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Ortiz-Quintero J, Cabrera Y, Bourdett-Stanziola L, Ferrera A. Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses Causing Acute Gastroenteritis among Children under 5 Years Old in Distrito Central, Honduras. Intervirology 2024; 67:83-98. [PMID: 38981462 PMCID: PMC11326528 DOI: 10.1159/000540253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrheal diseases constitute a significant public health problem in terms of mortality and morbidity. In Honduras and around the world, RVs have consistently emerged as the single most important etiologic agent in acute childhood diarrhea. However, other viruses, such as NoVs and HAstVs, have also been shown to be responsible for viral gastroenteritis. Unfortunately, the country has limited information concerning the etiologic role of these viral agents in acute gastroenteritis. This study investigated the frequency, genotypes, and epidemiological characteristics of RV-A, NoVs, and HAstVs among children under 5 years old in Distrito Central, Honduras. METHODS Stool samples and their corresponding epidemiological data were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in three healthcare centers in Distrito Central. All samples were screened by immunoassays for RV-A and HAstVs. RV-A-positive samples were molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and genotyping assays. RT-PCR was also applied to confirm HAstVs positivity and to detect NoVs, followed by nucleotide sequencing to assign their genotypes. RESULTS Our results show that at least one viral agent was detected in 31% of the children. The frequency of RV-A, NoVs, and HAstVs was 14%, 13%, and 5%, respectively. The most frequent RV-A genotype was G2P[4], occurring in 93% of cases. 92.3% of NoVs-positive samples belonged to genogroup II, with GII.4 and GII.16 being the most common. HAstVs were clustered into three genotypes: HAstV-1, HAstV-2, and HAstV-8. Only one sample showed coinfection with NoVs and HAstVs. CONCLUSION This comprehensive molecular and epidemiological characterization of enteric viruses demonstrates the vast diversity of these agents and describes for the first time NoVs and HAstVs as causative agents of acute childhood gastroenteritis in Distrito Central, Honduras. This suggests that further in-depth studies of the pediatric population are necessary to develop and implement effective preventive and control measures in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafet Ortiz-Quintero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Departamento de Bioanálisis e Inmunología, Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yessy Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Lurys Bourdett-Stanziola
- Biomedicine Research Unit, Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Annabelle Ferrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Doan YH, Dennis FE, Takemae N, Haga K, Shimizu H, Appiah MG, Lartey BL, Damanka SA, Hayashi T, Suzuki T, Kageyama T, Armah GE, Katayama K. Emergence of Intergenogroup Reassortant G9P[4] Strains Following Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Ghana. Viruses 2023; 15:2453. [PMID: 38140694 PMCID: PMC10747750 DOI: 10.3390/v15122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RVA) is a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. RVA vaccines have reduced the global disease burden; however, the emergence of intergenogroup reassortant strains is a growing concern. During surveillance in Ghana, we observed the emergence of G9P[4] RVA strains in the fourth year after RVA vaccine introduction. To investigate whether Ghanaian G9P[4] strains also exhibited the DS-1-like backbone, as seen in reassortant G1/G3/G8/G9 strains found in other countries in recent years, this study determined the whole genome sequences of fifteen G9P[4] and two G2P[4] RVA strains detected during 2015-2016. The results reveal that the Ghanaian G9P[4] strains exhibited a double-reassortant genotype, with G9-VP7 and E6-NSP4 genes on a DS-1-like backbone (G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2). Although they shared a common ancestor with G9P[4] DS-1-like strains from other countries, further intra-reassortment events were observed among the original G9P[4] and co-circulating strains in Ghana. In the post-vaccine era, there were significant changes in the distribution of RVA genotype constellations, with unique strains emerging, indicating an impact beyond natural cyclical fluctuations. However, reassortant strains may exhibit instability and have a limited duration of appearance. Current vaccines have shown efficacy against DS-1-like strains; however, ongoing surveillance in fully vaccinated children is crucial for addressing concerns about long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Hai Doan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.H.D.)
| | - Francis Ekow Dennis
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.H.D.)
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michael Gyasi Appiah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Belinda Larteley Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Susan Afua Damanka
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Takaya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.H.D.)
| | - George Enyimah Armah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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3
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Kitt EM, Yoon HW, Comar CE, Smith KP, Harris RM, Esona MD, Gautam R, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Hopkins AL, Jaimes J, Handy LK. Genotypic investigation of a rotavirus cluster at a quaternary-care pediatric hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1680-1682. [PMID: 36691772 PMCID: PMC10587370 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) was a common healthcare-associated infection prior to the introduction of the RV vaccine. Following widespread RV vaccination, healthcare-associated rotavirus cases are rare. We describe an investigation of a cluster of rotavirus infections in a pediatric hospital in which an uncommon genotype not typically circulating in the United States was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear M. Kitt
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hee-won Yoon
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Courtney E. Comar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Infectious Diseases Diagnostics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth P. Smith
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Infectious Diseases Diagnostics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca M. Harris
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Infectious Diseases Diagnostics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew D. Esona
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rashi Gautam
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Slavica Mijatovic-Rustempasic
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy L. Hopkins
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jose Jaimes
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lori K. Handy
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Khakha SA, Varghese T, Giri S, Durbin A, Tan GS, Kalaivanan M, Prasad JH, Kang G. Whole-genome characterization of common rotavirus strains circulating in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017: emergence of non-classical genomic constellations. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 37730725 PMCID: PMC10510252 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis among young children, even after vaccine introduction in low-income countries. A whole-genome classification representing the 11 RV genes, was introduced for surveillance and characterization of RVs. This study characterized the common circulating strains in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017 to understand rotavirus strain diversity and evolution using Whole genome sequencing (WGS) carried out on Illumina MiSeq. The 89% (92% of Wa-like, 86% of DS-1-like) of strains had classical constellations, while reassortant constellations were seen in 11% (8% of Wa-like, 14% of DS-1-like) of the strains. The rare E6-NSP4 in combination with DS-1 like G1P[8] and the emergence of the OP-354 subtype of P[8] were identified. Phylogenetics of RV strains revealed multiple subtypes circulating in the past 15 years, with strong evidence of animal to human gene transmission among several strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainey Alokit Khakha
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tintu Varghese
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alan Durbin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maheswari Kalaivanan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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Kachooei A, Tava Koli A, Minaeian S, Hosseini M, Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Arashkia A, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Shoja Z. Molecular characterization of rotavirus infections in children less than 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran, 2021-2022: Emergence of uncommon G9P[4] and G9P[8] rotavirus strains. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28529. [PMID: 36698258 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to monitor the genotypes of circulating species A rotavirus (RVA) in Iran and investigate genetic linkages between specific RVA VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 segments. For this purpose, 48 RVA strains were detected during the 2021-2022 seasons. The two combinations of G9P[4] and G9P[8] RVA strains were predominant. However, several other combinations of RVA also were detected. Based on the distribution of I and E genotypes (46 strains) with respect to G and P, the most common strains were G9P[4]-I2-E2 (19.5%), G9P[4]-I2-E1 (6.5%), G9P[4]-I1-E1 (4.3%), G9P[8]-I1-E1 (19.5%), and G9P[8]-I2-E2 (10.9%), which were followed by several other combinations of G and P RVA strains with different pattern of I-E genotypes and also emerging, rare and uncommon strains. The present study described the continued circulation of G9 strains with the emergence of uncommon G9P[4] and G9P[8] reassortants with three and two different I-E genotypes, respectively, which have not been reported previously in Iran. Our findings indicated that these uncommon strains exhibited a unique genotype pattern comprising a mixture of genogroup 1 and 2 genes and suggest the need for further analysis of rare, uncommon, and emerging strains of RVA at all 11 gene segments to determine intergenogroup and intragenotype reassortments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tava Koli
- Rsearch Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Whole genome sequence of an uncommon G9P[4] species A rotavirus containing DS-1-like (genotype 2) genes in Japan. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1603-1606. [PMID: 35568761 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been recognized as one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Here, the complete coding sequences of 11 RNA segments of an uncommon G9P[4] RVA strain, which was detected in feces of a diarrheal child in Japan, were determined by next-generation sequencing technology. Its genomic constellation, VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5, was determined as G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. This work reports the complete coding sequences of a G9P[4] RVA strain containing DS-1-like (genotype 2) genes that was isolated in Japan in 2013.
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Whole genome analysis of rotavirus strains circulating in Benin before vaccine introduction, 2016-2018. Virus Res 2022; 313:198715. [PMID: 35247484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Species A Rotaviruses (RVA) still play a major role in causing acute diarrhea in children under five years old worldwide. Currently, an 11-gene classification system is used to designate the full genotypic constellations of circulating strains. Viral proteins and non-structural proteins in the order VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5/6 are represented by the genotypes Gx-P[x]-Ix-Rx-Cx-Mx-Ax-Nx-Tx-Ex-Hx, respectively. In Benin, ROTAVAC® vaccine was introduced into the Expanded Programme on Immunization in December 2019. To monitor circulating RVA strains for changes that may affect vaccine performance, in-depth analysis of strains prior to vaccine introduction are needed. Here we report, the whole-gene characterization (11 ORFs) for 72 randomly selected RVA strains of common and unusual genotypes collected in Benin from the 2016-2018 seasons. The sequenced strains were 15 G1P[8], 20 G2P[4], 5 G9P[8], 14 G12P[8], 9 G3P[6], 2 G1P[6], 3 G2P[6], 2 G9P[4], 1 G12P[6], and 1 G1G9P[8]/P[4]. The study strains exhibited two genetic constellations designed as Wa-like G1/G9/G12-P[6]/P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and DS-1-like G2/G3/G12-P[4]/P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. Genotype G9P[4] strains possessed a DS-1-like genetic constellation with an E6 NSP4 gene, G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2. The mixed genotype showed both Wa-like and DS-1-like profiles with a T6 NSP3 gene G1/G9P[8]/[4]-I1/I2-R1/R2-C1/C2-M1/M2-A1/A2-N1/N2-T1/T6-E1/E6-H1/H2. At the allelic level, the analysis of the Benin strains, reference strains (with known alleles), vaccine strains (with known alleles) identified 2-13 and 1-17 alleles for DS-1-like and Wa-like strains, respectively. Most of the study strains clustered into previously defined alleles, but we defined 3 new alleles for the VP7 (G3=1 new allele and G12=2 new alleles) and VP4 (P[4]=1 new allele and P[6]=2 new alleles) genes which formed the basis of the VP7 and VP4 gene clusters, respectively. For the remaining 9 genes, 0-6 new alleles were identified for both Wa-like and DS-1-like strains. This analysis of whole genome sequences of RVA strains circulating in Benin described genetic point mutations and reassortment events as well as novel alleles. Further detailed studies on these new alleles are needed and these data can also provide a baseline for studies on RVA in the post-vaccination period.
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Degiuseppe JI, Stupka JA. Emergence of unusual rotavirus G9P[4] and G8P[8] strains during post vaccination surveillance in Argentina, 2017-2018. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104940. [PMID: 34033946 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2015, Argentina included Rotarix™ monovalent vaccine for universal administration and it showed a sharp decline in all-cause and rotavirus-confirmed cases as well as an immediate predominance of the G2P[4] genotype. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of rotavirus vaccination on laboratory-confirmed cases and genotype distribution in Argentina following its introduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Prevalence and seasonality of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus cases data were assessed. Analyses of circulating genotypes were performed by conventional binary characterization (G and P typing). Phylogenetic study of VP7 gene was performed from emergent unusual strains. RESULTS During 2017-2018, 1183 rotavirus cases (13.2%) were detected, and prevalence was uniform among different age subgroups. Weekly distribution showed a raise of confirmed cases around late July and early August. In 2017 the most frequently detected genotypes were G2P[4] and G3P[8]. However, in 2018 G12P[8] genotype increased and it was detected at a high rate. Noteworthy, the detection of uncommon G9P[4] and G8P[8] strains (bearing DS-1-like genetic backbones) was observed at moderate rates. DISCUSSION Following four years of universal vaccination, the prevalence of rotavirus remained low in children under 5 years of age with a shift of the seasonal peak in early spring. The emergence of uncommon genotypes was due to introduction of new strains rather than to reassortment of local strains. Continuous monitoring of rotavirus burden of disease and genotype distribution provides useful evidence to evaluate existing immunization strategies and to contribute in the development of new vaccines as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Degiuseppe
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Andrés Stupka
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liu X, Yan N, Yue H, Wang Y, Zhang B, Tang C. Detection and molecular characteristics of bovine rotavirus A in dairy calves in China. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e69. [PMID: 34423605 PMCID: PMC8460460 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine group A rotavirus (BoRVA) is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in newborn dairy calves. Only one study has investigated the G and P genotypes among dairy calves in a few regions of China, which were G6 and P[5]. Therefore, data on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BoRVA in dairy calves in China remains limited. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BoRVA in dairy calves in China. Methods 269 dairy calves diarrheic samples from 23 farms in six provinces in China were collected to detect BoRVA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results 71% of samples were determined to be BoRVA-positive. Two G genotypes (G6, G10) and two P genotypes (P[1], P[5]) were identified, and G6P[1] BoRVA was the predominant strain. Moreover, the VP7 and VP4 gene sequences of these dairy calf BoRVA strains revealed abundant genetic diversity. Interestingly, eight out of 17 complete G6 VP7 sequences were clustered into G6 lineage VI and analysis showed the strains were closely related to Chinese yak BoRVA strains. Conclusions The results of this study show that BoRVA circulates widely among dairy calves in China, and the dominant genotype in circulation is G6P[1], first report on molecular characteristics of complete P[5] VP4 genes in chinese dairy calves. These results will help us to further understand the prevalence and genetic evolution of BoRVA among dairy calves in China and, thus, prevent the disease more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Yan
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanwei Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Yan N, Li R, Wang Y, Zhang B, Yue H, Tang C. High prevalence and genomic characteristics of G6P[1] Bovine Rotavirus A in yak in China. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:701-711. [PMID: 32427092 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak is an iconic species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is the world's highest plateau. Here, a total of 541 yak diarrhoeic samples were collected from 69 farms in four provinces in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from April 2015 to June 2018, and 73.6 % of samples were detected as Bovine Rotavirus A (BRVA) positive by RT-PCR assay. Two G genotypes (G6, G10) and two P genotypes (P[1], P[11]) were determined, in which G6P[1] BRVA was the predominant strain. Moreover, VP7 and VP4 of these G6P[1] strains showed unique amino acid mutations, such that they clustered into an independent branch in the phylogenetic tree. A strain of BRVA designated as RVA/Yak-tc/CHN/QH-1/2015/G6P[1] was isolated successfully using MA104 cells, and the virus titre was determined as 105.84 TCID50 ml-1. The genome of strain QH-1 had a G6-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N3-T6-E2-H3 genotype constellation. QH-1 was identified as a reassortment strain of BRVA, human RVA and ovine RVA based on the nucleotide identity and phylogenetic tree of 11 gene segments, indicating its public health significance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular prevalence and genome characteristics of BRVA in yak, contributing to further understanding of the epidemic and genetic evolution of BRVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
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11
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Rasebotsa S, Uwimana J, Mogotsi MT, Rakau K, Magagula NB, Seheri ML, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele MJ, Sabiu S, Mihigo R, Mutesa L, Nyaga MM. Whole-Genome Analyses Identifies Multiple Reassortant Rotavirus Strains in Rwanda Post-Vaccine Introduction. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010095. [PMID: 33445703 PMCID: PMC7828107 DOI: 10.3390/v13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children in low-and middle-income countries, including Rwanda, experience a greater burden of rotavirus disease relative to developed countries. Evolutionary mechanisms leading to multiple reassortant rotavirus strains have been documented over time which influence the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of novel rotaviruses. Comprehensive rotavirus whole-genome analysis was conducted on 158 rotavirus group A (RVA) samples collected pre- and post-vaccine introduction in children less than five years in Rwanda. Of these RVA positive samples, five strains with the genotype constellations G4P[4]-I1-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T1-E1-H2 (n = 1), G9P[4]-I1-R2-C2-M2-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 (n = 1), G12P[8]-I1-R2-C2-M1-A1-N2-T1-E2-H3 (n = 2) and G12P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A2-N2-T2-E1-H1 (n = 1), with double and triple gene reassortant rotavirus strains were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the Rwandan strains and cognate human RVA strains as well as the RotaTeq® vaccine strains in the VP1, VP2, NSP2, NSP4 and NSP5 gene segments. Pairwise analyses revealed multiple differences in amino acid residues of the VP7 and VP4 antigenic regions of the RotaTeq® vaccine strain and representative Rwandan study strains. Although the impact of such amino acid changes on the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines has not been fully explored, this analysis underlines the potential of rotavirus whole-genome analysis by enhancing knowledge and understanding of intergenogroup reassortant strains circulating in Rwanda post vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebotsana Rasebotsa
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (S.R.); (M.T.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Jeannine Uwimana
- Department of Laboratory, Clinical Biology, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda;
| | - Milton T. Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (S.R.); (M.T.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Kebareng Rakau
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (K.R.); (N.B.M.); (M.L.S.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Nonkululeko B. Magagula
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (K.R.); (N.B.M.); (M.L.S.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Mapaseka L. Seheri
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (K.R.); (N.B.M.); (M.L.S.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 06, Brazzaville, Congo; (J.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - M. Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (K.R.); (N.B.M.); (M.L.S.); (M.J.M.)
- South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (S.R.); (M.T.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Richard Mihigo
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 06, Brazzaville, Congo; (J.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda;
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (S.R.); (M.T.M.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-51-401-9158
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12
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Moutelíková R, Sauer P, Prodělalová J. Whole-genome sequence of a reassortant G9P[4] rotavirus A strain from two children in the Czech Republic. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1703-1706. [PMID: 32405825 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An unusual reassortant rotavirus A (RVA) strain was isolated during RVA surveillance in two previously hospitalized children in 2018. G/P typing revealed uncommon G9P[4] genotypes, so the strains were further characterized by Illumina next-generation sequencing. Whole-genome typing showed that the two strains had a DS-1-like backbone except for NSP2: G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N1-T2-E2-H2. The two strains shared 99.9-100% nucleotide sequence identity in all genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Sauer
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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Tatte VS, Maran D, Walimbe AM, Gopalkrishna V. Rotavirus G9P[4], G9P[6] and G1P[6] strains isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India, 2013-2015: evidence for recombination in genes encoding VP3, VP4 and NSP1. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1605-1630. [PMID: 31553304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are genetically diverse pathogens. These are the most evolutionarily adaptable organisms, with a multitude of mechanisms for evolutionary change. To date, full-genome classification has been proved to be an excellent tool for studying the evolution of unusual rotavirus strains. As limited data are available from Pune (Maharashtra), western India, the current study was undertaken with the aim of understanding the genetic diversity in three (G1P[6], G9P[4] and G9P[4]) unusual RVA strains circulating in Pune, India during 2013-2015. Full-genome analysis of these strains classified them as G1-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-[M1-M2_R]-[A1-A2_R]-N2-T2-E6-H2 and G9-[P4-P6_R]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the structural and non-structural genes of these unusual RVA strains showed nucleotide/amino acid identities of 82.3-98.5 %/77.3-99.8 % and 86.6-97.6 %/89.6-97.8 % between the strains of the study. Evidence of recombination events was found within the genes encoding VP3, VP4 and NSP1, which showed a combination of genetic information for genogroup 1 [M1/P[6]/A1] and genogroup 2 [M2/P[4]/A2] strains. This study will facilitate future investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of such RVAs as the exchange of whole or partial genetic material between rotaviruses through recombination contributes directly to their diversification, adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali S Tatte
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepthy Maran
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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14
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Letsa V, Damanka S, Dennis F, Lartey B, Armah GE, Betrapally N, Gautam R, Esona MD, Bowen MD, Quaye O. Distribution of rotavirus genotypes in the postvaccine introduction era in Ashaiman, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, 2014-2016. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2025-2028. [PMID: 31286526 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Group A Rotaviruses (RVAs) are the most important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children less than 5 years of age. Mortality resulting from RVA gastroenteritis is higher in developing countries than in developed ones, causing a huge public health burden in global regions like Africa and South-East Asia. This study reports RVA genotypes detected in Ashaiman, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, in the postvaccine introduction era for the period 2014-2016. Stool samples were collected from children less than 5 years of age who visited Ashaiman Polyclinic with AGE from November 2014 to May 2015 and from December 2015 to June 2016. The samples were tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and one-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on the EIA positive samples for gel-based binomial genotyping. Of the 369 stool samples collected from children with AGE, 145 (39%) tested positive by EIA. Five VP7 (G1, G3, G9, G10, and G12) and three VP4 (P[4], P[6] and P[8]) genotypes were detected. Eight G/P combinations were identified of which, G3P[6], G12P[8], G1P[8], and G9P[4] were the most prevalent and responsible for 93 (68%) of the AGE cases, and seven mixed-types were detected which represented 8% of the RVA cases. High prevalence, diversity, and mixed-types of RVAs were detected from Ashaiman with the emergence of unusual genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Letsa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Susan Damanka
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Dennis
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Belinda Lartey
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George E Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Naga Betrapally
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rashi Gautam
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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15
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Epidemiology and genetic diversity of group A rotavirus in acute diarrhea patients in pre-vaccination era in Himachal Pradesh, India. Vaccine 2019; 37:5350-5356. [PMID: 31331769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis due to Group A rotaviruses remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children in developing countries. India introduced its indigenous rotavirus vaccine Rotavac® in 2016 and Himachal Pradesh (HP) the first state to launch it. The present study aimed to evaluate rotavirus strain diversity associated with AGE prior to vaccine introduction in HP. A total of 331 fecal specimens collected from diarrheic children hospitalized at RPGMC Tanda, HP between July-2014 and June-2016 were screened for RVA by EIA. Rotavirus RNA was extracted by TRIZOL method and analyzed by RNA-PAGE. G/P typing was performed using semi-nested multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR. Rotavirus was detected in 45% (n = 149/331) of diarrheic children, with highest rate observed in the 6-11 months age group (47%). Vomiting was found more frequently associated with RV-infection. Among G-types, G12 was found most prevalent (33.1%) followed by G1 (28.4%), G9 (12.2%), G2 (9.5%), G3 (3.4%) and G10 (2.7%). G4 (0.7%) strains were rarely detected. Among P-types, P[6] was the most prevalent (40.5%) followed by P[8] (29.1%) and P[4] (14.2%). Of note, genotypes G3 and P[11] were detected for the first time in HP. Among G/P combinations, G12P[6] was most prevalent (30.4%) followed by G1P[8] (20.3%), G2P[4] (4.7%), G1P[6] (3.4%) and G3P[8] (2.7%). Interestingly, our study observed high percentage of unusual strains (14.2%) namely G9P[4], G2P[6], G2P[8], G12P[4] and G1P[11]. The regionally common strains G3P[6], G4P[6], G9P[6], G9P[8], G10P[6], G10P[8] and G12P[8] strains were very rarely detected. Of interest, RNA migration pattern of G1P[8] was DS-1 like and genomic heterogeneity was observed within G12P[4] strains with both long and short electropherotypes. Our study highlights rich genetic diversity with emergence of rare rotavirus strains circulating in HP and provides baseline data prior to Rotavac® introduction that will help to gauge the impact of the Rotavac® vaccine in HP.
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16
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Lartey BL, Damanka S, Dennis FE, Enweronu-Laryea CC, Addo-Yobo E, Ansong D, Kwarteng-Owusu S, Sagoe KW, Mwenda JM, Diamenu SK, Narh C, Binka F, Parashar U, Lopman B, Armah GE. Rotavirus strain distribution in Ghana pre- and post- rotavirus vaccine introduction. Vaccine 2018; 36:7238-7242. [PMID: 29371014 PMCID: PMC11345725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) into its national paediatric vaccination programme in May2012. Vaccine introduction was initiated nationwide and achieved >85% coverage within a few months. Rotavirus strain distribution pre- and post-RV vaccine introduction is reported. METHODS Stool samples were collected from diarrhoeic children <5 years of age hospitalized between 2009 and 2016 at sentinel sites across Ghana and analyzed for the presence of group A rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay. Rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR and sequencing. RESULTS A total of 1363 rotavirus EIA-positive samples were subjected to molecular characterization. These were made up of 823 (60.4%) and 540 (39.6%) samples from the pre- and post-vaccine periods respectively. Rotavirus VP7 genotypes G1, G2 and G3, and VP4 genotypes P[6] and P[8] constituted more than 65% of circulating G and P types in the pre-vaccine period. The common strains detected were G1P[8] (20%), G3P[6] (9.2%) and G2P[6] (4.9%). During the post-vaccine period, G12, G1 and G10 genotypes, constituted more than 65% of the VP7 genotypes whilst P[6] and P[8] made up more than 75% of the VP4 genotypes. The predominant circulating strains were G12P[8] (26%), G10P[6] (10%) G3P[6] (8.1%) and G1P[8] (8.0%). We also observed the emergence of the unusual rotavirus strain G9P[4] during this period. CONCLUSION Rotavirus G1P[8], the major strain in circulation during the pre-vaccination era, was replaced by G12P[8] as the most predominant strain after vaccine introduction. This strain replacement could be temporary and unrelated to vaccine introduction since an increase in G12 was observed in countries yet to introduce the rotavirus vaccine in West Africa. A continuous surveillance programme in the post-vaccine era is necessary for the monitoring of circulating rotavirus strains and the detection of unusual/emerging genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L Lartey
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Susan Damanka
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Francis Ekow Dennis
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Addo-Yobo
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Ansong
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sandra Kwarteng-Owusu
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwamena W Sagoe
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Clement Narh
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Fred Binka
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Lopman
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - George E Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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17
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Wu JY, Zhou Y, Zhang GM, Mu GF, Yi S, Yin N, Xie YP, Lin XC, Li HJ, Sun MS. Isolation and characterization of a new candidate human inactivated rotavirus vaccine strain from hospitalized children in Yunnan, China: 2010-2013. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:426-440. [PMID: 30294607 PMCID: PMC6163142 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i11.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the distribution of rotavirus VP7 gene in hospitalized children in Yunnan, China.
METHODS A total of 366 stool specimens were collected from hospitalized children in hospitals in Yunnan Province from September 2010 to December 2013. The genomic RNA electropherotypes and the G genotypes of the rotaviruses were determined. A phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene was performed. Rotavirus isolation was performed, and characterized by plaque, minimum essential medium, and all genes sequence analysis. Quantification of antibodies for inactivated vaccine prepared with ZTR-68 was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization assay.
RESULTS Group A human rotavirus was detected in 177 of 366 (48.4%) stool samples using a colloidal gold device assay. The temporal distribution of rotavirus cases showed significant correlation with the mean air temperature. Rotaviruses were isolated from 13% of the rotavirus-positive samples. The predominant genotype was G1 (43.5%), followed by G3 (21.7%), G9 (17.4%), G2 (4.3%), G4 (8.7%), and mixed (4.3%) among a total of 23 rotavirus isolates. A rotavirus strain was isolated from a rotavirus-positive stool sample of a 4-month-old child in The First People’s Hospital of Zhaotong (2010) for use as a candidate human inactivated rotavirus vaccine strain and for further research, and was designated ZTR-68. The genotype of 11 gene segments of strain ZTR-68 (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/ZTR-68/2010/G1P[8]) was characterized. The genotype constellation of strain ZTR-68 was identified as G1-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. The VP7 and VP4 genotypes of strain ZTR-68 were similar to Wa-like strains.
CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of the G1, G2, and G3 genotypes was detected from 2010 to 2012. However, a dominant prevalence of the G9 genotype was identified as the cause of gastroenteritis in children in Yunnan, China, in 2013. A candidate human inactivated rotavirus vaccine strain, designated ZTR-68 was isolated, characterized, and showed immunogenicity. Our data will be useful for the future formulation and development of a vaccine in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guo-Fa Mu
- Pediatrics Department, the First People’s Hospital of Zhaotong City, Zhaotong 657000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shan Yi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Na Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
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18
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Anaya-Molina Y, De La Cruz Hernández SI, Andrés-Dionicio AE, Terán-Vega HL, Méndez-Pérez H, Castro-Escarpulli G, García-Lozano H. A one-step real-time RT-PCR helps to identify mixed rotavirus infections in Mexico. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:288-293. [PMID: 30076043 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses continue being the most important pathogens responsible of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Seminested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to determine rotavirus genotype; however, this technique employs multistep procedures. The real-time RT-PCR is a fast and reliable tool that can be used as rotavirus genotyping tool, especially in rotavirus outbreaks. In this study, we tested a real-time RT-PCR to identify rotavirus genotype using a panel of 252 samples from patients with diarrheal disease caused by G9P[4] and G12P[8] genotypes, which were identified as emerging rotaviruses in 2 outbreaks in Chiapas, Mexico. Our results show that the real-time RT-PCR assay detected these rotaviruses, and it allowed us to identify mixed genotype infections, G/P combinations, and the viral abundance in some samples in which the seminested assay could not identify them. Therefore, the real-time RT-PCR is a molecular tool that can be great support during rotavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Anaya-Molina
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico; Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Isaac De La Cruz Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Atenea Estela Andrés-Dionicio
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Heidi Lizbeth Terán-Vega
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Méndez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Herlinda García-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Virus Gastrointestinales, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Francisco de P Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, CDMX, Mexico.
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Ianiro G, Recanatini C, D'Errico MM, Monini M. Uncommon G9P[4] group A rotavirus strains causing dehydrating diarrhea in young children in Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:57-64. [PMID: 29909243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children, being responsible for up to 250.000 deaths worldwide, mostly in developing countries. The two outer capsid proteins VP7 (glycoprotein, G-genotype) and VP4 (protease-sensitive protein, P-genotype) are the basis for the binary RVA nomenclature. Although at least 36 G-types and 51 P-types of rotavirus are presently known, most RVA infections in humans, worldwide as well as in Italy, are related to six major G/P combinations: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. In November 2016, in the framework of the Italian 2016/17 rotavirus surveillance season, a total of 22 rotavirus-positive samples from hospitalized children presenting AGE symptoms were collected in a small area of Central Italy (Ancona, Marche). After genotyping, 3 samples presented the G9P[4] genotype. In order to better understand the origin of these uncommon RVA strains causing dehydrating diarrhea in three children, the strains RVA/Human-wt/ITA/AN18/2016/G9P[4], RVA/Human-wt/ITA/AN19/2016/G9P[4] and RVA/Human-wt/ITA/AN22/2016/G9P[4] were subjected to nucleotide sequencing of all the 11 gene segments to define their genomic constellation. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the genomic constellation of the three strains was G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2, highlighting human origin for all the gene segments investigated. The molecular characterization of RVAs and the continue monitoring of their circulation is needed to better define the epidemiology of these pathogen and to detect the emergence of viral variants presenting a high spreading potential in humans in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Recanatini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello M D'Errico
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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20
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Pradhan GN, Chitambar SD. Genetic analysis of rotavirus G2P[4] strains in Pune, Western India: circulation of a novel reassortant bearing E6 NSP4 genotype. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1391-1394. [PMID: 29411134 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In India, G2P[4] strains are known to be the second most predominant group A rotaviruses causing acute gastroenteritis among children. This study was performed to determine the diversity within VP7(G), VP4(P), VP6(I) and NSP4(E) genes of 16 G2P[4] rotavirus strains detected in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Pune, Western India during 2009-2013. Fourteen strains showed G2-P[4]-I2-E2 and two strains showed G2-P[4]-I2-E6 genotype constellation. Phylogenetic analysis showed their clustering into G2-IV-a3, P[4]-5bi/ii, I2-3ii and E2-4i/ii or E6 genotypes/lineages. These data reveal inter- and/or intra-genotypic variations in a genogroup-2 constellation of G2P[4] rotavirus strains circulating in Pune, Western India, providing evidence of a novel G2P[4] reassortant bearing a rare NSP4 genotype, E6 during 2009-2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri N Pradhan
- National Institute of Virology, 20/A, Dr. Ambedkar Road. Post Box No. 11, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Shobha D Chitambar
- National Institute of Virology, 20/A, Dr. Ambedkar Road. Post Box No. 11, Pune, 411001, India.
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21
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Quaye O, Roy S, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Esona MD, Xu Z, Tam KI, Banegas DJC, Rey-Benito G, Bowen MD. Characterisation of a rare, reassortant human G10P[14] rotavirus strain detected in Honduras. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:9-16. [PMID: 29211103 PMCID: PMC5719537 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although first detected in animals, the rare rotavirus strain G10P[14] has
been sporadically detected in humans in Slovenia, Thailand, United Kingdom
and Australia among other countries. Earlier studies suggest that the
strains found in humans resulted from interspecies transmission and
reassortment between human and bovine rotavirus strains. OBJECTIVES In this study, a G10P[14] rotavirus genotype detected in a human stool sample
in Honduras during the 2010-2011 rotavirus season, from an unvaccinated
30-month old boy who reported at the hospital with severe diarrhea and
vomiting, was characterised to determine the possible evolutionary origin of
the rare strain. METHODS For the sample detected as G10P[14], 10% suspension was prepared and used for
RNA extraction and sequence independent amplification. The amplicons were
sequenced by next-generation sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq 150 paired
end method. The sequence reads were analysed using CLC Genomics Workbench
6.0 and phylogenetic trees were constructed using PhyML version 3.0. FINDINGS The next generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the 11-segmented
genome of the G10P[14] strain allowed classification as
G10-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. Six of the genes (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6,
NSP2 and NSP4) were DS-1-like. NSP1 and NSP5 were AU-1-like and NSP3 was T6,
which suggests that multiple reassortment events occurred in the evolution
of the strain. The phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance calculations
showed that the VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1, VP3, NSP1, NSP3 and NSP4 genes clustered
predominantly with bovine strains. NSP2 and VP2 genes were most closely
related to simian and human strains, respectively, and NSP5 was most closely
related to a rhesus strain. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The genetic characterisation of the G10P[14] strain from Honduras suggests
that its genome resulted from multiple reassortment events which were
possibly mediated through interspecies transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osbourne Quaye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,University of Ghana, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sunando Roy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kunchala Rungsrisuriyachai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ziqian Xu
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ka Ian Tam
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Doan YH, Suzuki Y, Fujii Y, Haga K, Fujimoto A, Takai-Todaka R, Someya Y, Nayak MK, Mukherjee A, Imamura D, Shinoda S, Chawla-Sarkar M, Katayama K. Complex reassortment events of unusual G9P[4] rotavirus strains in India between 2011 and 2013. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:417-428. [PMID: 28750901 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the predominant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Recently, unusual G9P[4] rotavirus strains emerged with high prevalence in many countries. Such intergenogroup reassortant strains highlight the ongoing spread of unusual rotavirus strains throughout Asia. This study was undertaken to determine the whole genome of eleven unusual G9P[4] strains detected in India during 2011-2013, and to compare them with other human and animal global RVAs to understand the exact origin of unusual G9P[4] circulating in India and other countries worldwide. Of these 11 RVAs, four G9P[4] strains were double-reassortants with the G9-VP7 and E6-NSP4 genes on a DS-1-like genetic backbone (G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2). The other strains showed a complex genetic constellation, likely derived from triple reassortment event with the G9-VP7, N1-NSP2 and E6-NSP4 on a DS-1-like genetic backbone (G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N1-T2-E6-H2). Presumably, these unusual G9P[4] strains were generated after several reassortment events between the contemporary co-circulating human rotavirus strains. Moreover, the point mutation S291L at the interaction site between inner and outer capsid proteins of VP6 gene may be important in the rapid spread of this unusual strain. The complex reassortment events within the G9[4] strains may be related to the high prevalence of mixed infections in India as reported in this study and other previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fujii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mukti K Nayak
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Daisuke Imamura
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Japan.
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Felix-Valenzuela L, Cooley-García DP, Cano-Rangel MA, Durazo-Arvizu MDLA, Mata-Haro V. Predominance of G9P[4] Rotavirus from Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Northwestern Mexico. Intervirology 2017; 59:228-233. [DOI: 10.1159/000464132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Pradhan GN, Walimbe AM, Chitambar SD. Molecular characterization of emerging G9P[4] rotavirus strains possessing a rare E6 NSP4 or T1 NSP3 genotype on a genogroup-2 backbone using a refined classification framework. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3139-3153. [PMID: 27902372 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infections associated with unusual strains are an emerging concern in rotavirus vaccination programmes. Recently, an increase in circulation of unusual G9P[4] strains was reported from different regions of India, placing this genotype in third position, after G1P[8] and G2P[4], of the most common rotavirus strains. The aim of the present study was to analyse the complete genomic constellation of three G9P[4] strains (RV09, RV10 and RV11), determine their genetic relatedness to other genogroup-2 strains and understand the evolution of a rare E6 and other NSP4 genotypes. All strains revealed the presence of a genogroup-2 backbone, with RV09 constituting the NSP3 T1 genotype and RV10 and RV11 bearing the NSP4 E6 genotype. A refined criterion adopted to classify the nine internal gene segments of G2P[4] and non-G2P[4] strains with the genogroup-2 backbone into lineages and sub-lineages indicated divergence of >8 % (except NSP1: >5.5 %) for lineages and >3 % for sub-lineages. The VP1 and/or VP3 genes of study strains showed close relationships with animal-like human rotaviruses. The estimated evolutionary rate for the NSP4 E6 genotype was marginally higher (3.78×10-3 substitutions per site per year) than that of genotypes E1 (2.6×10-3 substitutions per site per year) and E2 (3.06×10-3 substitutions per site per year), suggesting a step towards adaptation of E6 on a genogroup-2 backbone. The time and origin of the most recent common ancestor of E6 genotype were estimated to be 1981 and South Asia, respectively. Full-genome and evolutionary analyses performed in this study for G9P[4] strains will help better understand the extent of gene reassortment and origin in unusual rotavirus strains that may remain viable and cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri N Pradhan
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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25
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Bowen MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Teel EN, Gautam R, Sturgeon M, Azimi PH, Baker CJ, Bernstein DI, Boom JA, Chappell J, Donauer S, Edwards KM, Englund JA, Halasa NB, Harrison CJ, Johnston SH, Klein EJ, McNeal MM, Moffatt ME, Rench MA, Sahni LC, Selvarangan R, Staat MA, Szilagyi PG, Weinberg GA, Wikswo ME, Parashar UD, Payne DC. Rotavirus Strain Trends During the Postlicensure Vaccine Era: United States, 2008-2013. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:732-8. [PMID: 27302190 PMCID: PMC5075963 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a significant cause of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) has conducted active surveillance for RVA at pediatric hospitals and emergency departments at 3-7 geographically diverse sites in the United States since 2006. METHODS Over 6 consecutive years, from 2008 to 2013, 1523 samples from NVSN sites that were tested positive by a Rotaclone enzyme immunoassay were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for genotyping. RESULTS In the 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons, genotype G3P[8] was the predominant genotype throughout the network, with a 46%-84% prevalence. In the 2012 season, G12P[8] replaced G3P[8] as the most common genotype, with a 70% prevalence, and this trend persisted in 2013 (68.0% prevalence). Vaccine (RotaTeq; Rotarix) strains were detected in 0.6%-3.4% of genotyped samples each season. Uncommon and unusual strains (eg, G8P[4], G3P[24], G2P[8], G3P[4], G3P[6], G24P[14], G4P[6], and G9P[4]) were detected sporadically over the study period. Year, study site, and race were found to be significant predictors of genotype. CONCLUSIONS Continued active surveillance is needed to monitor RVA genotypes in the United States and to detect potential changes since vaccine licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Rashi Gautam
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Carol J Baker
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Julie A Boom
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James Chappell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary E Moffatt
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Marcia A Rench
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Mary A Staat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | | | | | - Mary E Wikswo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Re-emergence of genotype G9 during a five-and-a-half-year period in Turkish children with rotavirus diarrhea. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2879-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Dóró R, Farkas SL, Martella V, Bányai K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: surveillance and control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1337-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1089171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Chung JY, Kim MS, Jung TW, Kim SJ, Kang JH, Han SB, Kim SY, Rhim JW, Kim HM, Park JH, Jo DS, Ma SH, Jeong HS, Cheon DS, Kim JH. Detection of Rotavirus Genotypes in Korea 5 Years after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1471-5. [PMID: 26425045 PMCID: PMC4575937 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.10.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is one of the most important viral etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Although effective RV vaccines (RVVs) are now used worldwide, novel genotypes and outbreaks resulting from rare genotype combinations have emerged. This study documented RV genotypes in a Korean population of children with AGE 5 yr after the introduction of RVV and assessed potential genotype differences based on vaccination status or vaccine type. Children less than 5-yr-old diagnosed with AGE between October 2012 and September 2013 admitted to 9 medical institutions from 8 provinces in Korea were prospectively enrolled. Stool samples were tested for RV by enzyme immunoassay and genotyped by multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In 346 patients, 114 (32.9%) were RV-positive. Among them, 87 (76.3%) patients were infected with RV alone. Eighty-six of 114 RV-positive stool samples were successfully genotyped, and their combinations of genotypes were G1P[8] (36, 41.9%), G2P[4] (12, 14.0%), and G3P[8] (6, 7.0%). RV was detected in 27.8% of patients in the vaccinated group and 39.8% in the unvaccinated group (P=0.035). Vaccination history was available for 67 of 86 cases with successfully genotyped RV-positive stool samples; RotaTeq (20, 29.9%), Rotarix (7, 10.4%), unvaccinated (40, 59.7%). The incidence of RV AGE is lower in the RV-vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group with no evidence of substitution with unusual genotype combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanggyepaik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Woong Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwang-Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Jeong
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Doo-Sung Cheon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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Bucardo F, Nordgren J. Impact of vaccination on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of group A rotaviruses in Latin America and factors affecting vaccine efficacy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:106-13. [PMID: 26079278 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rotavirus (RV) vaccine coverage (∼83%) and good effectiveness (∼77%) against RV-diarrhea hospitalization, RV is still contributing to the burden of diarrhea that persists in hospital settings in several Latin American countries, where RV vaccination is being implemented. Due to the extensive genomic and antigenic diversity, among co-circulating human RV, a major concern has been that the introduction of RV vaccination could exert selection pressure leading to higher prevalence of strains not included in the vaccines and/or emergence of new strains, thus, reducing the efficacy of vaccination. Here we review the molecular epidemiology of RV in Latin America and explore issues of RV evolution and selection in light of vaccination. We further explore etiologies behind the large burden of diarrhea remaining after vaccination in some countries and discuss plausible reasons for vaccine failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León, Nicaragua (UNAN-León), Nicaragua.
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Linköping, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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30
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Ribas MDLA, Tejero Y, Cordero Y, de Los Angeles León M, Rodriguez M, Perez-Lastre J, Triana T, Guerra M, Ayllón L, Escalante G, Hadad J. Detection of rotavirus and other enteropathogens in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Havana, Cuba. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1923-30. [PMID: 26026957 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to diagnose infections with rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in children under five years old with acute gastroenteritis and to identify the most common epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these pathogens. The study was conducted using 110 stool samples from the same number of children under five years old who were inpatients at three paediatric hospitals in Havana, Cuba, between October and December 2011. The samples were tested for rotavirus and other enteric pathogens using traditional and molecular microbiological methods. Pathogens were detected in 85 (77.3 %) of the children. Rotavirus was the most commonly found, appearing in 54.5 % of the children, followed by bacteria (29 %) and parasites (10.9 %). Other viral pathogens detected included adenovirus (6.4 %) and astrovirus (3.6 %). In rotavirus-positives cases, at least one other pathogen was detected, usually a bacterium (26.6 %). More than three episodes of watery diarrhea in 24 hours were observed in 78.3 % of the cases. Dehydration was found in 30 (50 %) rotavirus-positive children, of whom seven (11.6 %) were transferred to an intensive care unit due to complications of metabolic acidosis. Rotavirus was most commonly observed among children under 12 months old (65 %). The highest incidence of infection occurred in children who were under the care of a relative at home (78.3 %), had not been breastfed (65 %), or had been breastfed for less than six months (28.3 %). The genotype combinations most frequently found were G9P8 (28.3 %) and G1P8 (10 %). This study demonstrates the presence of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens as causes of gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children in Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los Angeles Ribas
- Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 61/2, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba,
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31
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Yamamoto SP, Kaida A, Ono A, Kubo H, Iritani N. Detection and characterization of a human G9P[4] rotavirus strain in Japan. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji P. Yamamoto
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Iritani
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
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32
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Tiku VR, Sharma S, Verma A, Kumar P, Raghavendhar S, Aneja S, Paul VK, Bhan MK, Ray P. Rotavirus diversity among diarrheal children in Delhi, India during 2007-2012. Vaccine 2015; 32 Suppl 1:A62-7. [PMID: 25091683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide and is responsible for around 100,000 deaths in India annually. Vaccination against rotavirus (RV) is a high priority: 'ROTAVAC' an indigenous vaccine will soon be licensed in India. Surveillance to determine the impact of vaccines on emerging RV strains is required. In this study we compared the pattern of RV strains circulating in Delhi over a 5 year period with the strains over the past 12 years. The most commonly detected G genotypes were G1 (22.4%), G2 (17.2%), and G9 (25.2%) with P[4] (25.5%), P[6] (20%) and P[8] (16.9%) specificity. G12 genotype was found to be the fourth common G-type with 14.8% prevalence. Among the G-P combinations; G1P[8], G2P[4], G9P[8] and G12P[6] were detected at 7.2%, 7.2%, 5.2% and 10%, respectively. Of note, G9P[4] and G2P[6] that were rarely detected during 2000-2007 in Delhi, were observed quite frequently with prevalence of 6.5% and 3.4%, respectively. In total, 16 different G-P combinations were detected in the present study demonstrating the rich diversity of rotavirus strains in Delhi. Our data from the 12 year period indicate wide circulation of G1 and G9 genotypes in combination with P[8], G2 with P[4] and G12 with P[6] with high frequency of RV strains having rare G-P combinations in Delhi. Since the indigenous vaccine 'ROTAVAC' has a monovalent formulation, the impact of vaccines on strains and the effect of strain diversity on the efficacy of the vaccine should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Razdan Tiku
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anil Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Siva Raghavendhar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Satinder Aneja
- Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pratima Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110062, India.
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Full Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Human G9P[4] Rotavirus Strain. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01284-14. [PMID: 25502675 PMCID: PMC4263837 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01284-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This is a report of the complete genomic sequence of a reassortant rotavirus group A G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2 strain designated RVA/Human-wt/USA/ LB1562/2010/G9P[4].
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Dóró R, Mihalov-Kovács E, Marton S, László B, Deák J, Jakab F, Juhász Á, Kisfali P, Martella V, Melegh B, Molnár P, Sántha I, Schneider F, Bányai K. Large-scale whole genome sequencing identifies country-wide spread of an emerging G9P[8] rotavirus strain in Hungary, 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:495-512. [PMID: 25239526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the availability of rotavirus vaccines routine strain surveillance has been launched or continued in many countries worldwide. In this study relevant information is provided from Hungary in order to extend knowledge about circulating rotavirus strains. Direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products obtained by VP7 and VP4 genes specific primer sets was utilized as routine laboratory method. In addition we explored the advantage of random primed RT-PCR and semiconductor sequencing of the whole genome of selected strains. During the study year, 2012, we identified an increase in the prevalence of G9P[8] strains across the country. This genotype combination predominated in seven out of nine study sites (detection rates, 45-83%). In addition to G9P[8]s, epidemiologically major strains included genotypes G1P[8] (34.2%), G2P[4] (13.5%), and G4P[8] (7.4%), whereas unusual and rare strains were G3P[8] (1%), G2P[8] (0.5%), G1P[4] (0.2%), G3P[4] (0.2%), and G3P[9] (0.2%). Whole genome analysis of 125 Hungarian human rotaviruses identified nine major genotype constellations and uncovered both intra- and intergenogroup reassortment events in circulating strains. Intergenogroup reassortment resulted in several unusual genotype constellations, including mono-reassortant G1P[8] and G9P[8] strains whose genotype 1 (Wa-like) backbone gene constellations contained DS1-like NSP2 and VP3 genes, respectively, as well as, a putative bovine-feline G3P[9] reassortant strain. The conserved genomic constellations of epidemiologically major genotypes suggested the clonal spread of the re-emerging G9P[8] genotype and several co-circulating strains (e.g., G1P[8] and G2P[4]) in many study sites during 2012. Of interest, medically important G2P[4] strains carried bovine-like VP1 and VP6 genes in their genotype constellation. No evidence for vaccine associated selection, or, interaction between wild-type and vaccine strains was obtained. In conclusion, this study reports the reemergence of G9P[8] strains across the country and indicates the robustness of whole genome sequencing in routine rotavirus strain surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Dóró
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Péter Molnár
- Combined Szent István and Szent László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Sántha
- Hungarian National Public Health and Medical Officer Service, Miskolc, Hungary
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Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
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Tatte VS, Chothe NS, Chitambar SD. Characterisation of rotavirus strains identified in adolescents and adults with acute gastroenteritis highlights circulation of non-typeable strains: 2008–2012. Vaccine 2014; 32 Suppl 1:A68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Jain S, Vashistt J, Changotra H. Rotaviruses: is their surveillance needed? Vaccine 2014; 32:3367-78. [PMID: 24793942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide accounts for around 0.5 million deaths annually. Owing to their segmented genome and frequently evolving capability, these display a wide variation in their genotypes. In addition to commonly circulating genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, P[4] and P[8]), a number of infrequent genotypes are being continuously reported to infect humans. These viral strains exhibit variation from one geographical setting to another in their distribution. Though the introduction of vaccines (RotaTeq and Rotarix) proved to be very effective in declining rotavirus associated morbidity and mortality, the number of infections remained same. Unusual genotypes significantly contribute to the rotavirus associated diarrhoeal burden, may reduce the efficacy of the vaccines in use and hence vaccinated individuals may not be benefited. Vaccine introduction may bring about a notable impact on the distribution and prevalence of these viruses due to selection pressure. Moreover, there is a sudden emergence of G2 and G3 in Brazil and United States, respectively, during the years 2006-2008 post-vaccination introduction; G9 and G12 became predominant during the years 1986 through 1998 before the vaccine introduction and now are commonly prevalent strains; and disparity in the predominance of strains after introduction of vaccines and their natural fluctuations poses a vital question on the impact of vaccines on rotavirus strain circulation. This interplay between vaccines and rotavirus strains is yet to be explored, but it certainly enforces the need to continuously monitor these changes in strains prevalence in a particular region. Furthermore, these fluctuations should be considered while administration or development of a vaccine, if rotavirus associated mortality is ever to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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38
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Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Avila-Aguero ML. Rotavirus vaccination in Central American children. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:687-90. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.905747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Afrad MH, Rahman MZ, Matthijnssens J, Das SK, Faruque ASG, Azim T, Rahman M. High incidence of reassortant G9P[4] rotavirus strain in Bangladesh: Fully heterotypic from vaccine strains. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:755-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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