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Cavallo S. Immune-mediated genesis of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100039. [PMID: 32743522 PMCID: PMC7388381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely acknowledged to be an autoimmune disease affecting the neuronal myelin structure of the CNS. Autoantigens recognized as the target of this autoimmune process are: myelin basal protein, anti-proteolipid protein, antimyelin-associated glycoprotein and antimyelin-based oligodendrocytic basic protein. Ample evidence supports the idea of a dysregulation of immunological tolerance towards self-antigens of neuronal myelin structure triggered by one or more viral or bacterial microbial agents in predisposed HLA gene subjects. Genetic predisposition to MS has been highlighted by numerous studies associating the disease to specific HLA haplotypes. Moreover, a wide range of evidence supports the fact that MS may be consequence of one or more viral or bacterial infections such as measles virus, EBV, HHV6, HZV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter Pylori, and other microbial agents. Microbiota elements also seems to have a role on the determinism of the disease as a pathogenic or protective factor. The autoimmune pathogenetic process could arise when a molecular mimicry between a foreign microbial antigen and an auto-antigen occurs in an HLA gene subject competent for that particular antigen. The antigen-presenting cells in this case would induce the activation of a specific Th clone causing a cross-reaction between a foreign antigen and an autoantigen resulting in an autoimmune response. A multifactorial ethiopathogenetic model based on immunomediation is a reliable hypothesis for multiple sclerosis. Evidence found in the scientific literature makes it possible to reconstruct this etiopathogenetic hypothesis for MS. HLA gene predisposition, correlation with infections, molecular mimicry and other immunological data are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cavallo
- Expert Doctor in Non-Conventional Medicine, Professor and Member of the Board of the MMS, MMS (Medicina di Modulazione Dei Sistemi) Roma, Salvatore Cavallo Via G.B. Pergolesi, 28, 75100, Matera, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling Norrby
- Department of Virology, Karolinska Institutet, School of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bodvar Vandvik
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, and Department of Neurology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Salmi A, Panelius M, Vainionpää R. Antibodies against different viral antigens in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 50:183-93. [PMID: 4209144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1974.tb02771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Panelius M, Salmi A, Halonen PE, Kivalo E, Rinne UK, Penttinen K. Virus antibodies in serum specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis, from siblings, and matched controls. A final report. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 49:85-107. [PMID: 4684595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Introduction
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 25-1986. A 24-year-old woman with a three-month history of progressive mental deterioration. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1689-700. [PMID: 3713772 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198606263142607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Dekonenko EP, Ivanov AP, Andreeva LS, Tkachenko EA. Appearance of antibodies to two viruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aseptic meningitis. Acta Neurol Scand 1985; 71:146-9. [PMID: 3984681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb03179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of aseptic meningitis with simultaneous presence of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and mumps viruses were observed. In the 1st patient antibodies to both viruses appeared in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The 2nd patient displayed rising serum antibodies to both viruses and CSF antibodies to mumps virus. Immunological findings and clinical features of the patients are discussed.
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Fuchs S, Bartfeld D, Eshhar Z, Feingold C, Mochly-Rosen D, Novick D, Schwartz M, Tarrab-Hazdai R. Immune regulation of experimental myasthenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43:634-43. [PMID: 7400824 PMCID: PMC490630 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.43.7.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is an appropriate model for studying the molecular origin, immunological mechanism and regulation of myasthenia gravis. Several approaches are being utilised for the regulation of the immune response to AChR and for immunosuppression of EAMG: Corticosteriods and azathioprine can suppress EAMG concomitantly with suppression of immune responses to AChR. High dose cyclophosphamide treatment in mice facilitates the onset of EAMG and results in a selective suppression of the humoral response to AChR whereas the cellular response is enhanced. Specific immunosuppression of EAMG is achieved by using a nonmyasthenic, denatured AChR preparation which cross reacts with the intact receptor. Various degradations and modifications of AChR are being performed in order to identify the smallest molecular entity responsible for the myasthenic activity of AChR. Studies on specific monoclonal antibodies, anti-idiotypes, and on the effect of measles virus on EAMG are being described and their possible significance in regulating myasthenia are being discussed.
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Nordal HJ, Vandvik B, Norrby E. Multiple sclerosis: local synthesis of electrophoretically restricted measles, rubella, mumps and herpes simplex virus antibodies in the central nervous system. Scand J Immunol 1978; 7:473-9. [PMID: 210498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An imprint electroimmunofixation (IEIF) technique was used to study measles, rubella, mumps and herpes simplex virus antibodies in serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ten patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Electrophoretically restricted virus-specific antibodies were detected in sera or CSF from nine of the ten patients. Comparison of the antibody patterns in matching serum and CSF samples indicated that electrophoretically restricted populations of antibody against one or more of the four viruses were produced locally in the central nervous system of nine patients. No association between the locally produced antibody populations the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF could be demonstrated. The virus-specific antibodies studied thus seem to constitute only a minor fraction of the total IgG of the CSF from MS patients.
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Link H. The immune response in human demyelinating diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 100:529-43. [PMID: 696479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2514-7_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes present in the brain, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are capable of synthesizing IgG. The CSF in MS contains more T-lymphocytes and fewer B-lymphocytes compared to blood. The reactivity of CSF lymphocytes in MS to T-cell mitogens and probably also to a combined B-and T-cell mitogen is absent or heavily reduced. This unresponsiveness of CSF lymphocytes may be a consequence of their previous activation. The blood lymphocytes in MS are not altered regarding distribution of B-and T-cells, nor regarding responsiveness to mitogens, when compared with healthy controls. An asynchronous synthesis of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains occurs within the CNS in many MS patients, giving rise to oligoclonal band patterns on electrophoresis and abnormal kappa/lambda light chain ratios of CSF. The synthesized immunoglobulins are most probably antibodies which may play a role in the pathogenesis and course of human demyelinating diseases. The brain must be regarded, from an immunological point of view, as a privileged site with its own immune system and its characteristic immune reactions, and future research concerning demyelinating diseases should, if possible, include investigations of these reactions.
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Albrecht P, Burnstein T, Klutch MJ, Hicks HT, Ennis FA. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: experimental infection in primates. Science 1977; 195:64-6. [PMID: 831255 DOI: 10.1126/science.831255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus isolated from the brain of a 12-year-old boy with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused a chronic, progressive encephalitis in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys. The infection was eventually fatal in spite of pre-existing measles immunity and a vigorous secondary antibody response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of the infected animals. The findings provide a basis for studies into the pathogenesis and possible treatment of the human disease.
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Levy NL, Auerbach PS, Hayes EC. A blood test for multiple sclerosis based on the adherence of lymphocytes to measles-infected cells. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:1423-7. [PMID: 1272275 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197606242942604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased capacity of lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis to adhere to human epithelial cells persistently infected with measles virus has provided an accurate blood test for multiple sclerosis. When lymphocytes from affected patients were mixed with measles-infected human epithelial cells, the lymphocytes formed rosettes around a mean (+/-S.E.) of 69.2 +/-1.7% of the measles-infected cells. In contrast, lymphocytes from controls, either healthy or with other neurologic and non-neurologic diseases, formed rosettes around a mean of only 28.2+/-2.1% of the measles-infected cells. Of greater importance was the complete absence of overlap between multiple sclerosis and control values, thus indicating the diagnostic potential of the rosetting phenomenon. The severity, duration and activity of the disease had no effect on the degree of rosette formation.
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Abstract
The effect of transfer factor prepared from relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and from unrelated donors on the clinical course of M.S. has been studied in fifteen male and fifteen female patients. Some patients were given transfer factor and some placebo (physiological saline). Results of three independent clinical examinations by different neurologists and subjective assessments by the patients showed no difference between those given transfer factor and those given placebo.
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Nikoskelainen E, Nikoskelainen J, Salmi AA, Halonen PE. Virus antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with optic neuritis. Acta Neurol Scand 1975; 51:347-64. [PMID: 165653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1975.tb01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virus antibody levels were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 58 patients with optic neuritis and 58 control patients with no indication of multiple sclerosis (MS) or infectious disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The specimens were tested against three different structural components of measles virus with measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI), measles hemolysis inhibition (HLI) and gel precipitation (GP) tests. Measles antibodies occurred in 62 per cent of CSF specimens from patients with optic neuritis, and 21 per cent of the controls. In the specimens from patients with optic neuritis, the positive rate figures were: for rubella HI test 35, parainfluenza-1 HI 16, and Epstein-Barr virus immunofuorescence (IF) 53 per cent. The frequencies in the control group were 10, 10 and 26 per cent, respectively. Serum/CSF antibody ratios below 80 occurred in measles tests in 45 per cent of patients with optic neuritis and 16 per cent of the control group. Some patients with optic neuritis (but none from the control group) had a reduced serum/CSF antibody ratio in more than one measles antibody test, The patients with optic neuritis had a higher frequency of low serum/CSF albumin ratios indicating blood brain barrier damage, There were, however, several patients with a normal serum/CSF albumin ratio but low serum/CSF immunoglobulin G and measles antibody ratios. This supports the hypothesis that local production of measles antibodies takes place in CNS in some patients with optic neuritis as well as in MS patients. The CSF specimens were further tested against 12 other viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae complement fixation, but there were no positive specimens. New CSF specimens were taken from five patients during optic neuritis, and from seven patients later on during the follow-up because of the appearance of new neurological symptoms. There were no changes in virus antibody levels, except for two patients with an increase of measles virus antibody titres.
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Nikoskelainen E, Nikoskelainen J, Salmi AA, Halonen PE. Virus antibody levels in serum specimens from patients with optic neuritis and from matched controls;. Acta Neurol Scand 1975; 51:333-46. [PMID: 165652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1975.tb01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virus antibody levels in serum specimens taken in acute and convalescent phases from 77 patients with optic neuritits were tested by measles hamagglutination inhibition (HI), measles hemolysis inhibition (HLI), rubella HI, parainfluenza-1 HI, Epstein-Barr immunofluorescence (IF), and against 11 other viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae with the complement fixation (CF) technique. The virus antibody levels were indicated to be usually very stable, and a fourfold change in virus antibody levels was demonstrated in only eight patients. The virus antibody levels were compared with specimens from two carefully selected control groups. The first control group consisted of 71 healthy persons matched in age, sex and place of residence with the patients with optic neuritis. The other control group consisted of 58 patients with various neurological diseases other than multiple sclerosis (MS) or infectious diseases of the central nervous system. The patients with optic neuritis had significantly higher measles antibody titres than the two control groups in both measles HI and measles HLI tests. Also in 33 patients with optic neuritis of unknown cause, the measles antibody levels were higher than in the control groups. On the other hand, various other antibody tests showed no statistically significant differences between patients with optic neuritis and the control group.
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Norrby E, Link H, Olsson JE, Panelius M, Salmi A, Vandvik B. Comparison of antibodies against different viruses in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis. Infect Immun 1974; 10:688-94. [PMID: 4372178 PMCID: PMC423007 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.4.688-694.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of a local production in the central nervous system (CNS) of antibodies against different selected viruses was analyzed by comparison of titers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from groups of 50 patients with multiple sclerosis from Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Measles antibodies were determined in hemagglutination inhibition, hemolysis inhibition, and nucleocapsid complement fixation tests; mumps, parainfluenza virus type 1, and rubella virus antibodies were determined in hemagglutination inhibition tests; and herpes simplex virus type 1 antibodies were determined in passive hemagglutination tests. For reference purposes tests were also made for adenovirus antibodies in penton hemagglutination enhancement tests and poliovirus antibodies in neutralization enhancement tests. Among the 150 multiple sclerosis patients, a local production of antibodies against measles virus was found in the CNS in 57%, against rubella virus in 19%, mumps virus in 15%, herpes simplex virus type 1 in 11%, and parainfluenza virus type 1 (Sendai) in 3%. A local production in the CNS of antibodies against any of the viruses studied was found in 71% of multiple sclerosis patients. These included 48, 16, and 7% that produced antibodies to one, two, and three or more viruses, respectively.
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Salmi A, Leinikki P, Panelius M. Vaccinia antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROLOGIE 1974; 206:345-8. [PMID: 4134757 DOI: 10.1007/bf00316463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dubois-Dalcq M, Schumacher G, Sever JL. Acute multiple sclerosis: electron-microscopic evidence for and against a viral agent in the plaques. Lancet 1973; 2:1408-11. [PMID: 4128723 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Utermohlen V, Zabriskie JB. A suppression of cellular immunity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 1973; 138:1591-6. [PMID: 4357685 PMCID: PMC2139461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.138.6.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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25
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Moore MJ, Behan PO, Lisak RP. Multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med 1973; 53:75-80. [PMID: 4576715 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1973.11713419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cendrowski W, Polna I, Niedzielska K. Preliminary report: hemagglutination inhibition measles antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROLOGIE 1972; 203:255-8. [PMID: 4120710 DOI: 10.1007/bf00316116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Prineas J. Paramyxovirus-like particles associated with acute demyelination in chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis. Science 1972; 178:760-3. [PMID: 5082841 DOI: 10.1126/science.178.4062.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy of small perivenous demyelinating lesions in a formalin-fixed brain of a multiple sclerosis subject revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic particles resembling paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. These particles, 18 to 20 nanometers in diameter, were found in mononuclear cells related to the central vein and infiltrating the zone of active demyelination. It is suggested that multiple sclerosis lesions may be initiated by seeding of lymphocytes bearing latent paramyxovirus to white matter of the central nervous system.
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Salmi AA, Norrby E, Panelius M. Identification of different measles virus-specific antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Infect Immun 1972; 6:248-54. [PMID: 4629257 PMCID: PMC422523 DOI: 10.1128/iai.6.3.248-254.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from eight cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and 15 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) were characterized in neutralization, hemolysis-inhibition (HLI), hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) with Tween 80-ether-treated antigen, complement-fixation (CF), and immunodiffusion tests. CF tests were carried out with crude virus material, purified nucleocapsids, and small particle hemagglutinin as antigens. A certain diversity in the relative content of antibodies against different virus products in various sera was found. There was a high degree of correlation between titers of neutralizing and HLI antibodies, but a less strict correlation between titers of HLI and HI antibodies. Serum samples from two cases of MS and one case of SSPE contained high titers of HLI and neutralizing antibodies in the presence of only low titers of HI antibodies demonstrable with Tween 80-ether-treated antigen. The major fraction of antibodies detected in CF and immunodiffusion tests reacted with nucleocapsids. There was a tendency of nucleocapsid CF antibody titers, as compared to neutralization and HLI antibody titers, to be higher in samples from patients with SSPE than from cases of MS. No significant differences were found between antibody titers recorded in neutralization, HLI, and HI tests carried out with two different measles virus strains, Edmonston and a strain (LEC) derived from a case of SSPE. Comparison of antibodies against measles virus products and, as a reference, against a group-specific vertex capsomer antigen of adenovirus in matched serum and CSF samples revealed a production of measles virus-specific antibodies within the central nervous system of all cases of SSPE and 8 out of 15 cases of MS.
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Pappagianis D, Saito M, Van Hoosear KH. Antibody in cerebrospinal fluid in non-meningitic coccidioidomycosis. SABOURAUDIA 1972; 10:173-9. [PMID: 4625497 DOI: 10.1080/00362177285190341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Reimann HA. Infectious diseases: annual review of significant publications. Postgrad Med J 1972; 48:363-81. [PMID: 4558896 PMCID: PMC2495223 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.48.560.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Salmi AA, Panelius M, Halonen P, Rinne UK, Penttinen K. Measles virus antibody in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with multiple sclerosis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 1:477-9. [PMID: 4621451 PMCID: PMC1787490 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5798.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A strong measles-specific gel precipitation reaction was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) of two patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) (total of 15 tested). The serum and C.S.F. specimens from these two patients were tested for measles antibody by six assay methods. The results were compared with those obtained from serum and C.S.F. specimens of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.). The gel precipitation line produced by the C.S.F. from the M.S. patients was identical with one of the three lines produced by the C.S.F. from the S.S.P.E. patient. The main antigenic component responsible for measles antibody appearing in the C.S.F. of the S.S.P.E. patient and the M.S. patients was also electrophoretically similar, and the corresponding antibody was associated with IgG. The serum/C.S.F. antibody titre ratios with the various assay methods used suggest that the C.S.F. antibodies are mainly to other than envelope components of measles virus. No complement-fixing antibody against 27 other viruses or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in the C.S.F. of the two M.S. patients.
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