1
|
Rodrigo MJ, Subías M, Montolío A, Méndez-Martínez S, Martínez-Rincón T, Arias L, García-Herranz D, Bravo-Osuna I, Garcia-Feijoo J, Pablo L, Cegoñino J, Herrero-Vanrell R, Carretero A, Ruberte J, Garcia-Martin E, Pérez del Palomar A. Analysis of Parainflammation in Chronic Glaucoma Using Vitreous-OCT Imaging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121792. [PMID: 34944608 PMCID: PMC8698891 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma causes blindness due to the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells. The immune response chronically and subclinically mediates a homeostatic role. In current clinical practice, it is impossible to analyse neuroinflammation non-invasively. However, analysis of vitreous images using optical coherence tomography detects the immune response as hyperreflective opacities. This study monitors vitreous parainflammation in two animal models of glaucoma, comparing both healthy controls and sexes over six months. Computational analysis characterizes in vivo the hyperreflective opacities, identified histologically as hyalocyte-like Iba-1+ (microglial marker) cells. Glaucomatous eyes showed greater intensity and number of vitreous opacities as well as dynamic fluctuations in the percentage of activated cells (50–250 microns2) vs. non-activated cells (10–50 microns2), isolated cells (10 microns2) and complexes (>250 microns2). Smaller opacities (isolated cells) showed the highest mean intensity (intracellular machinery), were the most rounded at earlier stages (recruitment) and showed the greatest change in orientation (motility). Study of vitreous parainflammation could be a biomarker of glaucoma onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976765558; Fax: +34-976566234
| | - Manuel Subías
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Montolío
- Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (J.C.); (A.P.d.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Méndez-Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Rincón
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lorena Arias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David García-Herranz
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Julian Garcia-Feijoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Cegoñino
- Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (J.C.); (A.P.d.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocio Herrero-Vanrell
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Carretero
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.C.); (J.R.)
- CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesus Ruberte
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.C.); (J.R.)
- CIBER for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.S.); (S.M.-M.); (T.M.-R.); (L.A.); (L.P.); (E.G.-M.)
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Amaya Pérez del Palomar
- Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.); (J.C.); (A.P.d.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigo MJ, Martinez-Rincon T, Subias M, Mendez-Martinez S, Pablo LE, Polo V, Aragon-Navas A, Garcia-Herranz D, Feijoo JG, Osuna IB, Herrero-Vanrell R, Garcia-Martin E. Influence of Sex on Neuroretinal Degeneration: Six-Month Follow-Up in Rats With Chronic Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:9. [PMID: 34643665 PMCID: PMC8525827 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate differences by sex in the neuroretina of rats with chronic glaucoma over 24 weeks of follow-up, and to assess by sex the influence on neurodegeneration of different methods of inducing ocular hypertension. Methods Forty-six Long-Evans rats-18 males and 28 females-with induced chronic glaucoma were analyzed. Glaucoma was achieved via 2 models: repeatedly sclerosing the episcleral veins (9 male/14 female) or by injecting poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres measuring 20 to 10 µm (Ms20/10) into the anterior chamber (9 male/14 female). The IOP was measured weekly by tonometer; neuroretinal function was recorded by dark/light-adapted electroretinography at baseline and weeks 12 and 24; and structure was analyzed by optical coherence tomography using the retina posterior pole, retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer protocols at baseline and weeks 8, 12, 18, and 24. Results Males showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher IOP in both chronic glaucoma models, and greater differences were found in the episcleral model at earlier stages. Males with episclerally induced glaucoma showed a statistically higher increase in retinal thickness in optical coherence tomography recordings than females and also when comparing Ms20/10 at 12 weeks. Males showed a higher percentage of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness loss in both models. Ganglion cell layer thickness loss was only detected in the Ms20/10 model. Males exhibited worse dark/light-adapted functionality in chronic glaucoma models, which worsened in the episcleral sclerosis model at 12 weeks, than females. Conclusions Female rats with chronic glaucoma experienced lower IOP and structural loss and better neuroretinal functionality than males. Sex and the ocular hypertension-inducing method influenced neuroretinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Martinez-Rincon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez-Martinez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis E Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Polo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alba Aragon-Navas
- Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Herranz
- Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian García Feijoo
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo Osuna
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,University Institute for Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Herrero-Vanrell
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ophthalmology Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,University Institute for Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6258-2489
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nettesheim A, Dixon A, Shim MS, Coyne A, Walsh M, Liton PB. Autophagy in the Aging and Experimental Ocular Hypertensive Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:31. [PMID: 32797200 PMCID: PMC7441338 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate autophagy in the outflow pathway and ganglion cell layer in the aging and ocular hypertensive mouse. Methods Both 4-month-old and 18-month-old C57BL/6J and GFP-LC3 mice were subjected to unilateral injection of hypertonic saline into a limbal vein, causing sclerosis of the outflow pathway and subsequent elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP was measured on a weekly basis using a rebound tonometer. Protein expression levels of LC3B, Lamp1, and p62 were evaluated by western blot and/or immunofluorescence. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) count was performed in whole retinal flat mounts using an anti-Brn3a antibody. Optic nerves were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and resin-embedded for axon counts and electron microscopy. Results In contrast to 18-month-old mice, which developed sustained elevated IOP with a single injection, 4-month-old mice were refractory to high elevations of IOP. Interestingly, both the percentage of animals that developed elevated IOP and the mean ∆IOP were significantly higher in the transgenic mice compared to C57BL/6J. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed dysregulated autophagy in the iridocorneal and retina tissues from 18-month-old mice compared to 4-month-old ones. Moreover, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio correlated with IOP. As expected, injected hypertensive eyes displayed axonal degeneration and RGC death. RGC and axon loss were significantly exacerbated with aging, especially when combined with GFP-LC3 expression. Autophagic structures were observed in the degenerating axons. Conclusions Our results indicate dysregulation of autophagy in the trabecular meshwork and retinal tissues with aging and suggest that such dysregulation of autophagy contributes to neurodegeneration in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April Nettesheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Angela Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Myoung Sup Shim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Aislyn Coyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Molly Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beykin G, Norcia AM, Srinivasan VJ, Dubra A, Goldberg JL. Discovery and clinical translation of novel glaucoma biomarkers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100875. [PMID: 32659431 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Given the high prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and the availability of treatment options, improving the diagnosis and precise monitoring of progression in these conditions is paramount. Here we review recent progress in the development of novel biomarkers for glaucoma in the context of disease pathophysiology and we propose future steps for the field, including integration of exploratory biomarker outcomes into prospective therapeutic trials. We anticipate that, when validated, some of the novel glaucoma biomarkers discussed here will prove useful for clinical diagnosis and prediction of progression, as well as monitoring of clinical responses to standard and investigational therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gala Beykin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA.
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park YH, Snook JD, Ostrin EJ, Kim S, Chen R, Frankfort BJ. Transcriptomic profiles of retinal ganglion cells are defined by the magnitude of intraocular pressure elevation in adult mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2594. [PMID: 30796289 PMCID: PMC6385489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma, a sight threatening disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Despite the central importance of IOP, details of the impact of IOP elevation on RGC gene expression remain elusive. We developed a 4-step immunopanning protocol to extract adult mouse RGCs with high fidelity and used it to isolate RGCs from wild type mice exposed to 2 weeks of IOP elevation generated by the microbead model. IOP was elevated to 2 distinct levels which were defined as Mild (IOP increase >1 mmHg and <4 mmHg) and Moderate (IOP increase ≥4 mmHg). RNA sequencing was used to compare the transcriptional environment at each IOP level. Differentially expressed genes were markedly different between the 2 groups, and pathway analysis revealed frequently opposed responses between the IOP levels. These results suggest that the magnitude of IOP elevation has a critical impact on RGC transcriptional changes. Furthermore, it is possible that IOP-based set points exist within RGCs to impact the direction of transcriptional change. It is possible that this improved understanding of changes in RGC gene expression can ultimately lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Joshua D Snook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Sangbae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Benjamin J Frankfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States. .,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Purpose of review This article summarizes the current studies on molecular biomarkers with potential implications in diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment in patients with glaucoma. Recent findings Important advances have occurred in the understanding of the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Protein biomarkers associated with inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and other molecular pathways have been described in glaucoma patients in tear film, aqueous fluid, vitreous fluid, and serum, however, we are still far from having a clear picture of the whole molecular network that relates to the disease and its implications in clinical use. Summary Although more studies are needed, current and emerging molecular biomarkers candidates in glaucoma may eventually transition into clinical use and contribute to outline the concept of precision medicine and precision health in glaucoma.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ban N, Siegfried CJ, Apte RS. Monitoring Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Therapeutic Implications. Trends Mol Med 2017; 24:7-17. [PMID: 29233479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, and is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Because vision loss in glaucoma is not reversible, therapeutic interventions early in disease are highly desirable. However, owing to the current limitations in evaluating glaucomatous neurodegeneration, it is challenging to monitor the disease severity and progression objectively, and to design rational therapeutic strategies accordingly. Therefore, there is a clear need to identify quantifiable molecular biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. As such, in our opinion, molecular biomarker(s) that specifically reflect stress or death of RGCs, and which correlate with disease severity, progression, and response to therapy, are highly desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elevation of intraocular pressure in rodents using viral vectors targeting the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:33-41. [PMID: 26025608 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rodents are increasingly being used as glaucoma models to study ocular hypertension, optic neuropathy, and retinopathy. A number of different techniques are used to elevate intraocular pressure in rodent eyes by artificially obstructing the aqueous outflow pathway. Another successful technique to induce ocular hypertension is to transduce the trabecular meshwork of rodent eyes with viral vectors expressing glaucoma associated transgenes to provide more relevant models of glaucomatous damage to the trabecular meshwork. This technique has been used to validate newly discovered glaucoma pathogenesis pathways as well as to develop rodent models of primary open angle glaucoma. Ocular hypertension has successfully been induced by adenovirus 5 mediated delivery of mutant MYOC, bioactivated TGFβ2, SFRP1, DKK1, GREM1, and CD44. Advantages of this approach are: selective tropism for the trabecular meshwork, the ability to use numerous mouse strains, and the relatively rapid onset of IOP elevation. Disadvantages include mild-to-moderate ocular inflammation induced by the Ad5 vector and sometimes transient transgene expression. Current efforts are focused at discovering less immunogenic viral vectors that have tropism for the trabecular meshwork and drive sufficient transgene expression to induce ocular hypertension. This viral vector approach allows rapid proof of concept studies to study glaucomatous damage to the trabecular meshwork without the expensive and time-consuming generation of transgenic mouse lines.
Collapse
|
9
|
Morrison JC, Cepurna WO, Johnson EC. Modeling glaucoma in rats by sclerosing aqueous outflow pathways to elevate intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:23-32. [PMID: 26003399 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injection of hypertonic saline via episcleral veins toward the limbus in laboratory rats can produce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) by sclerosis of aqueous humor outflow pathways. This article describes important anatomic characteristics of the rat optic nerve head (ONH) that make it an attractive animal model for human glaucoma, along with the anatomy of rat aqueous humor outflow on which this technique is based. The injection technique itself is also described, with the aid of a supplemental movie, including necessary equipment and specific tips to acquire this skill. Outcomes of a successful injection are presented, including IOP elevation and patterns of optic nerve injury. These concepts are then specifically considered in light of the use of this model to assess potential neuroprotective therapies. Advantages of the hypertonic saline model include a delayed and relatively gradual IOP elevation, likely reproduction of scleral and ONH stresses and strains that may be important in producing axonal injury, and its ability to be applied to any rat (and potentially mouse) strain, leaving the unmanipulated fellow eye as an internal control. Challenges include the demanding surgical skill required by the technique itself, a wide range of IOP response, and mild corneal clouding in some animals. However, meticulous application of the principles detailed in this article and practice will allow most researchers to attain this useful skill for studying cellular events of glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Morrison
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, USA.
| | - William O Cepurna
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - Elaine C Johnson
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
In glaucoma, regardless of its etiology, retinal ganglion cells degenerate and eventually die. Although age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the main risk factors, there are still many mysteries in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The advent of genome-wide microarray expression screening together with the availability of animal models of the disease has allowed analysis of differential gene expression in all parts of the eye in glaucoma. This review will outline the findings of recent genome-wide expression studies and discuss their commonalities and differences. A common finding was the differential regulation of genes involved in inflammation and immunity, including the complement system and the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Other genes of interest have roles in the extracellular matrix, cell-matrix interactions and adhesion, the cell cycle, and the endothelin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana C Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ergorul C, Levin LA. Solving the lost in translation problem: improving the effectiveness of translational research. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:108-14. [PMID: 22980732 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Translational research frequently fails to replicate in the clinic what has been demonstrated in the laboratory. This has been true for neuroprotection in the central nervous system, neuroprotection in glaucoma, as well as many other areas of medicine. Two fundamental reasons for this 'Lost in Translation' problem are the 'Butterfly Effect' (chaotic behavior of many animal models) and the 'Two Cultures' problem (differences between the methodologies for preclinical and clinical research). We propose several strategies to deal with these issues, including the use of ensembles of animal models, adding intraocular pressure lowering to preclinical neuroprotection studies, changing the way in which preclinical research is done, and increasing interactions between the preclinical and clinical teams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Ergorul
- Department of Ocular Research, Toxikon Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo Y, Johnson EC, Cepurna WO, Dyck JA, Doser T, Morrison JC. Early gene expression changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer of a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1460-73. [PMID: 21051717 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify patterns of early gene expression changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) of a rodent model of chronic glaucoma. METHODS Prolonged elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) was produced in rats by episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline (N = 30). GCLs isolated by laser capture microdissection were grouped by grading of the nerve injury (<25% axon degeneration for early injury; >25% for advanced injury). Gene expression was determined by cDNA microarray of independent GCL RNA samples. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to further examine the expression of selected genes. RESULTS By array analysis, 533 GCL genes (225 up, 308 down) were significantly regulated in early injury. Compared to only one major upregulated gene class of metabolism regulation, more were downregulated, including mitochondria, ribosome, proteasome, energy pathways, protein synthesis, protein folding, and synaptic transmission. qPCR confirmed an early upregulation of Atf3. With advanced injury, 1790 GCL genes were significantly regulated (997 up, 793 down). Altered gene categories included upregulated protein synthesis, immune response, and cell apoptosis and downregulated dendrite morphogenesis and axon extension. Of all the early changed genes, 50% were not present in advanced injury. These uniquely affected genes were mainly associated with upregulated transcription regulation and downregulated protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Early GCL gene responses to pressure-induced injury are characterized by an upregulation of Atf3 and extensive downregulation in genes associated with cellular metabolism and neuronal functions. Most likely, these changes represent those specific to RGCs and are thus potentially important for enhancing RGC survival in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kipfer-Kauer A, McKinnon SJ, Frueh BE, Goldblum D. Distribution of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-beta in ocular hypertensive C57BL/6 mouse eyes. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:828-34. [PMID: 20795865 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.494240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid-beta (Abeta) appear to participate in the pathophysiology of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in glaucoma. We, therefore, determined the distribution of APP and Abeta in the retinas of C57BL/6 mice after induction of chronic ocular hypertension. METHODS Ocular hypertension was induced in one eye of three-month-old C57BL/6 mice by injection of hypertonic saline into episcleral veins. After 6 weeks of documented elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), retinas were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies including a polyclonal antibody to the C-terminus of Abeta 40 (Novartis 17-40/23) and a polyclonal antibody to the APP ectodomain (Novartis 474). Distribution and semiquantitative expression of APP and Abeta immunolabeling in ocular hypertensive and control retinas were graded in a masked fashion and compared. RESULTS APP and Abeta immunoreactivity was found in the pia/dura, optic nerve (ON), and RGC layer of ocular hypertensive retinas, whereas APP and Abeta immunoreactivity in the contralateral control eyes was detected only in the pia/dura. Comparison of ocular hypertensive and control eyes for Abeta immunolabeling was significant in the ON and RGC layer (p < 0.05) whereas no significant difference was found when compared for APP staining. CONCLUSIONS High Abeta and APP levels were seen in ocular hypertensive retinas, probably due to abnormal APP-splicing in the presence of elevated IOP.
Collapse
|
15
|
Morrison JC, Cepurna Ying Guo WO, Johnson EC. Pathophysiology of human glaucomatous optic nerve damage: insights from rodent models of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2010; 93:156-64. [PMID: 20708000 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of glaucomatous optic nerve damage is essential for developing effective therapies to augment conventional pressure-lowering treatments. This requires that we understand not only the physical forces in play, but the cellular responses that translate these forces into axonal injury. The former are best understood by using primate models, in which a well-developed lamina cribrosa, peripapillary sclera and blood supply are most like that of the human optic nerve head. However, determining cellular responses to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and relating their contribution to axonal injury require cell biology techniques, using animals in numbers sufficient to perform reliable statistical analyses and draw meaningful conclusions. Over the years, models of chronically elevated IOP in laboratory rats and mice have proven increasingly useful for these purposes. While lacking a distinct collagenous lamina cribrosa, the rodent optic nerve head (ONH) possesses a cellular arrangement of astrocytes, or glial lamina, that ultrastructurally closely resembles that of the primate. Using these tools, major insights have been gained into ONH and the retinal cellular responses to elevated IOP that, in time, can be applied to the primate model and, ultimately, human glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Morrison
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, CERES, 3375 SW Terwilliger Bvld, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang DY, Ray A, Rodgers K, Ergorul C, Hyman BT, Huang W, Grosskreutz CL. Global gene expression changes in rat retinal ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4084-95. [PMID: 20335623 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor in glaucoma. Gene expression changes were studied in glaucomatous rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to elucidate altered transcriptional pathways. METHODS RGCs were back-labeled with Fluorogold. Unilateral IOP elevation was produced by injection of hypertonic saline into the episcleral veins. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to capture an equal number of RGCs from normal and glaucomatous retinal sections. RNA was extracted and amplified, labeled, and hybridized to rat genome microarrays, and data analysis was performed. After selected microarray data were confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, biological pathway analyses were performed. RESULTS Significant changes were found in the expression of 905 genes, with 330 genes increasing and 575 genes decreasing in glaucomatous RGCs. Multiple cellular pathways were involved. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated significant changes in cardiac beta-adrenergic signaling, interferon signaling, glutamate receptor signaling, cAMP-mediated signaling, chemokine signaling, 14-3-3-mediated signaling, and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the genes involved in apoptotic pathways were enriched in glaucomatous RGCs. The prosurvival gene Stat3 was upregulated in response to elevated IOP, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that Stat3 and phosphorylated-Stat3 levels were increased in RGCs in experimental glaucoma. In addition, the expression of several prosurvival genes normally expressed in RGCs was decreased. CONCLUSIONS There are extensive changes in gene expression in glaucomatous RGCs involving multiple molecular pathways, including prosurvival and prodeath genes. The alteration in the balance between prosurvival and prodeath may contribute to RGC death in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|