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Khan SA, Shakoor A. Recent Strategies and Future Recommendations for the Fabrication of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antibiofouling Biomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3377-3405. [PMID: 37366489 PMCID: PMC10290865 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s406078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and biomedical devices induced life-threatening bacterial infections and other biological adverse effects such as thrombosis and fibrosis have posed a significant threat to global healthcare. Bacterial infections and adverse biological effects are often caused by the formation of microbial biofilms and the adherence of various biomacromolecules, such as platelets, proteins, fibroblasts, and immune cells, to the surfaces of biomaterials and biomedical devices. Due to the programmed interconnected networking of bacteria in microbial biofilms, they are challenging to treat and can withstand several doses of antibiotics. Additionally, antibiotics can kill bacteria but do not prevent the adsorption of biomacromolecules from physiological fluids or implanting sites, which generates a conditioning layer that promotes bacteria's reattachment, development, and eventual biofilm formation. In these viewpoints, we highlighted the magnitude of biomaterials and biomedical device-induced infections, the role of biofilm formation, and biomacromolecule adhesion in human pathogenesis. We then discussed the solutions practiced in healthcare systems for curing biomaterials and biomedical device-induced infections and their limitations. Moreover, this review comprehensively elaborated on the recent advances in designing and fabricating biomaterials and biomedical devices with these three properties: antibacterial (bacterial killing), antibiofilm (biofilm inhibition/prevention), and antibiofouling (biofouling inhibition/prevention) against microbial species and against the adhesion of other biomacromolecules. Besides we also recommended potential directions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad Khan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Adnan Shakoor
- Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Zander ZK, Chen P, Hsu YH, Dreger NZ, Savariau L, McRoy WC, Cerchiari AE, Chambers SD, Barton HA, Becker ML. Post-fabrication QAC-functionalized thermoplastic polyurethane for contact-killing catheter applications. Biomaterials 2018; 178:339-350. [PMID: 29784475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of catheters is ubiquitous in medicine and the incidence of infection remains unacceptably high despite numerous advances in functional surfaces and drug elution. Herein we report the use of a thermoplastic polyurethane containing an allyl ether side-chain functionality (allyl-TPU) that allows for rapid and convenient surface modification with antimicrobial reagents, post-processing. This post-processing functionalization affords the ability to target appropriate TPU properties and maintain the functional groups on the surface of the device where they do not affect bulk properties. A series of quaternary ammonium thiol compounds (Qx-SH) possessing various hydrocarbon tail lengths (8-14 carbons) were synthesized and attached to the surface using thiol-ene "click" chemistry. A quantitative assessment of the amount of Qx-SH available on the surface was determined using fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact-killing assays note the Q8-SH composition has the highest antimicrobial activity, and a live/dead fluorescence assay reveals rapid contact-killing of Staphylococcus aureus (>75% in 5 min) and Escherichia coli (90% in 10 min) inocula. Scale-up and extrusion of allyl-TPU provides catheter prototypes for biofilm formation testing with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and surface-functionalized catheters modified with Q8-SH demonstrate their ability to reduce biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Zander
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Peiru Chen
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Yen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Nathan Z Dreger
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Laura Savariau
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Willie C McRoy
- Cook Research Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | | | | | - Hazel A Barton
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
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Zander ZK, Becker ML. Antimicrobial and Antifouling Strategies for Polymeric Medical Devices. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:16-25. [PMID: 35610930 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections arising from implanted polymeric medical devices continue to pose a significant challenge for medical professionals and patients. Often times, these infections arise from biofilm accumulation on the device, which is difficult to eradicate and usually requires antibiotic treatment and device removal. In response, significant efforts have been made to design functional polymeric devices or coatings that possess antimicrobial or antifouling properties that limit biofilm formation and subsequent infection by inhibiting or eliminating bacteria near the device surface or by limiting the initial attachment of proteins and bacteria. In this Viewpoint, we highlight the magnitude of device-associated infections, the role of biofilm formation in human pathogenesis, and recent advances in antimicrobial and antifouling polymers, as well as current strategies employed in commercial devices for preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K. Zander
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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Cyriac JM, James E. Switch over from intravenous to oral therapy: A concise overview. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014; 5:83-7. [PMID: 24799810 PMCID: PMC4008927 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.130042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Majority of the patients admitted to a hospital with severe infections are initially started with intravenous medications. Short intravenous course of therapy for 2-3 days followed by oral medications for the remainder of the course is found to be beneficial to many patients. This switch over from intravenous to oral therapy is widely practiced in the case of antibiotics in many developed countries. Even though intravenous to oral therapy conversion is inappropriate for a patient who is critically ill or who has inability to absorb oral medications, every hospital will have a certain number of patients who are eligible for switch over from intravenous to oral therapy. Among the various routes of administration of medications, oral administration is considered to be the most acceptable and economical method of administration. The main obstacle limiting intravenous to oral conversion is the belief that oral medications do not achieve the same bioavailability as that of intravenous medications and that the same agent must be used both intravenously and orally. The advent of newer, more potent or broad spectrum oral agents that achieve higher and more consistent serum and tissue concentration has paved the way for the popularity of intravenous to oral medication conversion. In this review, the advantages of intravenous to oral switch over therapy, the various methods of intravenous to oral conversion, bioavailability of various oral medications for the switch over program, the patient selection criteria for conversion from parenteral to oral route and application of intravenous to oral switch over through case studies are exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jissa Maria Cyriac
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Emmanuel James
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Cunha B. The Evolution of Antibiotic Administration: From Hospital to Outpatient Intravenous Administration to Oral Antibiotic Therapy. J Chemother 2013; 21:199-204. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2009.21.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Budget Impact Analysis of Conversion from Intravenous to Oral Medication When Clinically Eligible for Oral Intake. Clin Ther 2011; 33:1792-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pinheiro LCS, Abreu PA, Afonso IF, Leal B, Corrêa LCD, Borges JC, Marques IP, Lourenço AL, Sathler P, dos Santos AL, Medeiros CA, Cabral LM, Júnior MLO, Romeiro GA, Ferreira VF, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC, Bernardino AMR. Identification of a Potential Lead Structure for Designing New Antimicrobials to Treat Infections Caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis-Resistant Strains. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:463-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cunha BA. Oral versus IV treatment for catheter-related bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1800-1; author reply 1801. [PMID: 18217579 PMCID: PMC2876959 DOI: 10.3201/eid1311.070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Halton K, Graves N. Oral Versus IV Treatment for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2007. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1311.071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Halton
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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