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Saad M, El-Samad LM, Gomaa RA, Augustyniak M, Hassan MA. A comprehensive review of recent advances in silk sericin: Extraction approaches, structure, biochemical characterization, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126067. [PMID: 37524279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Silks are natural polymers that have been widely used for centuries. Silk consists of a filament core protein, termed fibroin, and a glue-like coating substance formed of sericin (SER) proteins. This protein is extracted from the silkworm cocoons (particularly Bombyx mori) and is mainly composed of amino acids like glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and threonine. Silk SER can be obtained using numerous methods, including enzymatic extraction, high-temperature, autoclaving, ethanol precipitation, cross-linking, and utilizing acidic, alkali, or neutral aqueous solutions. Given the versatility and outstanding properties of SER, it is widely fabricated to produce sponges, films, and hydrogels for further use in diverse biomedical applications. Hence, many authors reported that SER benefits cell proliferation, tissue engineering, and skin tissue restoration thanks to its moisturizing features, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and mitogenic effect on mammalian cells. Remarkably, SER is used in drug delivery depending on its chemical reactivity and pH-responsiveness. These unique features of SER enhance the bioactivity of drugs, facilitating the fabrication of biomedical materials at nano- and microscales, hydrogels, and conjugated molecules. This review thoroughly outlines the extraction techniques, biological properties, and respective biomedical applications of SER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Saad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamia M El-Samad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Gomaa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Kim MW, Ham YJ, Kim HB, Lee JY, Lim JD, Lee HT. Anti-Obesity Effects of the Larval Powder of Steamed and Lyophilized Mature Silkworms in a Newly Designed Adult Mouse Model. Foods 2023; 12:3613. [PMID: 37835266 PMCID: PMC10572763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, "mature" silkworms (MS) of Bombix mori have been considered a potential nutraceutical, with a number of health benefits reported for steamed and lyophilized MS powder (SMSP). However, no obesity-related effects have been reported for SMSP. In the present study, anti-obesity effects of SMSP were investigated in adult mice in vivo, aged 12 weeks at the onset of SMSP treatment, fed a normal diet (ND) and a high-fat diet (HFD), respectively, for 12 weeks. SMSP significantly suppressed body weight gain, intra-abdominal adipose tissue, and food efficiency in both ND-fed and HFD-fed adult mice. In addition, SMSP significantly decreased food intake and liver weight in HFD-fed mice, indicating that SMSP suppressed appetite and simultaneously reduced the conversion of feed into body weight in HFD-fed mice. SMSP also significantly lowered the serum levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, asparagine transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. However, SMSP had no significant effect on the weights of the kidney, spleen, or thymus or the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Taken together, the above results suggest that SMSP has potent anti-obesity effects and is safe for long-term use as a potential therapeutic and/or nutraceutical in both obese patients and non-obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yu-Jin Ham
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Hyun-Bok Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji young Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Dae Lim
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Tai Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea; (M.W.K.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
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Rahimpour S, Jabbari H, Yousofi H, Fathi A, Mahmoodi S, Jafarian MJ, Shomali N, Shotorbani SS. Regulatory effect of sericin protein in inflammatory pathways; A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 243:154369. [PMID: 36812737 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Sericin protein is a type of protein derived from silk cocoons. Sericin hydrogen bonds cause adhesion to the silk cocoon. This substance contains a large amount of serine amino acids in its structure. At first, the medicinal properties of this substance were unknown, but today many properties have been discovered for this substance. The unique properties of this substance have made it widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The applications of Sericin in pharmacy are as follows. Sericin is used to repair wounds by producing collagen. Other uses for the drug include anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol, metabolic modulator, anti-tumor, heart protection, antioxidant, antibacterial, wound healing, cell proliferation, UV protection, freezing, and skin moisturizing. The physicochemical properties of Sericin have attracted the attention of pharmacists and their widespread use in the production of drugs and treatment of diseases. One of the critical and unique properties of Sericin is its anti-inflammatory property. In this article, this property of Sericin is discussed in detail, and according to the experiments performed by pharmacists, this substance has shown a significant effect in eliminating inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Sericin protein in relieving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rahimpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Jabbari
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Yousofi
- Faculty of paramedical science, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Fathi
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz university of medical science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Mahmoodi
- School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Silva AS, Costa EC, Reis S, Spencer C, Calhelha RC, Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Barros L, Vaz JA, Coutinho P. Silk Sericin: A Promising Sustainable Biomaterial for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224931. [PMID: 36433058 PMCID: PMC9699483 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk is a natural composite fiber composed mainly of hydrophobic fibroin and hydrophilic sericin, produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori. In the textile industry, the cocoons of B. mori are processed into silk fabric, where the sericin is substantially removed and usually discarded in wastewater. This wastewater pollutes the environment and water sources. However, sericin has been recognized as a potential biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, immunocompatibility, biodegradability, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and photoprotective properties. Moreover, sericin can produce hydrogels, films, sponges, foams, dressings, particles, fibers, etc., for various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (e.g., tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, cosmetics). Given the severe environmental pollution caused by the disposal of sericin and its beneficial properties, there has been growing interest in upcycling this biomaterial, which could have a strong and positive economic, social and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S. Silva
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C. Costa
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sara Reis
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carina Spencer
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.C.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Sónia P. Miguel
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maximiano P. Ribeiro
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Josiana A. Vaz
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.C.C.); (P.C.)
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Biganeh H, Kabiri M, Zeynalpourfattahi Y, Costa Brancalhão RM, Karimi M, Shams Ardekani MR, Rahimi R. Bombyx mori cocoon as a promising pharmacological agent: A review of ethnopharmacology, chemistry, and biological activities. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10496. [PMID: 36105465 PMCID: PMC9465338 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk cocoon, naturally produced by silkworms scientifically named Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae), is one of the well-known medicinal agents with several therapeutic activities. The present study aims to review the various aspects of the silk cocoon, including chemical composition, traditional uses, biological and biotechnological activities, and toxicological issues, to provide a scientific source for scholars. For this purpose, Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and traditional literature, were searched up to December 2021. According to the historical data, silk farming is acknowledged as one of the most ancient agricultural findings. The silk is generally composed of 75–83% fibroin, 17–25% sericin, and 1–5% non-sericin components, including secondary metabolites, wax, pigments, carbohydrates, and other impurities. Flavonoids, especially quercetin and kaempferol, alkaloids, coumarin derivatives, and phenolic acids, are among the secondary metabolites isolated from the silk cocoon. In recent years the biological properties of the silk cocoon, especially its major proteins, namely fibroin and sericin, have drawn special attention. Scientific literature has investigated several pharmacological effects of the silk cocoon and its ingredients, including cardioprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemia, gastroprotective, as well as ameliorated skin health activities. In addition, it has been extensively taken into consideration in drug delivery and tissue engineering study fields. Furthermore, its toxicity is in acceptable range.
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Lima RCD, Rodrigues TMDS, Scheibe CL, Campelo GP, Pinto LEV, Valadão GJC, Carvalho GPCD, Machado Junior MRD, Valadão JA, Lima PCRD, Leal PDC, Oliveira CMBD, Moura ECR. Weight loss and adherence to postoperative follow-up after vertical gastrectomy for obesity treatment. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e360203. [PMID: 33624720 PMCID: PMC7902054 DOI: 10.1590/acb360203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the effectiveness of vertical gastrectomy in the treatment of
obese patients, adherence to clinical follow-up and the influence of factors
such as gender and age. Methods This is a retrospective, observational and descriptive study, conducted with
patients undergoing vertical gastrectomy, operated at Hospital São Domingos,
between January 2016 and July 2018. Results Most patients undergoing vertical gastrectomy were female (n = 193, 72.28%)
and had a mean age of37.11 ± 8.96 years old. The loss of follow-up was
56.18%. Among adherent patients (n = 117; 43.82%), most patients were female
(n = 89; 76.07%) and had a mean age of 37.92 ± 9.85 years old. The mean body
mass index (BMI) of the adherents in the preoperative was 37.85 ± 3.72
kg/m2. Both BMI and excess weight (EW) showed a statistically
significant difference between pre- and postoperative period. Percentage of
excess weight loss (% EWL) was satisfactory for 96.6% of adherent patients.
Older patients had a statistically significant lower % EWL compared to the
other groups. Conclusions Vertical gastrectomy was effective in the treatment of obese patients, with
significant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Plinio da Cunha Leal
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Ed Carlos Rey Moura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brazil
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Safety Assessment of Water-Extract Sericin from Silkworm ( Bombyx mori) Cocoons Using Different Model Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9689386. [PMID: 33204730 PMCID: PMC7665922 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9689386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sericin is a natural protein component of silks of silkworm and has potential utility in multiple areas such as pharmacological, cosmetics, and biotechnological industries. However, the understanding of its toxicological safety is still limited. This study evaluated the safety of water-extract sericin from silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoons using different model approaches, including three genotoxicity studies (the bacterial reverse mutation test, the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and the mouse spermatogonia chromosomal aberration test) and a 90-day subchronic toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The results of this study showed that water-extract sericin was nonmutagenic and nongenotoxic both in vitro and in vivo. Sericin did not induce significant changes in the body and organ weight, food intake, blood hematology and serum biochemistry, urine index, and histopathology in rats. The NOAEL of sericin was determined to be 1 g/kg/day for male and female rats. These results indicated that water-extract sericin was of low toxicity in the experimental conditions of the current study and had the potential for application in food-related products.
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