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Cersosimo LM, Graham M, Monestier A, Pavao A, Worley JN, Peltier J, Dupuy B, Bry L. Central in vivo mechanisms by which C. difficile's proline reductase drives efficient metabolism, growth, and toxin production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541423. [PMID: 37292778 PMCID: PMC10245720 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a sporulating and toxin-producing nosocomial pathogen that opportunistically infects the gut, particularly in patients with depleted microbiota after antibiotic exposure. Metabolically, CD rapidly generates energy and substrates for growth from Stickland fermentations of amino acids, with proline being a preferred reductive substrate. To investigate the in vivo effects of reductive proline metabolism on C. difficile's virulence in an enriched gut nutrient environment, we evaluated wild-type and isogenic ΔprdB strains of ATCC43255 on pathogen behaviors and host outcomes in highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice. Mice infected with the ΔprdB mutant demonstrated extended survival via delayed colonization, growth and toxin production but ultimately succumbed to disease. In vivo transcriptomic analyses demonstrated how the absence of proline reductase activity more broadly disrupted the pathogen's metabolism including failure to recruit oxidative Stickland pathways, ornithine transformations to alanine, and additional pathways generating growth-promoting substrates, contributing to delayed growth, sporulation, and toxin production. Our findings illustrate the central role for proline reductase metabolism to support early stages of C. difficile colonization and subsequent impact on the pathogen's ability to rapidly expand and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Cersosimo
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Madeline Graham
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Auriane Monestier
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Aidan Pavao
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jay N. Worley
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruno Dupuy
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lynn Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
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Fiocca K, Barrett M, Waddell EA, Viveiros J, McNair C, O’Donnell S, Marenda DR. Mannitol ingestion causes concentration-dependent, sex-biased mortality in adults of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213760. [PMID: 31150400 PMCID: PMC6544200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannitol, a sugar alcohol used in commercial food products, has been previously shown to induce sex-biased mortality in female Drosophila melanogaster when ingested at a single concentration (1 M). We hypothesized that sex differences in energy needs, related to reproductive costs, contributed to the increased mortality we observed in females compared to males. To test this, we compared the longevity of actively mating and non-mating flies fed increasing concentrations of mannitol. We also asked whether mannitol-induced mortality was concentration-dependent for both males and females, and if mannitol's sex-biased effects were consistent across concentrations. Females and males both showed concentration-dependent increases in mortality, but female mortality was consistently higher at concentrations of 0.75 M and above. Additionally, fly longevity decreased further for both sexes when housed in mixed sex vials as compared to single sex vials. This suggests that the increased energetic demands of mating and reproduction for both sexes increased the ingestion of mannitol. Finally, larvae raised on mannitol produced expected adult sex ratios, suggesting that sex-biased mortality due to the ingestion of mannitol occurs only in adults. We conclude that sex and reproductive status differences in mannitol ingestion drive sex-biased differences in adult fly mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fiocca
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Meghan Barrett
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Waddell
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Viveiros
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cheyenne McNair
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sean O’Donnell
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Marenda
- Department of Biology Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- * E-mail:
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Pérez-Jiménez J, Díaz-Rubio ME, Saura-Calixto F. Obtainment and characterization of a potential functional ingredient from olive. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:749-54. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1095863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xiao J, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits. Nutrients 2015; 7:8348-65. [PMID: 26426045 PMCID: PMC4632417 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigestible sugars (iS) have received particular interest in food and nutrition research due to their prebiotic properties and other health benefits in humans and animals. The main aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding digestive and health-enhancing properties of iS such as sugar alcohols, oligosacharides, and polysaccharides, in rodents and rabbits. Besides ameliorating gut health, iS ingestion also elicits laxative effects and stimulate intestinal permeability and fluid secretions, thereby shortening digesta transit time and increasing stool mass and quality. In rodents and rabbits, as hindgut fermenters, consumption of iS leads to an improved nutrient digestibility, too. Cecal fermentation of iS reduces luminal pH and extends wall tissue facilitating absorption of key dietary minerals across hindgut. The microbial fermentation of iS also enhances excessive blood nitrogen (N) flowing into the cecum to be used as N source for bacterial growth, enhancing N retention in cecotrophic animals. This review also highlights the impact of iS on improving lipid metabolism, mainly by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. The paper serves as an index of the current knowledge of iS effects in rodents and rabbits and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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Kawasaki K, Min X, Li X, Hasegawa E, Sakaguchi E. Transfer of blood urea nitrogen to cecal microbial nitrogen is increased by fructo-oligosaccharide feeding in guinea pigs. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:77-82. [PMID: 24961929 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the mechanism by which nitrogen (N) availability is improved by fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) in guinea pigs. Adult male guinea pigs were fed a commercial pellet diet (50 g/day) with either 5% glucose or 5% FOS for 7 days in individual metabolism cages. After 7 days of feeding the diet, (15) N-urea was administered intravenously 1 h before slaughter under anesthesia. The amount and concentration of total, protein, bacterial, ammonia and urea N and the (15) N atom % excess were measured in blood, liver, gut contents and urine. The (15) N atom % excess of total and protein N, and the amount of total, protein and bacteria N and (15) N in the cecum were significantly increased by the consumption of FOS. Furthermore, the concentration and amount of short-chain fatty acids were significantly increased by the consumption of FOS. In contrast, the amount of urinary (15) N was significantly decreased by the consumption of FOS. These results suggest that consumption of FOS increases transfer of blood urea N into the large intestine for bacterial N synthesis, which is subsequently re-absorbed by cecotrophy, and contributes to the increase of N utilization in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Min X, Xiao J, Kawasaki K, Li X, Sakaguchi E. Transfer of blood urea nitrogen to cecal microbes and nitrogen retention in mature rabbits are increased by dietary fructooligosaccharides. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:671-7. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Jin Xiao
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Ei Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University Okayama Japan
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Xiao J, Li X, Min X, Sakaguchi E. Mannitol improves absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium in growing rats. Nutrition 2013; 29:325-31. [PMID: 23237654 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistant sugars, which have several desirable properties, are often used in food production and the pharmaceutical industry. We evaluated the effects of mannitol on the absorption and retention of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in growing rats. METHODS In experiment 1, 4-wk-old growing male Wistar rats were given a control diet (C) or mannitol diets containing 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% mannitol (2M, 4M, 6M, or 8M, respectively) for 28 d to measure the absorption and retention of Ca and Mg. In the last 7 d of the feeding trial, the non-absorbable marker chromium-mordant cellulose was added to the experimental diets to estimate Ca and Mg absorbability in the intestinal segments. In experiment 2, 9-wk-old growing male Wistar rats were fed for 7 d with the experimental diets (C, 4M, or 8M) to observe cecal parameters. RESULTS Apparent Ca absorption and retention in bone were significantly increased by 6M and 8M. Apparent Mg absorption was significantly increased by 4M, 6M, and 8M, whereas Mg retention in bone was significantly increased by 8M. The Ca/Cr and Mg/Cr in cecal digesta were similar in all groups. Fecal Ca/Cr was significantly decreased by 6M and 8M and Mg/Cr was significantly decreased by 4M, 6M, and 8M. In experiment 2, cecal weight and tissue weight were significantly increased by 8M. A significant decrease in pH was concomitant with a significant change in cecal organic acid concentrations after mannitol consumption. CONCLUSION Absorption and retention of Ca and Mg are promoted by mannitol feeding through the fermentation of mannitol in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Division of Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Min X, Li X, Hiura S, Kawasaki K, Xiao J, Sakaguchi E. Effect of D-mannitol on nitrogen retention, fiber digestibility and digesta transit time in adult rabbits. Anim Sci J 2013; 84:551-5. [PMID: 23607547 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to elucidate the effect of gastrointestinal retention time of digesta on fiber digestibility in adult rabbits fed indigestible, but fermentable, sugar D-mannitol. Six adult rabbits were fed alternately a commercial diet containing 5% glucose and a diet containing D-mannitol. Total feces and urine were collected during the experimental period. Nitrogen (N) balance, digestibility of nutrients, and gastrointestinal mean retention time (MRT) were measured. The results indicated that urinary excretion was significantly lowered, whereas N retention and N accumulation rates were significantly increased in the D-mannitol group compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). However, fecal N excretion was unaffected. Absorption of crude ash (CA) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility were significantly higher in the D-mannitol group compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). The addition of D-mannitol to the diet did not affect the MRT of liquid digesta, but increased the MRT of solid digesta compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the addition of D-mannitol to the diet stimulates cecal bacterial growth, thereby increasing N utilization and digesta retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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HONGO R, NAKAMURA S, OKU T. Utilization of Orally Administered D-[14C]Mannitol via Fermentation by Intestinal Microbes in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2010; 56:387-95. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.56.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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