lower than in group I, and that other liver function parameters of group II tended to be lower than in group I. In conclusion, we consider that the Japanese traditional food, ‘tsumire,’ may be effective as a functional food for human health management worldwide.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AMY, amylase
- APP, Alaska pollack protein
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHO, cholesterol
- CRE, creatinine
- ChE, cholinesterase
- D-BIL, direct bilirubin
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- F-CHO, free cholesterol
- Fish balls
- Fish paste products
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLU, glucose
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- IP, inorganic phosphorus
- LAP, leucine aminopeptidase
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Liver function
- Rats
- T-BIL, total bilirubin
- T-CHO, total cholesterol
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBA, total bile acids
- TP, total proteins
- Tsumire
- γ-GT, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao J, Huang Y, Yu X. A Narrative Review of Gut-Muscle Axis and Sarcopenia: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1263-1273. [PMID: 33880058 PMCID: PMC8053521 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s301141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease related to aging, chronic inflammation, insufficient nutrition, and physical inactivity. Previous studies have suggested that there is a relationship between sarcopenia and gut microbiota,namely, the gut-muscle axis. The present review highlights that the gut microbiota can affect muscle mass and muscle function from inflammation and immunity,substance and energy metabolism, endocrine and insulin sensitivity, etc., directly or indirectly establishing a connection with sarcopenia, thereby realizing the “gut-muscle axis”.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhao
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Huang
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsunekawa K, Matsumoto R, Ushiki K, Martha L, Shoho Y, Yanagawa Y, Ishigaki H, Yoshida A, Araki O, Nakajima K, Kimura T, Murakami M. Significance of serum branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio measurement in athletes with high skeletal muscle mass. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33397493 PMCID: PMC7784282 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few nutritional markers reflect the hypermetabolic state of athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle. Although branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) play crucial roles in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and amino acid imbalances caused by the metabolism of BCAA and aromatic amino acids remains unclear. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle mass have plasma amino acid imbalances, assessed by serum BCAA to tyrosine ratio (BTR) which can be measured conveniently. METHODS The study enrolled 111 young Japanese men: 70 wrestling athletes and 41 controls. None of them were under any medications, extreme dietary restrictions or intense exercise regimens. Each participant's body composition, serum concentrations of albumin and rapid turnover proteins including transthyretin and transferrin, BTR, and thyroid function were assessed. RESULTS Compared to the controls, the athletes had significantly higher skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p < 0.001), and lower serum albumin concentration (p < 0.001) and BTR (p < 0.001). Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that serum albumin concentration and BTR were significantly lower in the participants with higher SMI. Serum albumin concentration and BTR were inversely correlated with SMI by multiple regression analysis (logarithmic albumin, β = - 0.358, p < 0.001; BTR, β = - 0.299, p = 0.001). SMI was inversely and transthyretin was positively correlated with serum albumin (SMI, β = - 0.554, p < 0.001; transthyretin, β = 0.379, p < 0.001). Serum concentration of free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (FT3) was inversely correlated with BTR, and, along with SMI and albumin, was independent predictor of BTR (SMI, β = - 0.321, p < 0.001; FT3, β = - 0.253, p = 0.001; logarithmic albumin, β = 0.261, p = 0.003). However, FT3 was not correlated with SMI or serum albumin. Serum concentrations of rapid turnover proteins were not correlated with BTR. CONCLUSIONS Increased skeletal muscle mass enhances the circulating amino acid imbalances, and is independently facilitated by thyroid hormones. Serum BTR may be a useful biomarker to assess the hypermetabolic state of wrestling athletes with high levels of skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ushiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Larasati Martha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shoho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, Takasaki, 370-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshimaro Yanagawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, Takasaki, 370-0011, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishigaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu S, Sun Y, Zhao R, Wang Y, Zhang W, Pang W. Isoleucine increases muscle mass through promoting myogenesis and intramyocellular fat deposition. Food Funct 2020; 12:144-153. [PMID: 33289736 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoleucine (Ile), as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), has a vital role in regulating body weight and muscle protein synthesis. However, the regulatory effect of Ile on muscle mass under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions and intramyocellular lipid deposition remains largely unclear. In this study, a feeding experiment with HFD with or without 25 g L-1 Ile was performed using 32 wild male C57BL/6J mice randomly divided into two groups. The results showed that Ile significantly increased both muscle and fat mass, as well as causing insulin resistance and meanwhile upregulating the levels of key adipogenic and myogenic proteins. More importantly, Ile damaged the mitochondrial function by vacuolation, swelling and cristae fracture in the gastrocnemius (GAS) and tibialis anterior (TA) with downregulation of mitochondrial function-related genes. Furthermore, Ile promoted myogenesis and more lipid droplet accumulation in myotubes. Compared with the control, the protein levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were upregulated in the Ile group, whereas the protein levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were downregulated. Collectively, Ile increased muscle mass through myogenesis and intramyocellular lipid deposition. Our findings provide a new perspective for not only improving the lean juiciness of farm animals by increasing intramyocellular lipid accumulation, but also modulating myopathies under obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yunmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yingqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Wanrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Weijun Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li C, Kang B, Zhang T, Gu H, Song P, Chen J, Wang X, Xu B, Zhao W, Zhang J. Dietary Pattern and Dietary Energy from Fat Associated with Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese People: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Regions of China. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3689. [PMID: 33265923 PMCID: PMC7760936 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between dietary patterns (DPs) and sarcopenia remain controversial, and fewer studies have mentioned the relationship between dietary energy composition and sarcopenia. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions of China, to detect the associations between DPs and sarcopenia, and to identify the influencing nutrients. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for DP identification. Logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations between DPs and sarcopenia. Dietary nutrients and dietary energy composition were calculated and compared among different DPs. Three DPs were identified from 861 community-dwelling older people. The "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14~0.77, p-trend = 0.009). Subjects in the highest quartile of the "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern showed more abundant intake (1.7 g/kg/d) of dietary protein, and lower percentage (31%) of energy from fat (PEF) than the other two DPs. Further analyses indicated that lower PEF (<30%) was negatively associated with sarcopenia. In conclusion, the "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese people. This pattern showed abundant protein intake and low PEF, which may partially contribute to its protective effect on sarcopenia. Therefore, besides protein, dietary fat and PEF may also be considered in the prevention and management of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bingxian Kang
- Wuyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105 Shiji Road, Wuyuan 015100, China; (B.K.); (X.W.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Yuexiu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Jiaochang West Road, Guangzhou 510030, China; (T.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Hongru Gu
- Taicang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 36 Xianfu West Street, Taicang 215400, China;
| | - Pengkun Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingyi Chen
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xile Wang
- Wuyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105 Shiji Road, Wuyuan 015100, China; (B.K.); (X.W.)
| | - Bin Xu
- Yuexiu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Jiaochang West Road, Guangzhou 510030, China; (T.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
DE Almeida PC, DA Rosa Lima T, Avila ETP, Tolazzi GJ, Cavalcante LP, Navalta JW, Tibana RA, DE Souza RL, Segri NJ, DE Souza ÉC, Vieira RC, Voltarelli FA. High-Protein Diet Associated with Resistance Training Improves Performance and Decreases Adipose Index in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1366-1381. [PMID: 33042363 PMCID: PMC7523897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study tested the hypothesis that a high protein diet based on isolated whey protein (IWP) associated with strength training improves performance and reduces body fat without promoting health damage. Male Wistar rats, 45 days old, were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): normoprotein sedentary (IWP 14%; NS); hyperprotein sedentary (IWP 35%; HS); normoprotein trained (IWP 14%; NT) and hyperprotein trained (IWP 35%; HT). All groups performed the maximum load test at the beginning and after the vertical ladder training protocol for 6 weeks (3x/week). The performance improved in HT when compared to other groups. There was no difference in the plasma levels of testosterone, IGF-1 and the hematological parameters remained normal. The relative weights of the kidneys were higher in the groups fed with high protein; the liver was higher in HT compared to NS and NT, and the heart was higher in HS compared to NS and NT. Concerning relative muscle weight, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius, HT showed higher value compared to NT. Diet containing 35% isolate whey protein associated with resistance training improved performance as well as increased muscles and organs weight of the animals, without damaging the tissues related to protein metabolism (confirmed by unchanged hematological parameters), which may minimize the risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Caroline DE Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - Thiago DA Rosa Lima
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - Eudes Thiago Pereira Avila
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - Geovane JosÉ Tolazzi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - LetÍcia Pereira Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | | | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - Roberto Lopes DE Souza
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - Neuber JosÉ Segri
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | | | - Roberto Carlos Vieira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
- State University of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| | - FabrÍcio Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sans MD, Crozier SJ, Vogel NL, D'Alecy LG, Williams JA. Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Deficiency Inhibit Pancreatic Digestive Enzyme mRNA Translation by Multiple Mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:99-115. [PMID: 32735995 PMCID: PMC7596297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic amino acid (AA) deficiency, as in kwashiorkor, reduces the size of the pancreas through an effect on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Because of the physiological importance of AAs and their role as a substrate, a stimulant of mTORC1, and protein synthesis, we studied the effect of acute protein and AA deficiency on the response to feeding. METHODS ICR/CD-1 mice were fasted overnight and refed for 2 hours with 4 different isocaloric diets: control (20% Prot); Protein-free (0% Prot); control (AA-based diet), and a leucine-free (No Leu). Protein synthesis, polysomal profiling, and the activation of several protein translation factors were analyzed in pancreas samples. RESULTS All diets stimulated the Protein Kinase-B (Akt)/mTORC1 pathway, increasing the phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, the ribosomal protein S6 (S6) and the formation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex. Total protein synthesis and polysome formation were inhibited in the 0% Prot and No Leu groups to a similar extent, compared with the 20% Prot group. The 0% Prot diet partially reduced the Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B, without affecting eIF2α phosphorylation. The No Leu diet increased the phosphorylation of eIF2α and general control nonderepressible 2, and also inhibited eIF2B activity, without affecting mTORC1. Essential and nonessential AA levels in plasma and pancreas indicated a complex regulation of their cellular transport mechanisms and their specific effect on the synthesis of digestive enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that dietary AAs are important regulators of postprandial digestive enzyme synthesis, and their deficiency could induce pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolors Sans
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Stephen J Crozier
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nancy L Vogel
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Louis G D'Alecy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John A Williams
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Hilt
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.T.H., C.N.M.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.T.H., C.N.M.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Medicine (C.N.M.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology (C.N.M.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Pathology (C.N.M.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040932. [PMID: 32230954 PMCID: PMC7230494 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating sarcopenia in older individuals remains a challenge, and nutritional interventions present promising approaches in individuals that perform limited physical exercise. We assessed the efficacy of leucine administration to evaluate whether the regular intake of this essential amino acid can improve muscle mass, muscle strength and functional performance and respiratory muscle function in institutionalized older individuals. The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind design in fifty participants aged 65 and over (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03831399). The participants were randomized to a parallel group intervention of 13 weeks’ duration with a daily intake of leucine (6 g/day) or placebo (lactose, 6 g/day). The primary outcome was to study the effect on sarcopenia and respiratory muscle function. The secondary outcomes were changes in the geriatric evaluation scales, such as cognitive function, functional impairment and nutritional assessments. We also evaluated whether leucine administration alters blood analytical parameters and inflammatory markers. Administration of leucine was well-tolerated and significantly improves some criteria of sarcopenia in elderly individuals such as functional performance measured by walking time (p = 0.011), and improved lean mass index. For respiratory muscle function, the leucine-treated group improved significantly (p = 0.026) in maximum static expiratory force compared to the placebo. No significant effects on functional impairment, cognitive function or nutritional assessment, inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha were observed after leucine administration compared to the placebo. The use of l-leucine supplementation can have some beneficial effects on sarcopenia and could be considered for the treatment of sarcopenia in older individuals.
Collapse
|