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Bochart RM, Armantrout K, Crank H, Tonelli R, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Fischer M, Wu H, Axthelm M, Sacha J, Smedley JV. Identification of Vancomycin Resistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two macaque species and decolonization and long-term prevention of recolonization in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244637. [PMID: 37675101 PMCID: PMC10477669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, making it a global human and veterinary health concern. Specifically, immunosuppressed patients have a remarkably higher risk of clinical MRSA infections with significantly increased rates of prolonged clinical recovery, morbidity, and mortality. The current treatment of choice for MRSA is vancomycin. Importantly, we report the first known vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) carriers in a cohort of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (CM) imported to the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), with a MRSA carrier rate of 76.9% (10/13 animals). All MRSA isolates also demonstrated resistance to vancomycin with prevalence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) at 30% (3/10 MRSA-positive CMs) and VRSA at 70% (7/10 MRSA-positive CMs). Additionally, we identified VRSA in a rhesus macaque (RM) housed within the same room as the VRSA-positive CMs and identified a MRSA/VISA carrier rate of 18.8% in RMs (3/16 positive for both MRSA and VISA) in unexposed recently assigned animals directly from the ONPRC RM breeding colony. Considering that the MRSA and VRSA/VISA-positive CMs future study aims included significant immunosuppression, MRSA/VRSA/VISA decolonization treatment and expanded "MRSA-free" practices were employed to maintain this status. We report the first controlled study using in-depth analyses with appropriate diagnostic serial testing to definitively show an MRSA decolonization therapy (90% success rate) and expanded barrier practice techniques to successfully prevent recolonization (100%) of a cohort of CMs MRSA-free (up to 529 days with a total of 4,806 MRSA-free NHP days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele M. Bochart
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Kimberly Armantrout
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Hugh Crank
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Rachael Tonelli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Christine Shriver-Munsch
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Tonya Swanson
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Helen Wu
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jonah Sacha
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy V. Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Breed MW, Perez HL, Otto M, Villaruz AE, Weese JS, Alvord GW, Donohue DE, Washington F, Kramer JA. Bacterial Genotype, Carrier Risk Factors, and an Antimicrobial Stewardship Approach Relevant To Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Prevalence in a Population of Macaques Housed in a Research Facility. Comp Med 2023; 73:134-144. [PMID: 36941053 PMCID: PMC10162382 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a significant problem for human and animal health and can negatively affect the health status of macaques and other nonhuman primates (NHP) in research colonies. However, few publications provide guidance on the prevalence, genotype, or risk factors for macaques with MRSA and even fewer on how to effectively respond to MRSA once identified in a population. After having a clinical case of MRSA in a rhesus macaque, we sought to determine the MRSA carrier prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of MRSA in a population of research NHPs. Over a 6-wk period in 2015, we collected nasal swabs from 298 NHPs. MRSA was isolated from 28% (n = 83). We then reviewed each macaque's medical record for a variety of variables including animal housing room, sex, age, number of antibiotic courses, number of surgical interventions, and SIV status. Analysis of these data suggests that MRSA carriage is associated with the room location, age of the animal, SIV status, and the number of antibiotic courses. We used multilocus sequence typing and spa typing on a subset of MRSA and MSSA isolates to determine whether the MRSA present in NHPs was comparable with common human strains. Two MRSA sequence types were predominant: ST188 and a novel MRSA genotype, neither of which is a common human isolate in the United States. We subsequently implemented antimicrobial stewardship practices (significantly reducing antimicrobial use) and then resampled the colony in 2018 and found that MRSA carriage had fallen to 9% (26/285). These data suggest that, as in humans, macaques may have a high carrier status of MRSA despite low clinically apparent disease. Implementing strategic antimicrobial stewardship practices resulted in a marked reduction in MRSA carriage in the NHP colony, highlighting the importance of limiting antimicrobial use when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Hannah L Perez
- Salem Animal Hospital, Salem, Virginia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Otto
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Scott Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory W Alvord
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Duncan E Donohue
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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Dong Q, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang H, Ding H. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and staphylococcal toxin genes of bla TEM-1a -producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals in Chongqing, China. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:513-522. [PMID: 36495160 PMCID: PMC9856999 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus infection of livestock animals and humans is a major public health issue. There are reports of antimicrobial resistance and multiple staphylococcal superantigen genes in many countries and several provinces of China, but the status in Chongqing, China is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and other molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates from livestock animals in Chongqing. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified by selective enrichment and amplification of the nuc gene from 1371 samples collected at farms in Chongqing. The agar dilution method was used to determine the resistant phenotype, and extended spectrum β-lactamase genes were amplified by PCR. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was verified by the presence of the mecA gene, and the presence or absence of SE, SEl, and TSST-1 genes was detected in the isolates. RESULTS We cultured 89 S. aureus isolates from 1371 samples between March 2014 and December 2017. These isolates were from pigs, cattle, goats, rabbits, and chickens. There were four methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (three from pigs and one from a chicken). The 89 isolates had high resistance to penicillin (93.3%) and ampicillin (92.1%), but most were susceptible to amikacin and ofloxacin, with resistance rates below 10%. A total of 62.9% of the isolates had varying degrees of multidrug resistance. Almost all strains, except for three isolates from chickens, were positive for blaTEM-1a . There were 19 of 20 tested staphylococcal SE/SEl/TSST-1 genes present (all except for seq), and the predominant genes were sei (58.4%), tst-1 (56.2%), and seg (51.7%). CONCLUSIONS The high antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of blaTEM-1a reinforce the need to reduce the usage of antimicrobials in livestock. The universal existence of staphylococcal toxin genes implies a potential threat to public health by animal-to-human transmission via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuang Dong
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Haoju Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Bohm RP, Breed MW, Cohen JK, Haertel AJ, Halliday LC, Kramer JA, Lieberman MT, Rice KA, Roberts JA, Russell-Logrigue KE, Salyards GW, Scorpio DG, Weese JS. Formal Comment on "Mitigation of endemic GI-tract pathogen-mediated inflammation through development of multimodal treatment regimen and its impact on SIV acquisition in rhesus macaques" by Bochart et al. (2021). PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010831. [PMID: 36166449 PMCID: PMC9514602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf P. Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joyce K. Cohen
- The Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Haertel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lisa C. Halliday
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mia T. Lieberman
- Harvard Center for Comparative Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Rice
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffery A. Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kasi E. Russell-Logrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Salyards
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diana G. Scorpio
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Monecke S, Roberts MC, Braun SD, Diezel C, Müller E, Reinicke M, Linde J, Joshi PR, Paudel S, Acharya M, Chalise MK, Feßler AT, Hotzel H, Khanal L, Koju NP, Schwarz S, Kyes RC, Ehricht R. Sequence Analysis of Novel Staphylococcus aureus Lineages from Wild and Captive Macaques. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11225. [PMID: 36232529 PMCID: PMC9570271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread and common opportunistic bacterium that can colonise or infect humans as well as a wide range of animals. There are a few studies of both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from monkeys, apes, and lemurs, indicating a presence of a number of poorly or unknown lineages of the pathogen. In order to obtain insight into staphylococcal diversity, we sequenced strains from wild and captive individuals of three macaque species (Macaca mulatta, M. assamensis, and M. sylvanus) using Nanopore and Illumina technologies. These strains were previously identified by microarray as poorly or unknown strains. Isolates of novel lineages ST4168, ST7687, ST7688, ST7689, ST7690, ST7691, ST7692, ST7693, ST7694, ST7695, ST7745, ST7746, ST7747, ST7748, ST7749, ST7750, ST7751, ST7752, ST7753, and ST7754 were sequenced and characterised for the first time. In addition, isolates belonging to ST2990, a lineage also observed in humans, and ST3268, a MRSA strain already known from macaques, were also included into the study. Mobile genetic elements, genomic islands, and carriage of prophages were analysed. There was no evidence for novel host-specific virulence factors. However, a conspicuously high rate of carriage of a pathogenicity island harbouring edinB and etD2/etE as well as a higher number of repeat units within the gene sasG (encoding an adhesion factor) than in human isolates were observed. None of the strains harboured the genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. In conclusion, wildlife including macaques may harbour an unappreciated diversity of S. aureus lineages that may be of clinical relevance for humans, livestock, or for wildlife conservation, given the declining state of many wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Dresden University Hospital, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marilyn C. Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sascha D. Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Reinicke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Prabhu Raj Joshi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Saroj Paudel
- Nepalese Farming Institute, Maitidevi, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Mahesh Acharya
- Nepalese Farming Institute, Maitidevi, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Mukesh K. Chalise
- Nepal Biodiversity Research Society, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Laxman Khanal
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Narayan P. Koju
- Center for Postgraduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Lalitpur 33700, Nepal
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Randall C. Kyes
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Center for Global Field Study, Departments of Psychology, Global Health, Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Association of Primate Veterinarians' Guidelines for the Judicious Use of Antimicrobials. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2021; 60:601-606. [PMID: 34819207 PMCID: PMC9745741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV) recognizes that antimicrobials are commonly prescribed for prophylactic, therapeutic, and experimental management of nonhuman primates (NHP). While clinicians should use antimicrobials to treat documented cases of illness, the decision to prescribe antimicrobials must take into account the increasing resistance of bacterial populations, leading to decreasing efficacy of critical pharmaceuticals in both human and veterinary medicine. The intent of this document is to provide guidance to veterinarians, research staff, and institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) on the use of antimicrobials in NHP.
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Helbig L, Guehring T, Titze N, Nurjadi D, Sonntag R, Armbruster J, Wildemann B, Schmidmaier G, Gruetzner AP, Freischmidt H. A new sequential animal model for infection-related non-unions with segmental bone defect. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:329. [PMID: 32460740 PMCID: PMC7254709 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of fracture-related infections (FRI) is still a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The prevalence of FRI is particularly high in open fractures with extensive soft-tissue damage. This study aimed to develop a new two-step animal model for non-unions with segmental bone defects, which could be used to evaluate new innovative bone substitutes to improve the therapeutic options in humans with FRI and bone defects. METHODS After randomization to infected or non-infected groups, 30 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a transverse osteotomy of the mid-shaft femur with a 5 mm defect. Additionally, the periosteum at the fracture zone was cauterized at both sides. After intramedullary inoculation with 103 CFU Staphylococcus aureus (infected group) or PBS (non-infected group), a fracture stabilization was done by intramedullary K-wires. After 5 weeks, the bone healing process was evaluated, and revision surgery was performed in order to obtain increased bone healing. The initial K-wires were removed, and debridement of the osteotomy-gap was done followed by a more stable re-osteosynthesis with an angle-stable plate. After further 8 weeks all rats were euthanized and the bone consolidation was tested biomechanically and the callus formation quantitatively by micro-CT analysis. RESULTS We developed and presented a new two-stage non-union animal model through a targeted S. aureus infection. After 5 weeks, all animals showed a non-union irrespective of assignment to the infected and non-infected group. Lane and Sandhu score showed a higher callus formation in the infected group. In all infected animals, the inoculated S. aureus strain was detected in the revision surgery. The second surgery did not improve bone healing, as shown by the Lane Sandhu score and in the μ-CT analysis. Similarly, biomechanical testing showed in both groups a significantly lower maximum torque as compared to the contralateral side (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We were able to successfully develop a new two-stage non-union animal model, which reflects a genuine clinical situation of an infection-related non-union model with segmental bone defects. This model could be used to evaluate various therapeutic anti-infectious and osteoinductive strategies in FRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Helbig
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Guehring
- Arcus Sportklinik Pforzheim, Rastatterstr. 17-19, 75179, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Nadine Titze
- Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Dennis Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Sonntag
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Armbruster
- Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmidmaier
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Paul Gruetzner
- Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Holger Freischmidt
- Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Arjyal C, KC J, Neupane S. Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shrines. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:7981648. [PMID: 32190054 PMCID: PMC7068152 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7981648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in human beings and animals is concerning; it stands out as one of the leading agents causing nosocomial and community infections. Also, marginally increasing drug resistance in MRSA has limited therapeutic options. This study focuses on estimating the prevalence of MRSA in shrines, a place where human and animal interaction is frequent, sharing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistant genes, and diseases. A total of 120 environmental swabs were collected from targeted areas during the study period, March 2018 to May 2018. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by growth on mannitol salt agar (MSA), and MRSA by growth on mannitol salt agar containing 4 μg Oxacillin, Gram staining, and conventional biochemical test. Isolates of S. aureus were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) proportion were 19% and 81%, respectively; a high rate of MRSA was observed in isolates from Thapathali (28.6%). MSSA isolates showed a high rate of resistance to erythromycin (64.7%). MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin (50%), cotrimoxazole (25%), erythromycin (50%), and ciprofloxacin (25%). The isolates were susceptible to linezolid (100%), clindamycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (100%), and cotrimoxazole (75%). Intermediate resistance was also found in gentamicin (50%). Of the 11 MSSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive, 6 (54.5%) showed the inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) pattern and 2 MRSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive showed ICR pattern. Fifteen MSSA isolates were β-lactamase positive, whereas only two MRSA isolates showed β-lactamase production. There exists a minimal research work on infectious diseases that are shared between primates and animals. This study suggests the pervasiveness of MRSA/MSSA in the shrines, which may be a primary place for pathogen exchange between humans and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Arjyal
- Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jyoti KC
- Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shreya Neupane
- Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Heaton CJ, Gerbig GR, Sensius LD, Patel V, Smith TC. Staphylococcus aureus Epidemiology in Wildlife: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E89. [PMID: 32085586 PMCID: PMC7168057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterial colonizer of humans and a variety of animal species. Many strains have zoonotic potential, moving between humans and animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife. We examined publications reporting on S. aureus presence in a variety of wildlife species in order to more cohesively review distribution of strains and antibiotic resistance in wildlife. Fifty-one studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The most common types documented included ST398, ST425, ST1, ST133, ST130, and ST15. A mix of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains were noted. A number of molecular types were identified that were likely to be found in wildlife species, including those that are commonly found in humans or other animal species (including livestock). Additional research should include follow-up in geographic areas that are under-sampled in this study, which is dominated by European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tara C. Smith
- Kent State University, College of Public Health, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (C.J.H.); (G.R.G.); (L.D.S.); (V.P.)
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Greenstein AW, Boyle-Vavra S, Maddox CW, Tang X, Halliday LC, Fortman JD. Carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Colony of Rhesus ( Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus ( Macaca fascicularis) Macaques. Comp Med 2019; 69:311-320. [PMID: 31375150 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage and infection are well documented in the human and veterinary literature; however only limited information is available regarding MRSA carriage and infection in laboratory NHP populations. The objective of this study was to characterize MRSA carriage in a representative research colony of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques through a cross-sectional analysis of 300 animals. MRSA carriage was determined by using nasal culture. Demographic characteristics of carriers and noncarriers were compared to determine factors linked to increased risk of carriage, and MRSA isolates were analyzed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type, and multilocus sequence type (ST). Culture results demonstrated MRSA carriage in 6.3% of the study population. Animals with greater numbers of veterinary or experimental interventions including antibiotic administration, steroid administration, dental procedures, and surgery were more likely to carry MRSA. Susceptibility results indicated that MRSA isolates were resistant to β-lactams, and all isolates were resistant to between 1 and 4 non β-lactam antibiotics. In addition, 73.7% of MRSA isolates were identified as ST188-SCCmec IV, an isolate previously observed in an unrelated population of macaques and 15.8% were ST3268-SCCmec V, which has only been described in macaques. A single isolate had a novel sequence type, ST3478, and carried SCCmec V. These results suggest that NHP-adapted strains of MRSA exist and highlight the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in laboratory NHP populations.
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Association of Primate Veterinarians Guidelines For Mrsa Infections in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2019; 58:285-288. [PMID: 31084698 PMCID: PMC6526487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Roberts MC, Feßler AT, Monecke S, Ehricht R, No D, Schwarz S. Molecular Analysis of Two Different MRSA Clones ST188 and ST3268 From Primates ( Macaca spp.) in a United States Primate Center. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2199. [PMID: 30356855 PMCID: PMC6190752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were identified in macaques, their environmental facility, and nasal cultures of personnel from the Washington National Primate Research Center [WaNPRC] and included MRSA ST188 SCCmec IV and MRSA ST3268 SCCmec V. The aim of the current study was to determine the carriage of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, and other characteristics of the primate MRSA isolates to determine if there were any obvious differences that would account for differences in transmission within the WaNPRC facility. In total, 1,199 samples from primates were tested for the presence of MRSA resulting in 158 MRSA-positive samples. Fifteen ST188 isolates (all from Macaca nemestrina) and nine ST3268 (four from Macaca mulatta, two from Macaca fascicularis, three from M. nemestrina), were selected for further characterization. All but one of the 15 ST188 isolates had spa type t189 and the remaining one had spa type t3887. These isolates were resistant to β-lactams [blaZ, mecA], macrolides/lincosamides [erm(B)], aminoglycosides [aacA-aphD], and fluoroquinolones. Five isolates were additionally resistant to tetracyclines [tet(K)] and had elevated MICs for benzalkonium chloride [qacC]. In comparison, the nine ST3268 isolates had the related spa types t15469 (n = 5) and t13638 (n = 4). All nine ST3268 isolates were resistant to β-lactams [blaZ, mecA], and tetracyclines [tet(K)]. Some isolates were additionally resistant to aminoglycosides [aacA-aphD], fluoroquinolones and/or showed elevated MICs for benzalkonium chloride [qacC]. In contrast to the ST188 isolates, the ST3268 isolates had the enterotoxin gene cluster egc [seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu] and enterotoxin genes sec and sel. The two clones have differences regarding their spa types, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes as well as ST and SCCmec types. However, the data presented does not provide insight into why ST188 spreads easily while ST3268 did not spread within the WaNPRC in-house primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C. Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Abbott (Alere Technologies GmbH), InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultät “Carl Gustav Carus”, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Abbott (Alere Technologies GmbH), InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David No
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Roberts MC, Joshi PR, Greninger AL, Melendez D, Paudel S, Acharya M, Bimali NK, Koju NP, No D, Chalise M, Kyes RC. The human clone ST22 SCCmec IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from swine herds and wild primates in Nepal: is man the common source? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4950395. [PMID: 29668933 PMCID: PMC5905596 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine nasal samples [n = 282] were collected from 12 randomly selected farms around Kathmandu, Nepal, from healthy animals. In addition, wild monkey (Macaca mulatta) saliva samples [n = 59] were collected near temples areas in Kathmandu using a non-invasive sampling technique. All samples were processed for MRSA using standardized selective media and conventional biochemical tests. MRSA verification was done and isolates characterized by SCCmec, multilocus sequence typing, whole genome sequencing [WGS] and antibiotic susceptibilities. Six (2.1%) swine MRSA were isolated from five of the different swine herds tested, five were ST22 type IV and one ST88 type V. Four (6.8%) macaques MRSA were isolated, with three ST22 SCCmec type IV and one ST239 type III. WGS sequencing showed that the eight ciprofloxacin resistant ST22 isolates carried gyrA mutation [S84L]. Six isolates carried the erm(C) genes, five isolates carried aacC-aphD genes and four isolates carried blaZ genes. The swine linezolid resistant ST22 did not carry any known acquired linezolid resistance genes but had a mutation in ribosomal protein L22 [A29V] and an insertion in L4 [68KG69], both previously associated with linezolid resistance. Multiple virulence factors were also identified. This is the first time MRSA ST22 SCCmec IV has been isolated from livestock or primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Prabhu Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Daira Melendez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Saroj Paudel
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahesh Acharya
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nabin Kishor Bimali
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Narayan P Koju
- NAMI College, University of Northampton, Kathmandu, Nepal and Nepal Engineering College, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Pokhara University, Nepal
| | - David No
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mukesh Chalise
- Nepal Biodiversity Research Society and Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Randall C Kyes
- Departments of Psychology and Global Health, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Feßler AT, Thomas P, Mühldorfer K, Grobbel M, Brombach J, Eichhorn I, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Schwarz S. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from zoo and wild animals. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lowenstine LJ, McManamon R, Terio KA. Apes. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7173580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim TM, Park H, Lee KW, Choi EW, Moon SH, Lee YS, Cho K, Park WJ, Park JB, Kim SJ. A Simple Way to Eradicate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2017; 67:356-359. [PMID: 28830583 PMCID: PMC5557208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our investigation of indoor-housed cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by using automated identification followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 1 of 7 immunocompetent animals and 2 of 9 immunosuppressed monkeys as carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Follow-up management involving mupirocin treatment resulted in the conversion of the 3 MRSA carriers into MRSA-negative cases. Prospective assessment of newly imported monkeys involving 24-h culture of nasal swabs on chromogenic agar revealed that 22% (18 of 82 animals) were MRSA-positive. Mupirocin treatment successfully converted all of the MRSA-positive macaques into non-carriers, suggesting the feasibility of this simple, one-step screening procedure for rapidly identifying MRSA carriers in large cohorts. In addition, 8 animals that had been diagnosed MRSA-positive and subsequently treated with mupirocin demonstrated no recolonization during follow-up, even under immunosuppressive conditions. We propose rapid screening using chromogenic agar followed by mupirocin treatment as a time- and cost-effective regimen for managing MRSA in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae M Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojun Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo W Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun W Choi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang H Moon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong S Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kahee Cho
- Genia Inc., 143-1, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Wan J Park
- Genia Inc., 143-1, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jae B Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung J Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Soge OO, No D, Michael KE, Dankoff J, Lane J, Vogel K, Smedley J, Roberts MC. Transmission of MDR MRSA between primates, their environment and personnel at a United States primate centre. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2798-803. [PMID: 27439524 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MDR MRSA isolates cultured from primates, their facility and primate personnel from the Washington National Primate Research Center were characterized to determine whether they were epidemiologically related to each other and if they represented common local human-associated MRSA strains. METHODS Human and primate nasal and composite environmental samples were collected, enriched and selected on medium supplemented with oxacillin and polymyxin B. Isolates were biochemically verified as Staphylococcus aureus and screened for the mecA gene. Selected isolates were characterized using SCCmec typing, MLST and WGS. RESULTS Nasal cultures were performed on 596 primates and 105 (17.6%) were MRSA positive. Two of 79 (2.5%) personnel and two of 56 (3.6%) composite primate environmental facility samples were MRSA positive. Three MRSA isolates from primates, one MRSA from personnel, two environmental MRSA and one primate MSSA were ST188 and were the same strain type by conventional typing methods. ST188 isolates were related to a 2007 ST188 human isolate from Hong Kong. Both MRSA isolates from out-of-state primates had a novel MLST type, ST3268, and an unrelated group. All isolates carried ≥1 other antibiotic resistance gene(s), including tet(38), the only tet gene identified. CONCLUSIONS ST188 is very rare in North America and has almost exclusively been identified in people from Pan-Asia, while ST3268 is a newly reported MRSA type. The data suggest that the primate MDR MRSA was unlikely to come from primate centre employees. Captive primates are likely to be an unappreciated source of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Soge
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David No
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen E Michael
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Dankoff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith Vogel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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