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Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications-Is There a Missing Link? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091913. [PMID: 34576810 PMCID: PMC8472650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications.
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Yao H, Sun Z, Zang G, Zhang L, Hou L, Shao C, Wang Z. Epidemiological Research Advances in Vascular Calcification in Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4461311. [PMID: 34631895 PMCID: PMC8500764 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4461311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the transformation of arterial wall mesenchymal cells, particularly smooth muscle cells (SMCs), into osteoblast phenotypes by various pathological factors. Additionally, vascular transformation mediates the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the vascular wall, such as intimal and media calcification. Various pathological types have been described, such as calcification and valve calcification. The incidence of vascular calcification in patients with diabetes is much higher than that in nondiabetic patients, representing a critical cause of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Because basic research on the clinical transformation of vascular calcification has yet to be conducted, this study systematically expounds on the risk factors for vascular calcification, vascular bed differences, sex differences, ethnic differences, diagnosis, severity assessments, and treatments to facilitate the identification of a new entry point for basic research and subsequent clinical transformation regarding vascular calcification and corresponding clinical evaluation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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3
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Li Y, Ma G, Zhou Q, Li Y, Huang Z. Nutrient contents predict the bamboo-leaf-based diet of Assamese macaques living in limestone forests of southwest Guangxi, China. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5570-5581. [PMID: 32607175 PMCID: PMC7319238 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the nutrient factors influencing food choice provides important insight into the feeding strategy of animals, which is crucial for understanding their behavioral response to environmental changes. A bamboo-leaf-based diet is rare among mammals. Animals' food choice and nutritional goals have been explained by several frameworks; however, the influence of nutrients on food choice in bamboo-leaf-based macaques is not yet available. Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) inhabiting limestone forests are characterized by such a bamboo-leaf-based diet, predominantly consuming young leaves of Bonia saxatilis, a shrubby, karst-endemic bamboo. We studied the feeding behavior of one group of Assamese macaques using instantaneous scan sampling in limestone forests of the Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve in southwest Guangxi, China. We compared the nutrient content of staple food and nonfood items and examine the role of key nutrients in the food selection of macaques. Our results showed that young leaves of bamboo B. saxatilis contained more water, crude protein, phosphorus, and less tannin than nonfood items. Furthermore, staple foods contained a higher content of water and less content of calcium than nonfood items. More specifically, quantities of water, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus in food items were critical factors affecting feeding time on a specific plant item. Our results suggest that young bamboo leaves could meet macaques' required protein and water intake, while enabling them to maintain their mineral balance, consequently facilitating to maintain the primates' bamboo-leaf-diet in the limestone forest. Our findings confirm the effects of nutrient contents in food choice of Assamese macaques, highlighting the importance of the nutrient contents in maintaining their bamboo-based diet and the need to increase the knowledge on their nutritional strategy adapted to the bamboo-dominated diet inhabiting the unique limestone habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Guangzhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qihai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Youbang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Zhonghao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- School of Life SciencesSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
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4
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Hu ZB, Wei B, Wu SK, Sun JC, Xiang M, Zhang ZM. Changes in bone mineral density and bone metabolic indexes in ankylosing spondylitis mouse model complicated with osteoporosis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:811-815. [PMID: 30116335 PMCID: PMC6090276 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in bone mineral density and bone metabolic indexes in a model of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) mice complicated with osteoporosis (OP) were investigated. BLAB/c mice were used as the subjects. AS was induced using proteoglycan, and OP was induced using tail suspension method. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: AS group, OP group, AS + OP group and negative control group. Changes in bone mineral density, bone strength, serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), in mice of each group were detected and compared. There were statistically significant differences in bone mineral density and bone strength among groups. Compared with the negative control group, bone mineral density and bone strength in the AS, the OP and the AS + OP groups were significantly decreased, and the lowest bone mineral density and bone strength were found in the AS + OP group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in bone mineral density and bone strength between the AS group and the OP group. Significant differences in serum Ca, ALP and TRACP but not in serum phosphorus were found among groups. Compared with the control group, serum levels of Ca and TRACP in the AS, the OP and the AS + OP groups were significantly increased, while levels of ALP were obviously decreased (P<0.05). Bone destruction in AS mice complicated with osteoarthritis was more serious than that in mice with simple AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bing Hu
- Orthopaedic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University,Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China.,Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ke Wu
- Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Cong Sun
- Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Min Xiang
- Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Min Zhang
- Orthopaedic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University,Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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Xu X, Jia X, Mo L, Liu C, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhou X. Intestinal microbiota: a potential target for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Res 2017; 5:17046. [PMID: 28983411 PMCID: PMC5627629 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by bone loss and structural destruction, which increases the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Owing to the high morbidity and serious complications of PMO, many efforts have been devoted to its prophylaxis and treatment. The intestinal microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics, which are dietary or medical supplements consisting of beneficial intestinal bacteria, work in concert with endogenous intestinal microorganisms to maintain host health. Recent studies have revealed that bone loss in PMO is closely related to host immunity, which is influenced by the intestinal microbiota. The curative effects of probiotics on metabolic bone diseases have also been demonstrated. The effects of the intestinal microbiota on bone metabolism suggest a promising target for PMO management. This review seeks to summarize the critical effects of the intestinal microbiota and probiotics on PMO, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic relationship between bacteria and host, and to define the possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dental Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shapiro G, Bez M, Tawackoli W, Gazit Z, Gazit D, Pelled G. Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994771 DOI: 10.3791/55928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a common and clinically unmet need with increasing prevalence as the world population ages. Animal OVCF models are essential to the preclinical development of translational tissue engineering strategies. While a number of models currently exist, this protocol describes an optimized method for inducing multiple highly reproducible vertebral defects in a single nude rat. A novel longitudinal semiautomated microcomputed tomography (µCT)-based quantitative structural analysis of the vertebral defects is also detailed. Briefly, rats were imaged at multiple time points post-op. The day 1 scan was reoriented to a standard position, and a standard volume of interest was defined. Subsequent µCT scans of each rat were automatically registered to the day 1 scan so the same volume of interest was then analyzed to assess for new bone formation. This versatile approach can be adapted to a variety of other models where longitudinal imaging-based analysis could benefit from precise 3D semiautomated alignment. Taken together, this protocol describes a readily quantifiable and easily reproducible system for osteoporosis and bone research. The suggested protocol takes 4 months to induce osteoporosis in nude ovariectomized rats and between 2.7 and 4 h to generate, image, and analyze two vertebral defects, depending on tissue size and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shapiro
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Maxim Bez
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Dan Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center;
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7
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Pramme-Steinwachs I, Jastroch M, Ussar S. Extracellular calcium modulates brown adipocyte differentiation and identity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8888. [PMID: 28827782 PMCID: PMC5567186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes are important in regulating non-shivering thermogenesis, whole body glucose and lipid homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports an important role of metabolites as well as macro- and micronutrients in brown adipocyte differentiation and function. Calcium is one of the most abundant ions in the body regulating multiple cellular processes. We observed that increasing extracellular calcium concentration during brown adipocyte differentiation blocks lipid accumulation and suppresses induction of major adipogenic transcription factors such as PPARγ and C/EBPα. In contrast, the depletion of calcium in the medium enhances adipogenesis and expression of brown adipocyte selective genes, such as UCP1. Mechanistically, we show that elevated extracellular calcium inhibits C/EBPβ activity through hyperactivation of ERK, a process that is independent of intracellular calcium levels and reversibly halts differentiation. Moreover, increased extracellular calcium solely after the induction phase of differentiation specifically suppresses gene expression of UCP1, PRDM16 and PGC1-α. Notably, depleting extracellular calcium provokes opposite effects. Together, we show that modulating extracellular calcium concentration controls brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic gene expression, highlighting the importance of tissue microenvironment on brown adipocyte heterogeneity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pramme-Steinwachs
- JRG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- JRG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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8
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Agata U, Park JH, Hattori S, Aikawa Y, Kakutani Y, Ezawa I, Akimoto T, Omi N. The Impact of Different Amounts of Calcium Intake on Bone Mass and Arterial Calcification in Ovariectomized Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 61:391-9. [PMID: 26639847 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced estrogen secretion and low calcium (Ca) intake are risk factors for bone loss and arterial calcification in female rodents. To evaluate the effects of Ca intake at different amounts on bone mass changes and arterial calcification, 8-wk-old female Wistar rats were randomly placed in ovariectomized (OVX) control and OVX with vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment groups. The OVX with VDN rats were then divided into six groups to receive different amounts of Ca in their diets: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, or 2.4% Ca. After 8 wk of administration, low Ca intake groups with 0.01% and 0.1% Ca diets had significantly reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mechanical properties as compared with those of the other groups, whereas high Ca intake groups with 1.2% and 2.4% Ca diets showed no differences as compared with the 0.6% Ca intake group. For both the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca intake groups, Ca levels in their thoracic arteries were significantly higher as compared with those of the 0.6% Ca diet group, and that was highly correlated with serum PTH levels. An increase in relative BMP-2 mRNA expression in the arterial tissues of the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca diet groups was also observed. These results suggested that extremely low Ca intake during periods of estrogen deficiency may be a possible risk for the complications of reduced BMD and arterial calcification and that extremely high Ca intake may promote arterial calcification with no changes in BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umon Agata
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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9
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Nagai N, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Ito Y. Increased Expression of Interleukin-18 in Lenses of Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:138-42. [PMID: 26725437 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed an increased prevalence of cataracts in postmenopausal women. In this study, we investigated changes in the levels of calcium ion (Ca(2+)) and interleukin (IL)-18, which are factors in cataract development, in the lenses of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a model of postmenopausal woman. Although the Ca(2+) content in the blood of OVX rats increased 1 month after ovariectomy and subsequently decreased, the Ca(2+) content in the lenses was unchanged in OVX rats 1-3 months after ovariectomy. The Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the lenses of OVX rats peaked 1 month after ovariectomy, and the behavior of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in lenses of OVX rats was similar to that of the Ca(2+) concentration in the blood. It is possible that hypercalcemia increases the Ca(2+) inflow into the lens; however, the enhanced Ca(2+)-ATPase activity prevents the Ca(2+) level from rising. On the other hand, we found that the levels of both IL-18 and interferon (IFN)-γ in the lenses of OVX rats were significantly increased as compared with the lenses of sham (control) rats during the period 1-3 months after surgery. These results suggest that the expression of IFN-γ via IL-18 in the lenses of OVX rats is induced by ovariectomy, and that excessive IL-18 and IFN-γ production in the lenses may be related to cataract development in postmenopausal women. These findings support those of previous studies that assessed lens opacification in postmenopausal women.
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Mineral and Skeletal Homeostasis Influence the Manner of Bone Loss in Metabolic Osteoporosis due to Calcium-Deprived Diet in Different Sites of Rat Vertebra and Femur. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:304178. [PMID: 26064895 PMCID: PMC4434225 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rats fed calcium-deprived diet develop osteoporosis due to enhanced bone resorption, secondary to parathyroid overactivity resulting from nutritional hypocalcemia. Therefore, rats provide a good experimental animal model for studying bone modelling alterations during biochemical osteoporosis. Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) baseline, (2) normal diet for 4 weeks, (3) calcium-deprived diet for 4 weeks, and (4) calcium-deprived diet for 4 weeks and concomitant administration of PTH (1-34) 40 µg/Kg/day. Histomorphometrical analyses were made on cortical and trabecular bone of lumbar vertebral body as well as of mid-diaphysis and distal metaphysis of femur. In all rats fed calcium-deprived diet, despite the reduction of trabecular number (due to the maintenance of mineral homeostasis), an intense activity of bone deposition occurs on the surface of the few remaining trabeculae (in answering to mechanical stresses and, consequently, to maintain the skeletal homeostasis). Different responses were detected in different sites of cortical bone, depending on their main function in answering mineral or skeletal homeostasis. This study represents the starting point for work-in-progress researches, with the aim of defining in detail timing and manners of evolution and recovery of biochemical osteoporosis.
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A review of the effect of diet on cardiovascular calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8861-83. [PMID: 25906474 PMCID: PMC4425113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) calcification is known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis and is recognised as a predictor of CV events and mortality. As yet there is no treatment for CV calcification and conventional CV risk factors are not consistently correlated, leaving clinicians uncertain as to optimum management for these patients. For this reason, a review of studies investigating diet and serum levels of macro- and micronutrients was carried out. Although there were few human studies of macronutrients, nevertheless transfats and simple sugars should be avoided, while long chain ω-3 fats from oily fish may be protective. Among the micronutrients, an intake of 800 μg/day calcium was beneficial in those without renal disease or hyperparathyroidism, while inorganic phosphorus from food preservatives and colas may induce calcification. A high intake of magnesium (≥380 mg/day) and phylloquinone (500 μg/day) proved protective, as did a serum 25(OH)D concentration of ≥75 nmol/L. Although oxidative damage appears to be a cause of CV calcification, the antioxidant vitamins proved to be largely ineffective, while supplementation of α-tocopherol may induce calcification. Nevertheless other antioxidant compounds (epigallocatechin gallate from green tea and resveratrol from red wine) were protective. Finally, a homocysteine concentration >12 µmol/L was predictive of CV calcification, although a plasma folate concentration of >39.4 nmol/L could both lower homocysteine and protect against calcification. In terms of a dietary programme, these recommendations indicate avoiding sugar and the transfats and preservatives found in processed foods and drinks and adopting a diet high in oily fish and vegetables. The micronutrients magnesium and vitamin K may be worthy of further investigation as a treatment option for CV calcification.
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12
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Ochiai M, Kuroda T, Gohtani S, Matsuo T. Dietary protein derived from dried bonito fish improves type-2 diabetes mellitus-induced bone frailty in Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H848-56. [PMID: 25716219 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces bone frailty. Protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contained in fish can be effective in enhancing bone quality, but the bone developing effect of fish protein containing less PUFA has not been evaluated in young animals with T2DM. We prepared a bonito fish (BF) and defatted BF (DBF) and hypothesized that protein contained in BF and DBF would be effective for mitigating the effects of T2DM-induced bone frailty. We mainly evaluated the effect of dietary BF and DBF on bone and apparent calcium absorption in young Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with T2DM. GK rats were divided into 3 groups based on diets (casein, BF, and DBF) and fed with each diet for 6 wk. Wistar rats were fed with the casein diet as a non-T2DM control. Bone mass, bone strength, apparent calcium absorption, and serum biochemical parameters were determined. The dry weight and strength of the femurs were lower in the GK rats than in the Wistar rats fed with the casein diet. Dietary intake of the BF and DBF diets enhanced the maximum load and dry weight of the femurs and suppressed the serum alkaline phosphatase activity although the apparent calcium absorption was lower in the GK rats fed with the BF and DBF diets than in those fed with the casein diet. These parameters were not different between the rats fed with the BF and DBF diets. Our data suggest that protein contained in the BF and DBF diets improved T2DM-induced bone frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ochiai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa Univ, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
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Nagai N, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Ito Y, Funakami Y, Okamoto N, Shimomura Y. Hypercalcemia Leads to Delayed Corneal Wound Healing in Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1063-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Norio Okamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University
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Nakada H, Sakae T, Watanabe T, Takahashi T, Fujita K, Tanimoto Y, Teranishi M, Kato T, Kawai Y. A New Osteoporosis Prevention Supplements-diet Improve Bone Mineral Density in Ovariectomized Rats on Micro-CT. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Nakada H, Sakae T, Watanabe T, Takahashi T, Fujita K, Tanimoto Y, Okada H, Kaneda T, Kato T, Kawai Y. Structure Model Index Changes in the Femoral Epiphyseal Region on Micro-Computed Tomography Caused by a Supplement Diet in Ovariectomized Rats. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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