1
|
Sushko T, Kavaleuski A, Grabovec I, Kavaleuskaya A, Vakhrameev D, Bukhdruker S, Marin E, Kuzikov A, Masamrekh R, Shumyantseva V, Tsumoto K, Borshchevskiy V, Gilep A, Strushkevich N. A new twist of rubredoxin function in M. tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104721. [PMID: 33618255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer mediated by metalloproteins drives many biological processes. Rubredoxins are a ubiquitous [1Fe-0S] class of electron carriers that play an important role in bacterial adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, oxidative and acidic stresses as well as iron starvation induce rubredoxins expression. However, their functions during M. tuberculosis infection are unknown. In the present work, we show that rubredoxin B (RubB) is able to efficiently shuttle electrons from cognate reductases, FprA and FdR to support catalytic activity of cytochrome P450s, CYP124, CYP125, and CYP142, which are important for bacterial viability and pathogenicity. We solved the crystal structure of RubB and characterized the interaction between RubB and CYPs using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations that not only neutralize single charge but also change the specific residues on the surface of RubB did not dramatically decrease activity of studied CYPs. Together with isothermal calorimetry (ITC) experiments, the obtained results suggest that interactions are transient and not highly specific. The redox potential of RubB is -264 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and the measured extinction coefficients are 9931 M-1cm-1 and 8371 M-1cm-1 at 380 nm and 490 nm, respectively. Characteristic parameters of RubB along with the discovered function might be useful for biotechnological applications. Our findings suggest that a switch from ferredoxins to rubredoxins might be crucial for M. tuberculosis to support CYPs activity during the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Sushko
- The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anton Kavaleuski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina Grabovec
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Kavaleuskaya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Daniil Vakhrameev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey Bukhdruker
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Egor Marin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexey Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rami Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow, Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrei Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dauros-Singorenko P, Wiles S, Swift S. Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms and Their Response to a Relevant in vivo Iron Source. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:509525. [PMID: 33408695 PMCID: PMC7779473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.509525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm infections can be chronic, life threatening and challenging to eradicate. Understanding in vivo stimuli affecting the biofilm cycle is one step toward targeted prevention strategies. Iron restriction by the host is a stimulus for biofilm formation for some Staphylococcus aureus isolates; however, in some infection scenarios bacteria are exposed to abundant amounts of hemoglobin (Hb), which S. aureus is able to use as iron source. Thus, we hypothesized a role for Hb in the biofilm infection. Microplate “biofilm” assays showed biofilm-matrix production was increased in the presence of hemoglobin when compared to the provision of iron as an inorganic salt. Microscopic analysis of biofilms showed that the provision of iron as hemoglobin consistently caused thicker and more structured biofilms when compared to the effect of the inorganic iron source. Iron responsive biofilm gene expression analysis showed that Agr Quorum Sensing, a known biofilm dispersal marker, was repressed with hemoglobin but induced with an equivalent amount of inorganic iron in the laboratory strain Newman. The gene expression of two biofilm structuring agents, PSMα and PSMβ, differed in the response to the iron source provided and was not correlated to hemoglobin-structured biofilms. A comparison of the model pathogen S. aureus Newman with local clinical isolates demonstrated that while there was a similar phenotypic biofilm response to hemoglobin, there was substantial variation in the expression of key biofilm dispersal markers, suggesting an underappreciated variation in biofilm regulome among S. aureus isolates and that no general inferences can be made by studying the behavior of single strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dauros-Singorenko P, Hong J, Swift S, Phillips A, Blenkiron C. Effect of the Extracellular Vesicle RNA Cargo From Uropathogenic Escherichia coli on Bladder Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:580913. [PMID: 33102527 PMCID: PMC7546368 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.580913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron restriction in mammals, part of innate antimicrobial defense, may be sensed as a signal by an infecting pathogen. Iron-dependent regulators not only activate the pathogen’s specific iron acquisition and storage mechanisms needed for survival but also influence a number of other processes. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a conserved communication mechanism, which can have roles in host colonization, transfer of antimicrobial resistance, modulation of the host’s immune response, and biofilm formation. Here we analyze the iron-responsive effect of RNA cargo from Escherichia coli EVs in bladder cells. No differences were found in total RNA quantified from EVs released from representative pathogenic and probiotic strains grown in different iron conditions; nevertheless, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) associated with purified RNA was 10 times greater from EVs derived from the pathogenic strain. The pathogen and probiotic EV-RNA have no substantial toxic effect on the viability of cultured bladder cells, regardless of the iron concentration during bacterial culture. Transcriptomic analysis of bladder cells treated with pathogen EV-RNA delivered in artificial liposomes revealed a gene expression profile with a strong similarity to that of cells treated with liposomes containing LPS alone, with the majority being immune response pathways. EV-RNA from the probiotic strain gave no significant perturbation of gene expression in bladder cells. Cytokine profiling showed that EV-LPS has a role modulating the immune response when internalized by bladder cells, highlighting a key factor that must be considered when evaluating functional studies of bacterial RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hong J, Dauros-Singorenko P, Whitcombe A, Payne L, Blenkiron C, Phillips A, Swift S. Analysis of the Escherichia coli extracellular vesicle proteome identifies markers of purity and culture conditions. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1632099. [PMID: 31275533 PMCID: PMC6598517 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1632099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria release nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular milieu. Bacterial EVs contain molecular cargo originating from the parent bacterium and have important roles in bacterial survival and pathogenesis. Using 8-plex iTRAQ approaches, we profiled the EV proteome of two Escherichia coli strains, uropathogenic (UPEC) 536 and probiotic Nissle 1917. For these strains, we compared the proteome of crude input EVs prepared by ultracentrifugation alone with EVs purified by either density gradient centrifugation (DGC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC). We further compared the proteome of EVs from bacterial cultures that were grown in iron-restricted (R) and iron-supplemented (RF) conditions. Overall, outer membrane components were highly enriched, and bacterial inner membrane components were significantly depleted in both UPEC and Nissle EVs, in keeping with an outer membrane origin. In addition, we found enrichment of ribosome-related Gene Ontology terms in UPEC EVs and proteins involved in glycolytic processes and ligase activity in Nissle EVs. We have identified that three proteins (RbsB of UPEC in R; YoeA of UPEC in RF; BamA of Nissle in R) were consistently enriched in the DGC- and SEC-purified EV samples in comparison to their crude input EV, whereas conversely the 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL was enriched in the crude input EVs for both UPEC and Nissle in R condition. Such proteins may have utility as technical markers for assessing the purity of E. coli EV preparations. Several proteins were changed in their abundance depending on the iron availability in the media. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011345. In summary, we have undertaken a comprehensive characterization of the protein content of E. coli EVs and found evidence of specific EV cargos for physiological activity and conserved protein cargo that may find utility as markers in the future. Abbreviation: DGC: density gradient centrifugation; DTT: 1,4-dithiothreitol; EV: extracellular vesicles; FDR: false discovery rate; GO: Gene Ontology; R: iron-restricted; RF: iron-supplemented; iTRAQ: isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation; OMV: outer membrane vesicle; SWATH-MS: sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra; SEC: size exclusion chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Whitcombe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leo Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández-Ruiz M, Parra P, Ruiz-Merlo T, López-Medrano F, San Juan R, Polanco N, González E, Andrés A, Aguado JM. Association between baseline serum hepcidin levels and infection in kidney transplant recipients: Potential role for iron overload. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20. [PMID: 29120522 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver-synthesized peptide hepcidin is a key regulator of iron metabolism and correlates with total iron stores. We analyzed the association between pre-transplant hepcidin-25 levels and infection after kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS Serum hepcidin-25 levels were measured at baseline by high-sensitivity ELISA in 91 patients undergoing KT at our institution between December 2011 and March 2013. The impact of this biomarker on the incidence of post-transplant infection (excluding lower urinary tract infection) during the first year was assessed by Cox regression. RESULTS Mean hepcidin-25 level was 82.3 ± 67.4 ng/mL and strongly correlated with serum ferritin (Spearman's rho = 0.703; P < .001). There were no significant differences in hepcidin-25 levels between patients with or without overall infection (96.4 ± 67.5 vs 72.6 ± 66.7 ng/mL; P = .101). Such difference was evident for opportunistic (128.9 ± 75.0 vs 73.0 ± 62.3 ng/mL; P = .003) and, to a lesser extent, surgical-site infection (107.5 ± 73.3 vs 76.5 ± 65.2 ng/mL; P = .087). Patients with hepcidin-25 levels ≥72.5 ng/mL had higher 12-month cumulative incidence of overall infection (51.2% vs 29.2%; P = .032). After multivariate adjustment, hepcidin-25 ≥72.5 ng/mL acted as an independent risk factor for overall (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-9.96; P = .005) and opportunistic infection (aHR 4.32; 95% CI 1.18-15.75; P = .027). CONCLUSION Elevated baseline serum hepcidin-25 levels were associated with increased risk of infection after KT, suggesting a role for iron overload in the individual susceptibility to post-transplant infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Polanco
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dauros Singorenko P, Chang V, Whitcombe A, Simonov D, Hong J, Phillips A, Swift S, Blenkiron C. Isolation of membrane vesicles from prokaryotes: a technical and biological comparison reveals heterogeneity. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1324731. [PMID: 28717421 PMCID: PMC5505020 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1324731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes release membrane vesicles (MVs) with direct roles in disease pathogenesis. MVs are heterogeneous when isolated from bacterial cultures so Density Gradient Centrifugation (DGC) is valuable for separation of MV subgroups from contaminating material. Here we report the technical variability and natural biological heterogeneity seen between DGC preparations of MVs for Mycobacterium smegmatis and Escherichia coli and compare these DGC data with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) columns. Crude preparations of MVs, isolated from cultures by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation were separated by DGC with fractions manually collected as guided by visible bands. Yields of protein, RNA and endotoxin, protein banding and particle counts were analysed in these. DGC and SEC methods enabled separation of molecularly distinct MV populations from crude MVs. DGC banding profiles were unique for each of the two species of bacteria tested and further altered by changing culture conditions, for example with iron supplementation. SEC is time efficient, reproducible and cost effective method that may also allow partial LPS removal from Gram-negative bacterial MVs. In summary, both DGC and SEC are suitable for the separation of mixed populations of MVs and we advise trials of both, coupled with complete molecular and single vesicle characterisation prior to downstream experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Whitcombe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denis Simonov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Absolute or functional iron (Fe) deficiency is an important determinant of anemia in hemodialysis patients and parenteral Fe is routinely used to treat this condition in conjunction with erythropoiesis stimulating agents. While restoration of hemoglobin toward the target range is a good outcome of Fe replacement, it is well known that Fe overload and toxicity may be adverse consequences of this therapy. Dialysis clinical practice guidelines recommend tailoring Fe therapy based on transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels. Unfortunately, serum Fe markers may not accurately reflect the amount of Fe in the body, because factors such as infections, inflammation, or malignancy can alter serum ferritin levels. Some recent trials in dialysis patients receiving high intravenous Fe doses have shown increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this population have shown excessive tissue liver iron content (LIC) suggesting Fe overload. While LIC measured by MRI correlates well with LIC quantitated by liver biopsy, it only represents a surrogate marker for total body Fe and its clinical relevance in dialysis patients in terms of mortality and morbidity remains to be demonstrated. Nevertheless, these recent findings challenge the use of current serum Fe markers recommended by clinical guidelines to guide safe Fe therapy in dialysis patients. While not yet established for the routine screening of dialysis patients for Fe overload, MRI should be considered in patients who have received a high cumulative dose of intravenous Fe, or have long cumulative dialysis vintage. Further studies are needed to assess how MRI will alter management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Ramanathan
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|