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Rao G, Kahler A, Voth-Gaeddert LE, Cranford H, Libbey S, Galloway R, Molinari NA, Ellis EM, Yoder JS, Mattioli MC, Ellis BR. Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2634-2644. [PMID: 36530952 PMCID: PMC9745795 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Households in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) heavily rely on roof-harvested rainwater stored in cisterns for their daily activities. However, there are insufficient data on cistern water microbiological and physicochemical characteristics to inform appropriate cistern water management. Cistern and kitchen tap water samples were collected from 399 geographically representative households across St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John and an administered survey captured household site and cistern characteristics and water use behaviors. Water samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli by culture, and a subset of cistern water samples (N = 47) were analyzed for Salmonella, Naegleria fowleri, pathogenic Leptospira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-specific fecal contamination using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between E. coli cistern contamination and cistern and site characteristics were evaluated to better understand possible mechanisms of contamination. E. coli was detected in 80% of cistern water samples and in 58% of kitchen tap samples. For the subset of samples tested by PCR, at least one of the pathogens was detected in 66% of cisterns. Our results suggest that covering overflow pipes with screens, decreasing animal presence at the household, and preventing animals or insects from entering the cisterns can decrease the likelihood of E. coli contamination in USVI cistern water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouthami Rao
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Amy Kahler
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Lee E. Voth-Gaeddert
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Hannah Cranford
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
| | - Stephen Libbey
- Love
City Strong, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 00830, United States
| | - Renee Galloway
- Division
of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Noelle-Angelique Molinari
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Yoder
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Mia C. Mattioli
- Division
of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- United
States Virgin Islands Department of Health, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820, United States
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2
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Borton D. Melioidosis: Emerging beyond endemic areas. Nursing 2022; 52:29-34. [PMID: 36129502 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000872460.50198.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent cases suggest that melioidosis, an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an emerging infectious disease. Nurses have a key role in the care of patients with melioidosis. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of melioidosis, and discusses unusual, non-travel-related cases of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Borton
- Dorothy Borton is an independent infection prevention consultant based in Philadelphia, Pa
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3
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Hall CM, Romero-Alvarez D, Martz M, Santana-Propper E, Versluis L, Jiménez L, Alkishe A, Busch JD, Maness T, Stewart J, Sidwa T, Gee JE, Elrod MG, Weiner Z, Hoffmaster AR, Sahl JW, Salzer JS, Peterson AT, Kieffer A, Wagner DM. Low risk of acquiring melioidosis from the environment in the continental United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270997. [PMID: 35905049 PMCID: PMC9337633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an underreported human disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions caused by the saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei. Although most global melioidosis cases are reported from tropical regions in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, there are multiple occurrences from sub-tropical regions, including the United States (U.S.). Most melioidosis cases reported from the continental U.S. are the result of acquiring the disease during travel to endemic regions or from contaminated imported materials. Only two human melioidosis cases from the continental U.S. have likely acquired B. pseudomallei directly from local environments and these cases lived only ~7 km from each other in rural Texas. In this study, we assessed the risk of acquiring melioidosis from the environment within the continental U.S. by surveying for B. pseudomallei in the environment in Texas where these two human melioidosis cases likely acquired their infections. We sampled the environment near the homes of the two cases and at additional sampling locations in surrounding counties in Texas that were selected based on ecological niche modeling. B. pseudomallei was not detected at the residences of these two cases or in the surrounding region. These negative data are important to demonstrate that B. pseudomallei is rare in the environment in the U.S. even at locations where locally acquired human cases likely have occurred, documenting the low risk of acquiring B. pseudomallei infection from the environment in the continental U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Hall
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- OneHealth Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Madison Martz
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ella Santana-Propper
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lora Versluis
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Laura Jiménez
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph D. Busch
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Trevor Maness
- Texas Department of State Health Services, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Stewart
- Texas Department of State Health Services, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tom Sidwa
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Gee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mindy G. Elrod
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary Weiner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Hoffmaster
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Amanda Kieffer
- Texas Department of State Health Services, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Stone NE, Hall CM, Browne AS, Sahl JW, Hutton SM, Santana-Propper E, Celona KR, Guendel I, Harrison CJ, Gee JE, Elrod MG, Busch JD, Hoffmaster AR, Ellis EM, Wagner DM. Burkholderia pseudomallei in Soil, US Virgin Islands, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2773-2775. [PMID: 33079041 PMCID: PMC7588534 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.191577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Caribbean is poorly understood. We isolated B. pseudomallei from US Virgin Islands soil. The soil isolate was genetically similar to other isolates from the Caribbean, suggesting that B. pseudomallei might have been introduced to the islands multiple times through severe weather events.
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