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A Glimpse into Dendrimers Integration in Cancer Imaging and Theranostics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065430. [PMID: 36982503 PMCID: PMC10049703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a result of abnormal cell proliferation. This pathology is a serious health problem since it is a leading cause of death worldwide. Current anti-cancer therapies rely on surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments still present major associated problems, namely the absence of specificity. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles, particularly dendrimers, have been paving their way to the front line of cancer treatment, mostly for drug and gene delivery, diagnosis, and disease monitoring. This is mainly derived from their high versatility, which results from their ability to undergo distinct surface functionalization, leading to improved performance. In recent years, the anticancer and antimetastatic capacities of dendrimers have been discovered, opening new frontiers to dendrimer-based chemotherapeutics. In the present review, we summarize the intrinsic anticancer activity of different dendrimers as well as their use as nanocarriers in cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Filipczak N, Yalamarty SSK, Li X, Parveen F, Torchilin V. Developments in Treatment Methodologies Using Dendrimers for Infectious Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26113304. [PMID: 34072765 PMCID: PMC8198206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers comprise a specific group of macromolecules, which combine structural properties of both single molecules and long expanded polymers. The three-dimensional form of dendrimers and the extensive possibilities for use of additional substrates for their construction creates a multivalent potential and a wide possibility for medical, diagnostic and environmental purposes. Depending on their composition and structure, dendrimers have been of interest in many fields of science, ranging from chemistry, biotechnology to biochemical applications. These compounds have found wide application from the production of catalysts for their use as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents. Of particular interest are peptide dendrimers as a medium for transport of therapeutic substances: synthetic vaccines against parasites, bacteria and viruses, contrast agents used in MRI, antibodies and genetic material. This review focuses on the description of the current classes of dendrimers, the methodology for their synthesis and briefly drawbacks of their properties and their use as potential therapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Filipczak
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (S.S.K.Y.); (X.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (S.S.K.Y.); (X.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (S.S.K.Y.); (X.L.); (F.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (S.S.K.Y.); (X.L.); (F.P.)
- The Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Vladimir Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (N.F.); (S.S.K.Y.); (X.L.); (F.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Mignani S, Shi X, Ceña V, Rodrigues J, Tomas H, Majoral JP. Engineered non-invasive functionalized dendrimer/dendron-entrapped/complexed gold nanoparticles as a novel class of theranostic (radio)pharmaceuticals in cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 332:346-366. [PMID: 33675878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine represents a very significant contribution in current cancer treatment; in addition to surgical intervention, radiation and chemotherapeutic agents that unfortunately also kill healthy cells, inducing highly deleterious and often life-threatening side effects in the patient. Of the numerous nanoparticles used against cancer, gold nanoparticles had been developed for therapeutic applications. Inter alia, a large variety of dendrimers, i.e. soft artificial macromolecules, have turned up as non-viral functional nanocarriers for entrapping drugs, imaging agents, and targeting molecules. This review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and development in biomedicine of engineered functionalized hybrid dendrimer-tangled gold nanoparticles in the domain of cancer theranostic. Several aspects are highlighted and discussed such as 1) dendrimer-entrapped gold(0) hybrid nanoparticles for the targeted imaging and treatment of cancer cells, 2) dendrimer encapsulating gold(0) nanoparticles (Au DENPs) for the delivery of genes, 3) Au DENPs for drug delivery applications, 4) dendrimer encapsulating gold radioactive nanoparticles for radiotherapy, and 5) dendrimer/dendron-complexed gold(III) nanoparticles as technologies to take down cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, 45, rue des Saints Peres, 75006 Paris, France; CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Valentin Ceña
- CIBERNED, ISCII, MAdrid; Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Almansa, 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Helena Tomas
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 118 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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Mignani S, Shi X, Ceña V, Rodrigues J, Tomas H, Majoral JP. Engineered non-invasive functionalized dendrimer/dendron-entrapped/complexed gold nanoparticles as a novel class of theranostic (radio)pharmaceuticals in cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Moorthy H, Govindaraju T. Dendrimer Architectonics to Treat Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases with Implications in Theranostics and Personalized Medicine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1115-1139. [PMID: 35014470 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single platform namely theranostics has become a cornerstone for personalized medicine. Theranostics platform facilitates noninvasive detection and treatment while allowing the monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy in case of chronic conditions of cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Theranostic tools function by themselves or with the aid of carrier, viz. liposomes, micelles, polymers, or dendrimers. The dendrimer architectures (DA) are well-characterized molecular nanoobjects with a large number of terminal functional groups to enhance solubility and offer multivalency and multifunctional properties. Various noninvasive diagnostic tools like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), gamma scintigraphy, and optical techniques have been accomplished utilizing DAs for simultaneous imaging and drug delivery. Obstacles in the formulation design, drug loading, payload delivery, biocompatibility, overcoming cellular membrane and blood-brain barrier (BBB), and systemic circulation remain a bottleneck in translational efforts. This review focuses on the diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic potential of DA-based nanocarriers in treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders like AD and Parkinson's disease (PD), among others. In view of the inverse relationship between cancer and AD, designing suitable DA-based theranostic nanodrug with high selectivity has tremendous implications in personalized medicine to treat cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Moorthy
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and The School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and The School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
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Therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles and routes of administration. Biomater Res 2019; 23:20. [PMID: 31832232 PMCID: PMC6869321 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern-day medicine, nanotechnology and nanoparticles are some of the indispensable tools in disease monitoring and therapy. The term “nanomaterials” describes materials with nanoscale dimensions (< 100 nm) and are broadly classified into natural and synthetic nanomaterials. However, “engineered” nanomaterials have received significant attention due to their versatility. Although enormous strides have been made in research and development in the field of nanotechnology, it is often confusing for beginners to make an informed choice regarding the nanocarrier system and its potential applications. Hence, in this review, we have endeavored to briefly explain the most commonly used nanomaterials, their core properties and how surface functionalization would facilitate competent delivery of drugs or therapeutic molecules. Similarly, the suitability of carbon-based nanomaterials like CNT and QD has been discussed for targeted drug delivery and siRNA therapy. One of the biggest challenges in the formulation of drug delivery systems is fulfilling targeted/specific drug delivery, controlling drug release and preventing opsonization. Thus, a different mechanism of drug targeting, the role of suitable drug-laden nanocarrier fabrication and methods to augment drug solubility and bioavailability are discussed. Additionally, different routes of nanocarrier administration are discussed to provide greater understanding of the biological and other barriers and their impact on drug transport. The overall aim of this article is to facilitate straightforward perception of nanocarrier design, routes of various nanoparticle administration and the challenges associated with each drug delivery method.
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Xin C, Yao X, Du B, Yang W, Wang L, Ma L, Weng W. Stearic Acid-Grafted Chitooligosaccharide Nanomicelle System with Biocleavable Gadolinium Chelates as a Multifunctional Agent for Tumor Imaging and Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2018; 36:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Arms L, Smith DW, Flynn J, Palmer W, Martin A, Woldu A, Hua S. Advantages and Limitations of Current Techniques for Analyzing the Biodistribution of Nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:802. [PMID: 30154715 PMCID: PMC6102329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines are typically submicrometer-sized carrier materials (nanoparticles) encapsulating therapeutic and/or imaging compounds that are used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. They are increasingly being used to overcome biological barriers in the body to improve the way we deliver compounds to specific tissues and organs. Nanomedicine technology aims to improve the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of therapeutic compounds. Nanoparticles, one of the key technologies of nanomedicine, can exhibit a combination of physical, chemical and biological characteristics that determine their in vivo behavior. A key component in the translational assessment of nanomedicines is determining the biodistribution of the nanoparticles following in vivo administration in animals and humans. There are a range of techniques available for evaluating nanoparticle biodistribution, including histology, electron microscopy, liquid scintillation counting (LSC), indirectly measuring drug concentrations, in vivo optical imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine imaging. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, as well as capabilities for assessing real-time, whole-organ and cellular accumulation. This review will address the principles and methodology of each technique and their advantages and limitations for evaluating in vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arms
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Doug W. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie Flynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - William Palmer
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Antony Martin
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ameha Woldu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Mignani S, Rodrigues J, Tomas H, Caminade AM, Laurent R, Shi X, Majoral JP. Recent therapeutic applications of the theranostic principle with dendrimers in oncology. SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-018-9244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Moreno S, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. New anionic carbosilane dendrons functionalized with a DO3A ligand at the focal point for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:54-64. [PMID: 28827122 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel third-generation polyanionic carbosilane dendrons with sulfonate or carboxylate end-groups and functionalized with a DO3A ligand at the focal point, and their corresponding copper complexes, have been prepared as antiviral compounds to prevent HIV-1 infection. The topology enables the compound to have an excellent chelating agent, DO3A, while keeping anionic peripheral groups for a therapeutic action. In this study, the cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 abilities of carboxylate- (5) or sulfonate-terminated (6) dendrons containing DO3A and their copper complexes (7 or 8) were evaluated. All compounds showed low cytotoxicity and demonstrated potent and broad-spectrum anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. We also assessed the mode of antiviral action on the inhibition of HIV-1 through a panel of different in vitro antiviral assays. Our results show that copper-free dendron 6 protects the epithelial monolayer from short-term cell disruption. Copper-free dendrons 5 and 6 exert anti-HIV-1 activity at an early stage of the HIV-1 lifecycle by binding to the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1 and by interacting with the CD4 cell receptor and blocking the binding of gp120 to CD4, and consequently HIV-1 entry. These findings show that copper-free dendrons 5 and 6 have a high potency against HIV-1 infection, confirming their non-specific ability and suggesting that these compounds deserve further study as potential candidate microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.
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Guo C, Sun L, Cai H, Duan Z, Zhang S, Gong Q, Luo K, Gu Z. Gadolinium-Labeled Biodegradable Dendron-Hyaluronic Acid Hybrid and Its Subsequent Application as a Safe and Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23508-23519. [PMID: 28656751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with high sensitivity and good biocompatibility are required for the diagnosis of cancer. Herein, we prepared and characterized the gadolinium [Gd(III)]-labeled peptide dendron-hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugate-based hybrid (dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd) by combining the advantages of HA and the peptide dendron. The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid with 3.8% Gd(III) as weight percentage showed a negative zeta potential (-35 mV). The in vitro degradation results indicated that the dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid degraded into products with low molecular weights in the presence of hyaluronidase. The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid showed a 3-fold increase in longitudinal relaxivity and much higher in vivo signal enhancement in 4T1 breast tumors of mice compared with clinical Magnevist (Gd-DTPA). The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid had a higher accumulation in tumors than Gd-DTPA; it was 2-3-fold after administration. Meanwhile, the polymeric hybrid resulted in low Gd(III) residue in the body compared with that of Gd-DTPA. The systematic biosafety evaluations, including blood compatibility and toxicity assessments, suggested that the dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid exhibited good biocompatibility. Thus, the gadolinium-labeled and dendronized HA hybrid shows promise as a safe and efficient macromolecular MRI contrast agent based on high sensitivity, low residue content in the body, and good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Guo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
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Yan L, Shen L, Zhou H, Wu C, Zhao Y, Wang L, Fang X, Zhang G, Xu J, Yang W. Combination of the fluorescent conjugated polymer and 1, 4, 7, 10- tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid gadolinium chelate as an agent for dual-modal imaging. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sk UH, Kojima C. Dendrimers for theranostic applications. Biomol Concepts 2015; 6:205-17. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecently, there have been tremendous advances in the development of various nanotechnology-based platforms for diagnosis and therapy. These nanoplatforms, which include liposomes, micelles, polymers, and dendrimers, comprise highly integrated nanoparticles that provide multiple functions, such as targeting, imaging, and therapy. This review focuses on dendrimer-based nanocarriers that have recently been developed for ‘theranostics (or theragnosis)’, a combination of therapy and diagnostics. We discuss the in vitro and in vivo applications of these nanocarriers in strategies against diseases including cancer. We also explore the use of dendrimers as imaging agents for fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography, and nuclear medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugir Hossain Sk
- 1Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, H.P., India
| | - Chie Kojima
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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Ratanajanchai M, Lee DH, Sunintaboon P, Yang SG. Photo-cured PMMA/PEI core/shell nanoparticles surface-modified with Gd–DTPA for T1 MR imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 415:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Li T, Qian Y, Ye M, Tang J, Hu H, Shen Y. Synthesis and Properties of a Biodegradable Dendritic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ye Z, Wu X, Tan M, Jesberger J, Grisworld M, Lu ZR. Synthesis and evaluation of a polydisulfide with Gd-DOTA monoamide side chains as a biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent for MR blood pool imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 8:220-8. [PMID: 23606425 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular Gd(III)-based contrast agents are effective for contrast-enhanced blood pool and cancer MRI in preclinical studies. However, their clinical applications are impeded by potential safety concerns associated with slow excretion and prolonged retention of these agents in the body. To minimize the safety concerns of macromolecular Gd contrast agents, we have developed biodegradable macromolecular Gd contrast agents based on polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new generation of the polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes containing a macrocyclic Gd(III) chelate, Gd-DOTA monoamide, to improve the in vivo kinetic inertness of the Gd(III) chelates. (N6-Lysyl)lysine-(Gd-DOTA) monoamide and 3-(2-carboxyethyldisulfanyl)propanoic acid copolymers (GODC) were synthesized by copolymerization of (N6-lysyl)lysine DOTA monoamide and dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), followed by complexation with Gd(OAc)3. The GODC had an apparent molecular weight of 26.4 kDa and T1 relaxivity of 8.25 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd at 1.5 T. The polymer chains of GODC were readily cleaved by L-cysteine and the chelates had high kinetic stability against transmetallation in the presence of an endogenous metal ion Zn(2+). In vivo MRI study showed that GODC produced strong and prolonged contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor periphery of mice with breast tumor xenografts. GODC is a promising biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent with high kinetic stability for MR blood pool imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hong BJ, Swindell EP, MacRenaris KW, Hankins PL, Chipre AJ, Mastarone DJ, Ahn RW, Meade TJ, O’Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. pH-Responsive Theranostic Polymer-Caged Nanobins (PCNs): Enhanced Cytotoxicity and T1 MRI Contrast by Her2-Targeting. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2013; 30:770-774. [PMID: 24516291 PMCID: PMC3916701 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A PCN theranostic platform comprises a doxorubicin (DXR)-loaded liposomal core and an acid-sensitive polymer shell that is functionalized with Herceptin and GdIII-based MRI contrast agents. In vitro testing reveals a 14-fold increase in DXR-based cytotoxicity versus a non-targeted analogue and an 120-fold improvement in cellular GdIII-uptake in comparison with clinically approved DOTA-GdIII, leading to significant T1 MRI contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Elden P. Swindell
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Patrick L. Hankins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Anthony J. Chipre
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Daniel J. Mastarone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Richard W. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Thomas V. O’Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
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Molecular MRI of liver fibrosis by a peptide-targeted contrast agent in an experimental mouse model. Invest Radiol 2013. [PMID: 23192162 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3182749c0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cyclic decapeptide CGLIIQKNEC (CLT1) has been demonstrated to target fibronectin-fibrin complexes in the extracellular matrix of different tumors and tissue lesions. Although liver fibrosis is characterized by an increased amount of extracellular matrix consisting of fibril-forming collagens and matrix glycoconjugates such as fibronectin, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of detecting and characterizing liver fibrosis using CLT1 peptide-targeted nanoglobular contrast agent (Gd-P) with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in an experimental mouse model of liver fibrosis at 7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gd-P, control peptide KAREC conjugated nanoglobular contrast agent (Gd-CP), and control nontargeting nanoglobular contrast agent (Gd-C) were synthesized. Male adult C57BL/6N mice (22-25 g; N = 54) were prepared and were divided into fibrosis (n = 36) and normal (n = 18) groups. Liver fibrosis was induced in the fibrosis group through subcutaneous injection of 1:3 mixture of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in olive oil at a dose of 4 μL/g of body weight twice a week for 8 weeks. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in all animals. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed to yield postinjection ΔR(1)(t) maps for quantitative measurements. Histological analysis was also performed. RESULTS Differential enhancements were observed and characterized between the normal and fibrotic livers using Gd-P at 0.03 mmol/kg, when compared with nontargeted controls (Gd-CP and Gd-C). For Gd-P injection, both the peak and steady-state ΔR(1) of the normal livers were significantly lower than those after 4 and 8 weeks of CCl(4) dosing. Liver fibrogenesis with increased amount of fibronectin in the extracellular space in insulted livers were confirmed by histological observations. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with CLT1 peptide-targeted nanoglobular contrast agent can detect and stage liver fibrosis by probing the accumulation of fibronectin in fibrotic livers.
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Tang J, Sheng Y, Hu H, Shen Y. Macromolecular MRI contrast agents: Structures, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ye M, Qian Y, Tang J, Hu H, Sui M, Shen Y. Targeted biodegradable dendritic MRI contrast agent for enhanced tumor imaging. J Control Release 2013; 169:239-45. [PMID: 23403397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and safe contrast agents (CAs) are essential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to achieve accurate tumor detection and imaging. Dendrimer-based macromolecular MRI contrast agents are advantageous owing to their tumor-targeting ability, enhanced imaging contrast and enlarged imaging window. However, most of them have drawbacks of non-degradability and thereby long-term retention in body and toxicity. Herein, a tumor-targeting biodegradable dendritic CA (DCA) (FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd) was prepared from a polyester dendrimer conjugated with gadolinium (Gd) chelates and PEG chains with distal folic acid. The DCA had a high longitudinal relaxivity up to 17.1mM(-1)s(-1), 4 times higher than the clinically used CA Magnevist. The MRI contrasted by FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd outlined the inoculated tumor more clearly, and had much higher contrast enhancement for a much longer time than Magnevist. More importantly, the biodegradable FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd gave much less Gd retentions in all the organs or tissues than non-degradable DCAs. Thus, the high efficiency in MRI contrast enhancement and low Gd retention merit it a promising CA for contrast enhanced tumor MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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25
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Lo ST, Kumar A, Hsieh JT, Sun X. Dendrimer nanoscaffolds for potential theranostics of prostate cancer with a focus on radiochemistry. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:793-812. [PMID: 23294202 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are a class of structurally defined macromolecules featured with a central core, a low-density interior formed by repetitive branching units, and a high-density exterior terminated with surface functional groups. In contrast to their polymeric counterparts, dendrimers are nanosized and symmetrically shaped, which can be reproducibly synthesized on a large scale with monodispersity. These unique features have made dendrimers of increasing interest for drug delivery and other biomedical applications as nanoscaffold systems. Intended to address the potential use of dendrimers for the development of theranostic agents, which combines therapeutics and diagnostics in a single entity for personalized medicine, this review focuses on the reported methodologies of using dendrimer nanoscaffolds for targeted imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. Of particular interest, relevant chemistry strategies are discussed due to their important roles in the design and synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic dendrimer-based nanoconjugates and potential theranostic agents, targeted or nontargeted. Given the developing status of nanoscaffolded theranostics, major challenges and potential hurdles are discussed along with the examples representing current advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory
Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Magnetic
Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R.China
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27
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Kasturirangan V, Nair BM, Kariapper MTS, Lesniak WG, Tan W, Bizimungu R, Kanter P, Toth K, Buitrago S, Rustum YM, Hutson A, Balogh LP, Khan MK. In vivo toxicity evaluation of gold-dendrimer composite nanodevices with different surface charges. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:441-51. [PMID: 22394369 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.668570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Composite nanodevices (CNDs) are multifunctional nanomaterials with potential uses in cancer imaging and therapy. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based composite nanodevices are important members of this group and consist of an organic dendrimer component and an incorporated inorganic component, in this case, gold. This study addresses the short- (14 days) and long-term (78 days) in vivo toxicity of generation-5 (G5; 5 nm) PAMAM dendrimer-based gold-CNDs (Au-CNDs) with varying surface charges (positive, negative and neutral) in C57BL/6J male mice. Detailed toxicological analyses of (1) body weight changes, (2) serum chemistry and (3) histopathological examination of 22 organs showed no evidence of organ injury or organ function compromise. Zeta potential of Au-CNDs showed significant change from their parent dendrimers upon gold incorporation, making the normally lethal positive surface dendrimer biologically safe. Also homeostatic mechanisms in vivo may compensate/repair toxic effects, something not seen with in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Kasturirangan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, and joint appointment in the Department of Cell Stress Biology, The NanoBiotechnology Center at Roswell Park Cancer Institute-NBC at RPCI, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Liu T, Qian Y, Hu X, Ge Z, Liu S. Mixed polymeric micelles as multifunctional scaffold for combined magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement and targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Ye M, Qian Y, Shen Y, Hu H, Sui M, Tang J. Facile synthesis and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable dendritic MRI contrast agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Frullano L, Caravan P. Strategies for the preparation of bifunctional gadolinium(III) chelators. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:535-565. [PMID: 22375102 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of gadolinium chelators that can be easily and readily linked to various substrates is of primary importance for the development high relaxation efficiency and/or targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Over the last 25 years a large number of bifunctional chelators have been prepared. For the most part, these compounds are based on ligands that are already used in clinically approved contrast agents. More recently, new bifunctional chelators have been reported based on complexes that show a more potent relaxation effect, faster complexation kinetics and in some cases simpler synthetic procedures. This review provides an overview of the synthetic strategies used for the preparation of bifunctional chelators for MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Frullano
- Case Western Reserve University. 11100 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106
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31
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Folate-targeted optical and magnetic resonance dualmodality PCL-b-PEG micelles for tumor imaging. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-011-1057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Iqbal U, Albaghdadi H, Nieh MP, Tuor UI, Mester Z, Stanimirovic D, Katsaras J, Abulrob A. Small unilamellar vesicles: a platform technology for molecular imaging of brain tumors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:195102. [PMID: 21436507 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/19/195102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging enables the non-invasive investigation of cellular and molecular processes. Although there are challenges to overcome, the development of targeted contrast agents to increase the sensitivity of molecular imaging techniques is essential for their clinical translation. In this study, spontaneously forming, small unilamellar vesicles (sULVs) (30 nm diameter) were used as a platform to build a bimodal (i.e., optical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) targeted contrast agent for the molecular imaging of brain tumors. sULVs were loaded with a gadolinium (Gd) chelated lipid (Gd-DPTA-BOA), functionalized with targeting antibodies (anti-EGFR monoclonal and anti-IGFBP7 single domain), and incorporated a near infrared dye (Cy5.5). The resultant sULVs were characterized in vitro using small angle neutron scattering (SANS), phantom MRI and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Antibody targeted and nontargeted Gd loaded sULVs labeled with Cy5.5 were assessed in vivo in a brain tumor model in mice using time domain optical imaging and MRI. The results demonstrated that a spontaneously forming, nanosized ULVs loaded with a high payload of Gd can selectively target and image, using MR and optical imaging, brain tumor vessels when functionalized with anti-IGFBP7 single domain antibodies. The unique features of these targeted sULVs make them promising molecular MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Iqbal
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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33
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Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Biologically optimized nanosized molecules and particles: more than just size. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:993-1000. [PMID: 21513351 DOI: 10.1021/bc200111p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expanded biological and medical applications of nanomaterials place a premium on better understanding of the chemical and physical determinants of in vivo particles. Nanotechnology allows us to design a vast array of molecules with distinct chemical and biological characteristics, each with a specific size, charge, hydrophilicity, shape, and flexibility. To date, much research has focused on the role of particle size as a determinant of biodistribution and clearance. Additionally, much of what we know about the relationship between nanoparticle traits and pharmacokinetics has involved research limited to the gross average hydrodynamic size. Yet, other features such as particle shape and flexibility affect in vivo behavior and become increasingly important for designing and synthesizing nanosized molecules. Herein, we discuss determinants of in vivo behavior of nanosized molecules used as imaging agents with a focus on dendrimer-based contrast agents. We aim to discuss often overlooked or, yet to be considered, factors that affect in vivo behavior of synthetic nanosized molecules, as well as aim to highlight important gaps in current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Longmire
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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Karfeld-Sulzer LS, Waters EA, Davis NE, Meade TJ, Barron AE. Multivalent protein polymer MRI contrast agents: controlling relaxivity via modulation of amino acid sequence. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1429-36. [PMID: 20420441 DOI: 10.1021/bm901378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive imaging modality with high spatial and temporal resolution. Contrast agents (CAs) are frequently used to increase the contrast between tissues of interest. To increase the effectiveness of MR agents, small molecule CAs have been attached to macromolecules. We have created a family of biodegradable, macromolecular CAs based on protein polymers, allowing control over the CA properties. The protein polymers are monodisperse, random coil, and contain evenly spaced lysines that serve as reactive sites for Gd(III) chelates. The exact sequence and length of the protein can be specified, enabling controlled variation in lysine spacing and molecular weight. Relaxivity could be modulated by changing protein polymer length and lysine spacing. Relaxivities of up to approximately 14 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd(III) and approximately 461 mM(-1) s(-1) per conjugate were observed. These CAs are biodegradable by incubation with plasmin, such that they can be easily excreted after use. They do not reduce cell viability, a prerequisite for future in vivo studies. The protein polymer CAs can be customized for different clinical diagnostic applications, including biomaterial tracking, as a balanced agent with high relaxivity and appropriate molar mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Karfeld-Sulzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Xu R, Kaneshiro TL, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Synthesis and evaluation of nanoglobule-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A), a biodegradable nanosized magnetic resonance contrast agent for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance urography. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:707-13. [PMID: 20957222 PMCID: PMC2948950 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has been recently shown to be effective for diagnostic urography. High-resolution urographic images can be acquired with T1 contrast agents for the kidney and urinary tract with minimal noise in the abdomen. Currently, clinical contrast agents are low molecular weight agents and can rapidly extravasate from blood circulation, leading to slow contrast agent elimination through kidney and consequently providing limited contrast enhancement in urinary tract. In this study, a new biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent, nanoglobule-G4-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A), was prepared by conjugating Gd-DO3A chelates on the surface of a generation 4 nanoglobule, poly-l-lysine octa(3-aminopropyl)silsesquioxane dendrimer, via a disulfide spacer, where the carrier had a precisely defined nanosize that is far smaller than the renal filtration threshold. The in vivo contrast enhancement and dynamic imaging of the urinary tract of the agent was evaluated in nude mice using a low molecular weight agent Gd(DTPA-BMA) as a control. The agent eliminated rapidly from blood circulation and accumulated more abundantly in urinary tract than Gd(DTPA-BMA). The fast elimination kinetics is ideal for functional evaluation of the kidneys. The morphology of the kidneys and urinary tract was better visualized by the biodegradable nanoglobular contrast agent than Gd(DTPA-BMA). The agent also resulted in low liver contrast enhancement, indicating low nonspecific tissue deposition. These features render the G4 nanoglobule-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) conjugate a promising contrast agent for magnetic resonance urography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzuo Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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36
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Abstract
Background One of the major challenges in cancer therapy is to improve early detection and prevention using novel targeted cancer diagnostics. Detection requests specific recognition. Tumor markers have to be ideally present on the surface of cancer cells. Their targeting with ligands coupled to imaging agents make them visible/detectable. Conclusions Fluorescence imaging is a newly emerging technology which is becoming a complementary medical method for cancer diagnosis. It allows detection with a high spatio-temporal resolution of tumor markers in small animals and in clinical studies. In this review, we focus on the recent outcome of basic studies in the design of new approaches (probes and devices) used to detect tumor cells by fluorescence imaging.
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Janib SM, Moses AS, MacKay JA. Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1052-1063. [PMID: 20709124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle technologies are significantly impacting the development of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. At the intersection between treatment and diagnosis, interest has grown in combining both paradigms into clinically effective formulations. This concept, recently coined as theranostics, is highly relevant to agents that target molecular biomarkers of disease and is expected to contribute to personalized medicine. Here we review state-of-the-art nanoparticles from a therapeutic and a diagnostic perspective and discuss challenges in bringing these fields together. Major classes of nanoparticles include, drug conjugates and complexes, dendrimers, vesicles, micelles, core-shell particles, microbubbles, and carbon nanotubes. Most of these formulations have been described as carriers of either drugs or contrast agents. To observe these formulations and their interactions with disease, a variety of contrast agents have been used, including optically active small molecules, metals and metal oxides, ultrasonic contrast agents, and radionuclides. The opportunity to rapidly assess and adjust treatment to the needs of the individual offers potential advantages that will spur the development of theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Janib
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - Ara S Moses
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
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Tan M, Wu X, Jeong EK, Chen Q, Lu ZR. Peptide-targeted Nanoglobular Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugates for magnetic resonance cancer molecular imaging. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:754-61. [PMID: 20131758 DOI: 10.1021/bm901352v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Effective imaging of a cancer molecular biomarker is critical for accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. CLT1 peptide was observed to specifically bind to the fibrin-fibronectin complexes presented in tumor extracellular matrix. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated CLT1 peptide-targeted nanoglobular Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugates for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the fibrin-fibronectin complexes in tumor. The targeted nanoglobular contrast agents were prepared by conjugating peptide CLT1 to G2 and G3 nanoglobule (lysine dendrimers with a cubic silsesquioxane core) Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugates via click chemistry. The T(1) relaxivities of peptide-targeted G2 and G3 nanoglobules were 7.92 and 8.20 mM(-1) s(-1) at 3T, respectively. Approximately 2 peptides and 25 Gd-DOTA chelates were conjugated onto the surface of 32 amine groups of G2 nanoglobule, and 3 peptides and 43 Gd-DOTA chelates onto the surface of 64 amine groups of G3 nanoglobule. The peptide-targeted nanoglobular contrast agents showed greater contrast enhancement than the corresponding nontargeted agents in tumor at a dose of 0.03 mmol-Gd/kg in female athymic mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts. The targeted MRI contrast agents have a potential for specific cancer molecular imaging with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Calcium-responsive paramagnetic CEST agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:1097-105. [PMID: 20691598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of changes in the extracellular calcium concentration by magnetic resonance imaging would be a valuable biomedical research tool to monitor brain neuronal activity. In this perspective, we report here the synthesis of novel ligands consisting of tetraamide and bisamide derivatives of cyclen, L(1) and L(2), respectively, each bearing imino(diacetate) moieties for Ca(2+) binding. Yb(3+) and Eu(3+) complexes are investigated as chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents that respond to the presence of Ca(2+). A CEST effect is observed for both YbL(1) and EuL(1) complexes (B=11.7T), originating from the slow exchange of the amide protons and those of the coordinated water, respectively, whilst no CEST is detected for complexes of L(2). Upon calcium binding, the CEST effect decreases considerably (from 60% to 20% for YbL(1) and from 35% to 10% for EuL(1)). A similar variation is observed in the presence of Mg(2+). The affinity constants between the lanthanide complexes and the alkaline earth metal ions have been estimated from the variation of the CEST effect to be K(YbL(1)-Ca)(aff) = 8 ± 2M(-1), K(YbL(1)-Mg)(aff) = 23 ± 3M(-1) and K(EuL(1)-Ca)(aff) = 10 ± 3M(-1). These low values imply the coordination of the alkaline earth ions to a single iminodiacetate arm. Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) binding to the lanthanide complexes slows down the exchange of the amide protons on YbL(1) which is responsible for the diminished CEST effect. This has been evidenced by assessing the proton exchange rates from the dependency of the CEST effect on the saturation time and the saturation power, in the absence and in the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). The applicability of the PARACEST MRI agents for Ca(2+) detection has been evaluated on a 16T MRI scanner.
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Chambliss KL, Wu Q, Oltmann S, Konaniah ES, Umetani M, Korach KS, Thomas GD, Mineo C, Yuhanna IS, Kim SH, Madak-Erdogan Z, Maggi A, Dineen SP, Roland CL, Hui DY, Brekken RA, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Shaul PW. Non-nuclear estrogen receptor alpha signaling promotes cardiovascular protection but not uterine or breast cancer growth in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2319-30. [PMID: 20577047 DOI: 10.1172/jci38291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors function classically in the nucleus as transcription factors. However, recent data indicate that there are also non-nuclear subpopulations of steroid hormone receptors, including estrogen receptors (ERs), that mediate membrane-initiated signaling of unclear basis and significance. Here we have shown that an estrogen-dendrimer conjugate (EDC) that is excluded from the nucleus stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration via ERalpha, direct ERalpha-Galphai interaction, and endothelial NOS (eNOS) activation. Analysis of mice carrying an estrogen response element luciferase reporter, ER-regulated genes in the mouse uterus, and eNOS enzyme activation further indicated that EDC specifically targets non-nuclear processes in vivo. In mice, estradiol and EDC equally stimulated carotid artery reendothelialization in an ERalpha- and G protein-dependent manner, and both agents attenuated the development of neointimal hyperplasia following endothelial injury. In contrast, endometrial carcinoma cell growth in vitro and uterine enlargement and MCF-7 cell breast cancer xenograft growth in vivo were stimulated by estradiol but not EDC. Thus, EDC is a non-nuclear selective ER modulator (SERM) in vivo, and in mice, non-nuclear ER signaling promotes cardiovascular protection. These processes potentially could be harnessed to provide vascular benefit without increasing the risk of uterine or breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken L Chambliss
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
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Kamaly N, Miller AD. Paramagnetic liposome nanoparticles for cellular and tumour imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1759-76. [PMID: 20480040 PMCID: PMC2871136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss the development of paramagnetic liposomes incorporating MRI contrast agents and show how these are utilized in cellular imaging in vitro. Bi-functional, bi-modal imaging paramagnetic liposome systems are also described. Next we discuss the upgrading of paramagnetic liposomes into bi-modal imaging neutral nanoparticles for in vivo imaging applications. We discuss the development of such systems and show how paramagnetic liposomes and imaging nanoparticles could be developed as platforms for future multi-functional, multi-modal imaging theranostic nanodevices tailor-made for the combined imaging of early stage disease pathology and functional drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Imperial College London, UK.
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Polášek M, Hermann P, Peters JA, Geraldes CFGC, Lukeš I. PAMAM Dendrimers Conjugated with an Uncharged Gadolinium(III) Chelate with a Fast Water Exchange: The Influence of Chelate Charge on Rotational Dynamics. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2142-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900288q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Polášek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joop A. Peters
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan Lukeš
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University), Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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Li C, Liu H, Sun Y, Wang H, Guo F, Rao S, Deng J, Zhang Y, Miao Y, Guo C, Meng J, Chen X, Li L, Li D, Xu H, Wang H, Li B, Jiang C. PAMAM nanoparticles promote acute lung injury by inducing autophagic cell death through the Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 1:37-45. [PMID: 19516051 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an important and emerging industry with a projected annual market of around one trillion US dollars by 2011-2015. Concerns about the toxicity of nanomaterials in humans, however, have recently been raised. Although studies of nanoparticle toxicity have focused on lung disease the molecular link between nanoparticle exposure and lung injury remained unclear. In this report, we show that cationic Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM), a class of nanomaterials that are being widely developed for clinical applications can induce acute lung injury in vivo. PAMAM triggers autophagic cell death by deregulating the Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling pathway. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rescued PAMAM dendrimer-induced cell death and ameliorated acute lung injury caused by PAMAM in mice. Our data provide a molecular explanation for nanoparticle-induced lung injury, and suggest potential remedies to address the growing concerns of nanotechnology safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Meng F, Hennink WE, Zhong Z. Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2180-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kaneshiro TL, Jeong EK, Morrell G, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Synthesis and evaluation of globular Gd-DOTA-monoamide conjugates with precisely controlled nanosizes for magnetic resonance angiography. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2742-8. [PMID: 18771313 PMCID: PMC2801583 DOI: 10.1021/bm800486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design and prepare macromolecular contrast agents (CAs) with a precisely defined globular structure for MR angiography and tumor angiogenesis imaging. Generations 1 through 3 (Gd-DOTA-monoamide)-poly-L-lysine octasilsesquioxane dendrimers were prepared as nanoglobular MRI CAs. The nanoglobular Gd(III) chelates had a well-defined compact globular structure and high loading of Gd-DOTA-monoamide at their surface. The size of the G1, G2, and G3 nanoglobular MRI CAs was approximately 2.0, 2.4, and 3.2 nm, respectively. The T1 relaxivity of G1, G2, and G3 nanoglobular MRI CAs was approximately 6.4, 7.2, and 10.0 mM(-1) sec(-1) at 3T, respectively. The nanoglobular MRI CAs showed size-dependent contrast enhancement within the mouse vasculature, which gradually decayed to baseline after a 60 min session. The G3 nanoglobular CA resulted in more significant and prolonged vascular enhancement than the smaller nanoglobular agents at 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The G3 agent also provided significant and prolonged contrast enhancement in the heart and vasculature at a dose as low as 0.01 mmol Gd/kg, 1/10th of the regular clinical dose. Significant enhancement was observed in tumor for all CAs. The nanoglobular CAs cleared via renal filtration and accumulated in the urinary bladder as shown in the dynamic MR images. The nanoglobular Gd(III) chelates are effective intravascular MRI CAs at substantially reduced doses. The nanoglobular MRI CAs are promising for further preclinical development for MR angiography and MR imaging of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Lyle Kaneshiro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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