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Fujitani M, Kishida T, Shimizu E, Ishikawa J. Difructose anhydride III decreases body fat as a low-energy substitute or by decreasing energy intake in non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized female rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1425-1432. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1314756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of difructose anhydride III (DFAIII) on body weights of ovariectomized rats, which are a good model for obesity by estrogen deficiency-induced overeating. Female rats (10 weeks old) were subjected to ovariectomy or sham operation and then fed with or without a diet containing 3% or 6% DFAIII for 33 days or pair-fed control diet during the same period. Rats fed DFAIII showed significantly decreased food intake, energy intake, body weight gain, body energy accumulation, and fat tissue weight than control group, regardless of ovariectomy. DFAIII may decrease body fat dependent of reduced food/energy intake. Compared with the respective pair feeding groups, rats fed DFAIII showed significantly decreased body energy and fat tissue weight, regardless of ovariectomy, suggesting its potential as a low-energy substitute for high-energy sweeteners. The low energy of DFAIII may contribute to decreased body fat, which may not be dependent on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fujitani
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Junji Ishikawa
- Central Research and Development Laboratory, FANCL Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Robust circadian rhythms in metabolic processes have been described in both humans and animal models, at the whole body, individual organ, and even cellular level. Classically, these time-of-day-dependent rhythms have been considered secondary to fluctuations in energy/nutrient supply/demand associated with feeding/fasting and wake/sleep cycles. Renewed interest in this field has been fueled by studies revealing that these rhythms are driven, at least in part, by intrinsic mechanisms and that disruption of metabolic synchrony invariably increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease. The objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive review regarding rhythms in glucose, lipid, and protein/amino acid metabolism, the relative influence of extrinsic (eg, neurohumoral factors) versus intrinsic (eg, cell autonomous circadian clocks) mediators, the physiologic roles of these rhythms in terms of daily fluctuations in nutrient availability and activity status, as well as the pathologic consequences of dyssynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R McGinnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Notomi T, Karasaki I, Okazaki Y, Okimoto N, Kato Y, Ohura K, Noda M, Nakamura T, Suzuki M. Insulinogenic sucrose+amino acid mixture ingestion immediately after resistance exercise has an anabolic effect on bone compared with non-insulinogenic fructose+amino acid mixture in growing rats. Bone 2014; 65:42-8. [PMID: 24815919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing peak bone mass is an important factor in osteoporosis prevention. Resistance exercise increases bone mass and strength, while nutritional supplements have beneficial effects on bone loss reduction. We have previously shown that the combined intake of sucrose and amino acids (AA), which is strongly insulinogenic, efficiently increased muscle protein synthesis. To investigate the effects of sugar and an AA solution immediately after resistance exercise, we compared insulinogenic sucrose and non-insulinogenic fructose combined with an AA solution with or without resistance exercise. Sucrose intake immediately after resistance exercise increased the trabecular bone mass and compressive maximum load compared with fructose+AA intake after exercise. Additionally, combined sucrose+AA and exercise increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption more than combined fructose and exercise. Serum insulin levels were greatly increased by sucrose+AA intake with exercise. In culture experiments, neither sugar+AA affected osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. In a gene expression study, sucrose+AA intake after resistance exercise was shown to upregulate the Runx2 expression level and decrease RANKL/OPG ratio. These results suggest that the combined intake of sucrose and an AA solution immediately after resistance exercise exerts anabolic effects on bone by altering gene expression related to bone remodeling. Although translation of our bone remodeling findings from animal to human studies has been challenging, our findings suggest that exercise with sugar+AA intake may contribute to improved bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Notomi
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Ikuaki Karasaki
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yuichi Okazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yushi Kato
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohura
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masashige Suzuki
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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AOI WATARU, YAMAUCHI HARUKA, IWASA MASAYO, MUNE KEITARO, FURUTA KAORI, TANIMURA YUKO, WADA SAYORI, HIGASHI AKANE. Combined Light Exercise after Meal Intake Suppresses Postprandial Serum Triglyceride. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:245-52. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826f3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Akimoto T, Pohnert SC, Li P, Zhang M, Gumbs C, Rosenberg PB, Williams RS, Yan Z. Exercise stimulates Pgc-1alpha transcription in skeletal muscle through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:19587-93. [PMID: 15767263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408862200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and slow fiber formation in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in response to increased muscle activity stimulated Pgc-1alpha gene transcription as part of the mechanisms for skeletal muscle adaptation. Here we report that a single bout of voluntary running induced a transient increase of Pgc-1alpha mRNA expression in mouse plantaris muscle, concurrent with an activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in cultured C2C12 myocytes stimulated Pgc-1alpha promoter activity, which could be blocked by the specific inhibitors of p38, SB203580 and SB202190, or a dominant negative p38. Furthermore, the p38-mediated increase in Pgc-1alpha promoter activity was enhanced by increased expression of the downstream transcription factor ATF2 and completely blocked by ATF2DeltaN, a dominant negative ATF2. Skeletal muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active activator of p38, MKK6E, in transgenic mice resulted in enhanced Pgc-1alpha and cytochrome oxidase IV protein expression in fast-twitch skeletal muscles. These findings suggest that contractile activity-induced activation of the p38 MAPK pathway promotes Pgc-1alpha gene expression and skeletal muscle adaptation.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 2
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase 6/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase 6/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Physical Exertion/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Saitoh S, Matsuo T, Suzuki M. The effects of a high carbohydrate diet on postprandial energy expenditure during exercise in rats. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 66:445-50. [PMID: 8330614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00599619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Whether or not a high intake of carbohydrate increases postprandial energy expenditure during exercise was studied in rats. The rats were meal-fed regularly twice a day (0800-0900 hours and 1800-1900 hours) on either a high carbohydrate (CHO) (carbohydrate/fat/protein = 70/5/25, % of energy) or high fat (FAT) (35/40/25) diet for 12 days. On the final day of the experiment, all of the rats in each dietary group were fed an evening meal containing equal amounts of energy (420 kJ.kg-1 body mass). After the meal, they were divided into three subgroups: pre-exercise control (PC), exercise (EX), and resting control (RC). The PC-CHO and PC-FAT groups were sacrificed at 2030 hours. The EX-CHO and EX-FAT groups were given a period of 3-h swimming, and then sacrificed at 2330 hours. The RC-CHO and RC-FAT groups rested after the meal and were sacrificed at 2330 hours. Total energy expenditure during the period 1.5 h from the commencement of exercise was higher in EX-CHO than in EX-FAT. The respiratory exchange ratio was also higher in EX-CHO than in EX-FAT, suggesting enhanced carbohydrate oxidation in the former. Compared with both PC-FAT and RC-FAT, the liver glycogen content of EX-FAT rats was significantly decreased by exercise. On the other hand, the liver glycogen content of both EX-CHO and RC-CHO was higher than that of PC-CHO rats. The glycogen content of soleus muscle of EX-FAT was slightly decreased during exercise, however, that of EX-CHO increased significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Saitoh S, Shimomura Y, Tasaki Y, Suzuki M. Effect of short-term exercise training on muscle glycogen in resting conditions in rats fed a high fat diet. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 64:62-7. [PMID: 1735414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00376442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that exercise training increases muscle glycogen storage in rats fed a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet in resting conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a 3-week swimming training programme would increase muscle glycogen stores in rats fed a high-fat (FAT) diet in resting conditions. Rats were fed either the FAT or CHO diet for 7 days ad libitum, and then were fed regularly twice a day (between 0800 and 0830 hours and 1800 and 1830 hours) for 32 days. During this period of regular feeding, half of the rats in both dietary groups had swimming training for 3 weeks and the other half were sedentary. The rats were not exercised for 48 h before sacrifice. All rats were killed 2 h after their final meal (2030 hours). The glycogen contents in red gastrocnemius muscle, heart and liver were significantly higher in sedentary rats fed the CHO diet than in those fed the FAT diet. Exercise training clearly increased glycogen content in soleus, red gastrocnemius and heart muscle in rats fed the CHO diet. In rats fed the FAT diet, however, training did not increase glycogen content in these muscles or the heart. Exercise training resulted in an 87% increase of total glycogen synthase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed the CHO diet. However, this was not observed in rats fed the FAT diet. The total glycogen phosphorylase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rats of both dietary groups was increased approximately twofold by training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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