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Torres LDFC, Ribeiro D, Hirata R, Pacheco LGC, Souza MC, dos Santos LS, dos Santos CS, Salah M, da Costa MM, Ribeiro MG, Selim SA, Azevedo VADC, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify and determine the toxigenicity of Corynebacterium spp with zoonotic potential and an overview of human and animal infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:S0074-02762013000300272. [PMID: 23778659 PMCID: PMC4005569 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis constitute a group of potentially toxigenic microorganisms that are related to different infectious processes in animal and human hosts. Currently, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of disease caused by these pathogens, which is partially due to a reduction in the frequency of routine laboratory testing. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay that can simultaneously identify and determine the toxigenicity of these corynebacterial species with zoonotic potential was developed. This assay uses five primer pairs targeting the following genes: rpoB (Corynebacterium spp), 16S rRNA (C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis), pld (C. pseudotuberculosis), dtxR (C. diphtheriae) and tox [diphtheria toxin (DT) ]. In addition to describing this assay, we review the literature regarding the diseases caused by these pathogens. Of the 213 coryneform strains tested, the mPCR results for all toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C . diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis were in 100% agreement with the results of standard biochemical tests and PCR-DT. As an alternative to conventional methods, due to its advantages of specificity and speed, the mPCR assay used in this study may successfully be applied for the diagnosis of human and/or animal diseases caused by potentially toxigenic corynebacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciene de Fátima Costa Torres
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Dayana Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Monica Cristina Souza
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Louisy Sanches dos Santos
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cíntia Silva dos Santos
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mohammad Salah
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Cairo, Giza, Egito
| | | | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Salah A Selim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Cairo, Giza, Egito
| | | | - Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratório de Difteria e Corinebactérias de Importância Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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An increase in non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections in Poland — molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains isolated from past outbreaks and those currently circulating in Poland. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e907-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Hirata R, Pereira GA, Filardy AA, Gomes DLR, Damasco PV, Rosa ACP, Nagao PE, Pimenta FP, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Potential pathogenic role of aggregative-adhering Corynebacterium diphtheriae of different clonal groups in endocarditis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 41:986-91. [PMID: 19099151 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been described increasingly. Several reports indicate the destructive feature of endocarditis attributable to nontoxigenic strains. However, few reports have dealt with the pathogenicity of invasive strains. The present investigation demonstrates a phenotypic trait that may be used to identify potentially invasive strains. The study also draws attention to clinical and microbiological aspects observed in 5 cases of endocarditis due to C. diphtheriae that occurred outside Europe. Four cases occurred in female school-age children (7-14 years) treated at different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All patients developed other complications including septicemia, renal failure and/or arthritis. Surgical treatment was performed on 2 patients for valve replacement. Lethality was observed in 40% of the cases. Microorganisms isolated from 5 blood samples and identified as C. diphtheriae subsp mitis (N = 4) and C. diphtheriae subsp gravis (N = 1) displayed an aggregative adherence pattern to HEp-2 cells and identical one-dimensional SDS-PAGE protein profiles. Aggregative-adhering invasive strains of C. diphtheriae showed 5 distinct RAPD profiles. Despite the clonal diversity, all 5 C. diphtheriae invasive isolates seemed to display special bacterial adhesive properties that may favor blood-barrier disruption and systemic dissemination of bacteria. In conclusion, blood isolates from patients with endocarditis exhibited a unique adhering pattern, suggesting a pathogenic role of aggregative-adhering C. diphtheriae of different clones in endocarditis. Accordingly, the aggregative-adherence pattern may be used as an indication of some invasive potential of C. diphtheriae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hirata
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Kolodkina V, Titov L, Sharapa T, Grimont F, Grimont PAD, Efstratiou A. Molecular epidemiology of C. diphtheriae strains during different phases of the diphtheria epidemic in Belarus. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:129. [PMID: 16911772 PMCID: PMC1562426 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reemergence of epidemic diphtheria in Belarus in 1990s has provided us with important information on the biology of the disease and the diversity of the causative agent Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Molecular investigations were conducted with the aim to analyze the genetic variability of C diphtheriae during the post-epidemic period. METHODS The biotype and toxigenicity status of 3513 C. diphtheriae strains isolated from all areas in Belarus during a declining period of diphtheria morbidity (1996-2005) was undertaken. Of these, 384 strains were isolated from diphtheria cases, 1968 from tonsillitis patients, 426 from contacts and 735 from healthy carriers. Four hundred and thirty two selected strains were ribotyped. RESULTS The C diphtheriae gravis biotype, which was prevalent during 1996-2000, was "replaced" by the mitis biotype during 2001-2005. The distribution of toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains also decreased from 47.1% (1996) to 5.8% (2005). Changes in the distribution of the epidemic ribotypes Sankt-Peterburg and Rossija were also observed. During 2001-2005 the proportion of the Sankt-Peterburg ribotype decreased from 24.3% to 2.3%, in contrast to the Rossija ribotype, that increased from 25.1% to 49.1%. The circulation of other toxigenic ribotypes (Otchakov, Lyon, Bangladesh), which were prevalent during the period of high diphtheria incidence, also decreased. But at the same time, the proportion of non-toxigenic strains with the Cluj and Rossija ribotypes dramatically increased and accounted for 49.3% and 30.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION The decrease in morbidity correlated with the dramatic decrease in the isolation of the gravis biotype and Sankt Peterburg ribotype, and the prevalence of the Rossija ribotype along with other rare ribotypes associated with non-toxigenic strains (Cluj and Rossija, in particular).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kolodkina
- Belarusian Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Leonid Titov
- Belarusian Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatyana Sharapa
- Belarusian Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Francine Grimont
- Centre National de Reference pour Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Unite de Biodiversite des Bacteries Pathogenes Emergentes INSERM U 389, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick AD Grimont
- Centre National de Reference pour Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Unite de Biodiversite des Bacteries Pathogenes Emergentes INSERM U 389, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Androulla Efstratiou
- HPA/WHO Streptococcus and Diphtheria Reference Unit, Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK
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Mokrousov I, Narvskaya O, Limeschenko E, Vyazovaya A. Efficient discrimination within a Corynebacterium diphtheriae epidemic clonal group by a novel macroarray-based method. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1662-8. [PMID: 15814981 PMCID: PMC1081353 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1662-1668.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diphtheria epidemic in the 1990s in Russia and neighboring countries was caused by a clonal group of closely related Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains (ribotypes Sankt-Peterburg and Rossija). In the recently published complete genome sequence of C. diphtheriae strain NCTC13129, representative of the epidemic clone (A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 31:6516-6523, 2003), we identified in silico two direct repeat (DR) loci 39 kb downstream and 180 kb upstream of the oriC region, consisting of minisatellite (27- to 36-bp) alternating DRs and variable spacers. We designated these loci DRA and DRB, respectively. A reverse-hybridization macroarray-based method has been developed to study polymorphism (the presence or absence of 21 different spacers) in the larger DRB locus. We name it spoligotyping (spacer oligonucleotide typing), analogously to a similar method of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping. The method was evaluated with 154 clinical strains of the C. diphtheriae epidemic clone from the St. Petersburg area in Russia from 1997 to 2002. By comparison with the international ribotype database (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), these strains were previously identified as belonging to ribotypes Sankt-Peterburg (n = 79) and Rossija (n = 75). The 154 strains were subdivided into 34 spoligotypes: 14 unique strains and 20 types shared by 2 to 46 strains; the Hunter Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) was 0.85. DRB locus-based spoligotyping allows fast and efficient discrimination within the C. diphtheriae epidemic clonal group and is applicable to both epidemiological investigations and phylogenetic reconstruction. The results are easy to interpret and can be presented and stored in a user-friendly digital database (Excel file), allowing rapid type determination of new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mokrousov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14, Mira St., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia. [corrected]
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Titov L, Kolodkina V, Dronina A, Grimont F, Grimont PAD, Lejay-Collin M, de Zoysa A, Andronescu C, Diaconescu A, Marin B, Efstratiou A. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated from patients in belarus during an epidemic period. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1285-8. [PMID: 12624069 PMCID: PMC150260 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.3.1285-1288.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred two Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains (93 of the gravis biotype and nine of the mitis biotype) isolated from clinical cases during the Belarus diphtheria epidemic were characterized by biotyping, toxigenicity testing by the Elek test and an indirect hemagglutination assay, phage typing, and ribotyping. The gravis biotype strains were characterized as high and medium toxin producers, and strains of biotype mitis were characterized as low and medium toxin producers. Most strains (82 of 102) were distributed among five phage types. Seventy-two strains (64 of the gravis biotype and 8 of the mitis biotype) belonged to phage type VI ls5,34add. Hybridization of genomic DNA digested with BstEII and PvuII revealed five ribotype patterns, namely, D1, D4, D6, D7, and D13. The majority of gravis biotype strains belonged to ribotypes D1 (49 of 93) and D4 (33 of 93) and included one clonal group of C. diphtheriae. This clone predominated in all regions in Belarus. There was a statistical association between ribotypes and phage types but not between ribotypes and levels of toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Titov
- Belarusian Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus, France.
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