Synthesis of Potent Anticancer Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives

Medicinal attributes of thienopyrimidine scaffolds incorporating the aryl urea motif as potential anticancer candidates via VEGFR inhibition

Worldwide, cancer is a major public health concern. It is a well-acknowledged life-threatening disease. Despite numerous advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of cancer growth and progression, therapeutic challenges remain high. Human tumors exhibited mutation or overexpression of several tyrosine kinases (TK). The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) is a TK family member and is well known for tumor growth and progression. Therefore, VEGF/VEGFR pathway inhibition is an appealing approach for cancer drug discovery. This review will discuss the structure-based optimization of thienopyrimidines incorporating the aryl urea moiety to develop scaffolds of potent anticancer activity via VEGFR inhibition published between 2013 and 2023. Increasing knowledge of probable scaffolds that can act as VEGFR inhibitors might spur the hunt for novel anticancer medications that are safer, more effective, or both.

Fused thiophene as a privileged scaffold: A review on anti-Alzheimer's disease potentials via targeting cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and Aβ aggregation

As a "silent threat," Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quickly rising to the top of the list of costly and troublesome diseases facing humanity. It is growing to be one of the most troublesome and expensive conditions, with annual health care costs higher than those of cancer and comparable to those of cardiovascular disorders. One of the main pathogenic characteristics of AD is the deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which plays a vital role in memory, learning, and attention. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) play a crucial role in hydrolyzing ACh. Consequently, a frequent therapy approach for AD is the suppression of AChE and BChE to improve cholinergic neurotransmission and reduce cognitive symptoms. The accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) is a primary factor contributing to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3-β) is regarded as a pivotal player in the pathophysiology of AD since dysregulation of this kinase affects all major hallmarks of the disease, such as tau phosphorylation, Aβ aggregation, memory, neurogenesis, and synaptic function. One of the most challenging and risky issues in modern medicinal chemistry is the urgent and ongoing need for the study and development of effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment of AD. A significant class of heterocyclic molecules that can target the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of AD are fused thiophene derivatives. The goal of the current review is to demonstrate the advancements made in fused thiophene derivatives' anti-AD activity. It also covers their mechanisms of action and studies of the structure-activity relationships in addition to the compilation of significant synthetic routes for fused thiophene derivatives with anti-AD potential. This review is intended to stimulate new ideas in the search for more rationale designs of derivatives based on fused thiophene, hoping to be more potent in treating AD.

Fused and Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Profound Anti-Cancer Agents

The rationale behind drug design is the strategic utilization of heterocyclic fragments with specific physicochemical properties to form molecular targeted agents. Among the heterocyclic molecules, pyrimidine has proved to be a privileged pharmacophore for various biological cancer targets. The anti-cancer potential of small molecules with fused and substituted pyrimidines can be enhanced through bioisosteric replacements and altering their ADME parameters. Although several small molecules are used in cancer chemotherapy, oncology therapeutics has various limitations, especially in their routes of administration and their concurrent side effects. Such pernicious effects may be overcome, via selective biological targeting. In this review, the biological targets, to inhibit cancer, have been discussed. The structural activity relationship of fused and substituted pyrimidines was studied. Eco-friendly synthetic approaches for pyrimidine derivatives have also been discussed. This review will give an insight to scientists and researchers of medicinal chemistry discipline to design small molecules having a pyrimidine scaffold with high anti-cancer potential.