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Ottewill C, Dolan L, Bailén EL, Roycroft E, Fitzgibbon M, Donohue EO, McLaughlin AM, McGrath G, Keane J. Immunosuppressed Pets as a Conduit for Zoonotic Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:732-733. [PMID: 37490607 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202304-0734le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Ottewill
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Tuberculosis Centre, and
| | - Lorraine Dolan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Tuberculosis Centre, and
| | - Esther López Bailén
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Langford Vets, Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emma Roycroft
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret Fitzgibbon
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer O Donohue
- Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Tuberculosis Centre, and
- Department of Medicine and
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2
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Mubareka S, Amuasi J, Banerjee A, Carabin H, Copper Jack J, Jardine C, Jaroszewicz B, Keefe G, Kotwa J, Kutz S, McGregor D, Mease A, Nicholson L, Nowak K, Pickering B, Reed MG, Saint-Charles J, Simonienko K, Smith T, Scott Weese J, Jane Parmley E. Strengthening a One Health approach to emerging zoonoses. Facets (Ott) 2023. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the enormous global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Canada, and manifold other zoonotic pathogen activity, there is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of the human-animal-environment interface and the intersecting biological, ecological, and societal factors contributing to the emergence, spread, and impact of zoonotic diseases. We aim to apply a One Health approach to pressing issues related to emerging zoonoses, and propose a functional framework of interconnected but distinct groups of recommendations around strategy and governance, technical leadership (operations), equity, education and research for a One Health approach and Action Plan for Canada. Change is desperately needed, beginning by reorienting our approach to health and recalibrating our perspectives to restore balance with the natural world in a rapid and sustainable fashion. In Canada, a major paradigm shift in how we think about health is required. All of society must recognize the intrinsic value of all living species and the importance of the health of humans, other animals, and ecosystems to health for all.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Amuasi
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | | | | | - Joe Copper Jack
- Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada
| | | | | | - Greg Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Susan Kutz
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Anne Mease
- Selkirk First Nation Citizen, Selkirk First Nation, Yukon Territory, Canada
| | | | | | - Brad Pickering
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of feline tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110538. [PMID: 36543013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cases of feline tuberculosis (TB) can be challenging to diagnose. Currently, this is achieved through a combination of mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA); however, these each have limitations. There is limited data regarding the use of humoral immunodiagnostics for TB in cats. Therefore, we sought to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to further facilitate the diagnosis of feline TB. A comparative PPD (purified protein derivative) antibody ELISA was optimised for use on serum and plasma, and was tested against samples from 14 cats with culture-confirmed TB and 24 uninfected controls. Selection of an appropriate positive cut-off value based on receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis gave test sensitivity of 64.3 % and specificity of 100 %. When tested on further samples from cats with strongly suspected mycobacteriosis, 32.9 % (23/70) were antibody positive. Notably, positive results were recorded in cats that failed to respond to the IGRA, and in one PCR and IGRA negative cat. No positive responses were identified in cats with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections, or with non-mycobacterial diseases (n = 12). Therefore, antibody-based diagnostics may be useful adjunctive tests for cases of TB missed by the IGRA, helping protect both feline and, in turn, human health.
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4
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Platero L, Garcia-Sanchez P, Sainz T, Calvo C, Iglesias I, Esperon F, de la Fuente R, Frauca E, Perez-Martinez A, Mendez-Echevarria A. Pets for pediatric transplant recipients: To have or not to have. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:974665. [PMID: 36157192 PMCID: PMC9493113 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.974665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pets have many health, emotional and social benefits for children, but the risk of zoonotic infections cannot be underestimated, especially for immunosuppressed patients. We report the recommendations given by health professionals working with pediatric transplant recipients to their families regarding pet ownership. An online survey addressing zoonosis knowledge and recommendations provided by health care practitioners regarding pets was distributed to clinicians treating pediatric transplant recipients. The European Society of Pediatric Infectious Disease (ESPID) and the European Reference Network ERN-TransplantChild, which works to improve the quality of life of transplanted children, allowed the online distribution of the survey. A total of 151 practitioners from 28 countries participated in the survey. Up to 29% of the respondents had treated at least one case of zoonosis. Overall, 58% of the respondents considered that the current available evidence regarding zoonotic risk for transplanted children of having a pet is too scarce. In addition, up to 23% of the surveyed professionals recognized to be unaware or outdated. Still, 27% of the respondents would advise against buying a pet. Practitioners already owning a pet less frequently advised patients against pet ownership, whereas non-pet-owners were more keen to advise against pet ownership (p = 0.058). 61% of the participants stated that there were no institutional recommendations regarding pets in their centers/units. However, 43% of them reported therapeutic initiatives that involved animals in their centers. Infectious disease specialists were more likely to identify zoonotic agents among a list of pathogens compared to other specialists (p < 0.05). We have observed a huge heterogeneity among the recommendations that health care providers offer to families in terms of risk related to pet ownership for transplant recipients. The lack of evidence regarding these recommendations results in practitioners' recommendations based on personal experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Platero
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Sanchez
- Pediatric Emergency Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Talía Sainz
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- ERN Transplant Child, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- ERN Transplant Child, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Esperon
- Veterinary Faculty, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de la Fuente
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Frauca
- ERN Transplant Child, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Hepatology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Perez-Martinez
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- ERN Transplant Child, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Mendez-Echevarria
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- ERN Transplant Child, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Mendez-Echevarria
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5
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Cho HS, Choi US, Oh Y. Isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium bovis from a dog in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1358-1362. [PMID: 35922936 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old female Miniature Schnauzer dog with a week-long history of generalized intention tremor and progressive weight loss for several months was admitted. Mild anemia, fever, splenomegaly, aseptic cerebral meningitis and systemic lymph nodes enlargement were examined through erythrogram, ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Mycobacterium bovis was identified via molecular microbiology having the same molecular type as that of isolates from a cattle farm previously identified. However, the dog was raised in a city. The M. bovis had multidrug resistance (MDR)-bearing mutations in both katG and rpoB genes toward first-line antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing an MDR M. bovis infection of a dog in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University
| | - Ul-Soo Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University
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6
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a free-ranging urban dog from Argentina. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:781-788. [PMID: 35133571 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium are the most important Mycobacteria isolated from diseased dogs, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be isolated as well, especially when close contact with humans exists. Free ranging street dogs may carry zoonotic diseases, being a potential health risk to new owners after adoption. In this study, the clinical case of a dog affected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is described. A six-year-old bitch that had been living with a homeless man was rescued and put for adoption in dog shelter. After being adopted, her health declined, and abdominal ultrasound and exploratory laparoscopy were performed. A tuberculosis-like lesion in the liver was biopsied and histopathological, bacteriological, and molecular analyses were carried out. Then, the animal was euthanized and necropsied, and disseminated macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions were observed in abdominal organs. Mycobacterium presence was confirmed by histopathological and bacteriological methods. Genotyping identified a SIT-1228 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain. Notification to the sanitary authorities was performed and the couple that had contact with the dog were alerted and sent to the hospital for assessment, as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a primary pathogenic agent for humans. The epidemiology in this clinical case is unclear, but the most likely source of infection might have been consumption of sputum contaminated food during the years that this bitch lived with the homeless man, because this person had died with chronic respiratory symptoms. Veterinarians must consider this disease and perform a complete diagnosis when dogs that used to live on the streets show nonspecific clinical signs.
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7
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Mitchell JL, Ganis L, Blacklock BT, Petrushkin H, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Ocular Tuberculosis: More than 'Of Mice and Men'. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:34-38. [PMID: 32946291 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1797116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex, is one of the oldest known infectious disease entities, resulting in the death of millions of humans each year. It also results in a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality in animal species. Extrapulmonary TB is well recognized in humans, and the eye is one site that can be affected. Studies seeking to understand ocular TB have often relied on animal models; however, these have their limitations and may not truly reflect what happens in humans. We wish to raise awareness among ophthalmologists and vision scientists of naturally occurring cases of ocular TB in animals, namely cattle and domestic cats, and the possibilities of gaining further understanding of this presentation of TB by adopting a collaborative approach. This will hopefully improve outcomes for both human and animal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Mitchell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Laura Ganis
- Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Benjamin T Blacklock
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Harry Petrushkin
- Moorfields Eye Hospital Foundation Trust, Uveitis and Scleritis Service, London, UK.,Rheumatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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8
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Moyo M, Lebina L, Milovanovic M, MacPherson P, Michel A, Martinson N. Tuberculosis patients at the human-animal interface: Potential zooanthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. One Health 2021; 13:100319. [PMID: 34504938 PMCID: PMC8417387 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human-to-animal transmission of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) is reported in South Africa but there is a paucity of epidemiological data. The aim of this One Health manuscript is to describe zooanthroponotic exposure of domestic animals to TB patients, virtually all of whom had laboratory confirmed pulmonary Mtb disease. Methods This cross-sectional study was nested within two TB contact tracing studies and collected data from 2017 to 2019. TB index patients and their households in three provinces of South Africa were recruited. A questionnaire was administered to households, assessing type and number of animals owned, degree of exposure of animals to humans, and veterinary consultations. For this analysis, we compared descriptive variables by animal-keeping status (animal-keeping vs non-animal keeping households), calculated the chi square and respective p-values. Results We visited 1766 households with at least one confirmed case of TB, 33% (587/1766) had livestock or companion animals. Of non-animal-owning households, 2% (27/1161) cared for other community members' livestock. Few (16%, 92/587) households kept animals in their dwelling overnight, while 45% (266/587) kept animals outside the home, but within 10 m of where people slept and ate. Most (81%, 478/587) of people in animal-owning households were willing for their animal/s to have a TB skin test, but <1% (5/587) of animals had been skin-tested; 4% (24/587) of animal-owning households had a veterinary consultation in the past six months, and 5% (31/587) reported one of their animals dying from natural causes in the prior six months. Conclusion Our survey suggests that a high proportion of patients with TB live in settings facilitating close contact with domestic animal species with known susceptibility to Mtb. There is a substantial exposure of household animals to patients with TB and therefore risk of both transmission to, and spillback from animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Moyo
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, South Africa
| | - Limakatso Lebina
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Minja Milovanovic
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter MacPherson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Anita Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Center for TB Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Mitchell JL, Stanley P, McDonald K, Burr P, Rhodes SG, Gunn-Moore DA, Hope JC. Diagnostic accuracy of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for cases of feline mycobacteriosis. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105409. [PMID: 34126470 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for diagnosing infections with members of the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in domestic cats, and to generate defined feline-specific cut-off values using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to improve test performance. Records of 594 cats that had been tested by IGRA were explored to identify individuals that had a culture and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed case of mycobacterial disease, and those that had a final diagnosis of non-mycobacterial disease. A total of 117 cats - 80 with mycobacterial disease and 37 diagnosed with a condition other than mycobacteriosis - were identified for further detailed analysis. This population was used to estimate test sensitivity and specificity, as well as likelihood ratios for the IGRA to correctly identify a cat with or without mycobacterial disease. Agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR using current and proposed new cut-off values was also determined. ROC analysis of defined confirmed infected and non-mycobacterial disease control cats allowed an adjustment of current test cut-offs that increased the overall test sensitivity for MTBC infections from 83.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 71.5-90.5 %) to 90.2 % (95 % CI: 80.2-95.4%), and M. bovis infection from 43 % (95 % CI: 28.2-60.7%) to 68 % (95 % CI: 51.4-82.1%) while maintaining high test specificity (100 % in both cases). Overall agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR, while recognising that neither culture nor PCR tests have perfect sensitivity, improved from weak (κ = 0.57) to moderate (κ = 0.71) using new proposed IGRA test cut-off values. Application of these results, based upon the statistical analysis of accumulated test data, can improve the diagnostic performance of the feline IGRA, particularly for identifying infections with M. bovis, without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Stanley
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McDonald
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burr
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley G Rhodes
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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10
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Mitchell JL, Del Pozo J, Woolley CSC, Dheendsa R, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Histological and immunohistochemical features suggesting aetiological differences in lymph node and (muco)cutaneous feline tuberculosis lesions. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:174-187. [PMID: 34101189 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and describe histological and immunohistochemical criteria that may differentiate between skin and lymph node lesions associated with Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. microti in a diagnostic pathology setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archived skin and lymph node biopsies of tuberculous lesions were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen and Masson's Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of calprotectin, CD3 and Pax5. Samples were scored for histological parameters (i.e. granulomas with central necrosis versus small granulomas without central necrosis, percentage necrosis and/or multinucleated giant cells), number of acid-fast bacilli (bacterial index) and lesion percentage of fibrosis and positive immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Twenty-two samples were examined (M. bovis n=11, M. microti n=11). When controlling for age, gender and tissue, feline M. bovis-associated lesions more often featured large multi-layered granulomas with central necrosis. Conversely, this presentation was infrequent in feline M. microti-associated lesions, where small granulomas without central necrosis predominated. The presence of an outer fibrous capsule was variable in both groups, as was the bacterial index. There were no differences in intralesional expression of immunohistochemical markers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Differences in the histological appearance of skin and lymph node lesions may help to infer feline infection with either M. bovis or M. microti at an earlier stage when investigating these cases, informing clinicians of the potential zoonotic risk. Importantly, cases of tuberculosis can present with numerous acid-fast bacilli. This implies that a high bacterial index does not infer infection with non-zoonotic non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Del Pozo
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C S C Woolley
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Dheendsa
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J C Hope
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D A Gunn-Moore
- *Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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11
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Unusual Presentation of Feline Leprosy Caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium in the Alpine Region. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060687. [PMID: 34206105 PMCID: PMC8226594 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old cat was referred with multiple, raised, ulcerative and non-ulcerative nodules in the periocular area, sclera and ear-base region, and on the ventral aspect of the tongue. In addition, a progressive ulcerative skin nodule on the tail was observed. Fine-needle aspirations of multiple nodules from the eyelid and sclera revealed the presence of histiocytes with numerous acid-fast intracellular bacilli. The replication of slowly growing mycobacteria in liquid media was detected from biopsied nodules after three months of incubation. The molecular characterization of the isolate identified Mycobacterium (M.) lepraemurium as the cause of the infection. The cat was treated with a combination of surgical excision and a four-week course of antimicrobial therapy including rifampicin combined with clarithromycin. This is an unusual manifestation of feline leprosy and the first molecularly confirmed M. lepraemurium infection in a cat with ocular involvement in Europe. The successful combination of a surgical and antimycobacterial treatment regimen is reported.
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12
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Allen AR, Ford T, Skuce RA. Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8812898. [PMID: 33628412 PMCID: PMC7880718 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the globe's most common, multihost zoonoses and results in substantial socioeconomic costs for governments, farming industries, and tax payers. Despite decades of surveillance and research, surprisingly, little is known about the exact mechanisms of transmission. In particular, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, to what extent does survival of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), in the environment constitute an epidemiological risk for livestock and wildlife? Due largely to the classical pathology of cattle cases, the received wisdom was that bTB was spread by direct inhalation and exchange of bioaerosols containing droplets laden with bacteria. Other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit differing host ranges, an apparent capacity to persist in environmental fomites, and they favour a range of different transmission routes. It is possible, therefore, that infection from environmental sources of M. bovis could be a disease transmission risk. Recent evidence from GPS-collared cattle and badgers in Britain and Ireland suggests that direct transmission by infectious droplets or aerosols may not be the main mechanism for interspecies transmission, raising the possibility of indirect transmission involving a contaminated, shared environment. The possibility that classical pulmonary TB can be simulated and recapitulated in laboratory animal models by ingestion of contaminated feed is a further intriguing indication of potential environmental risk. Livestock and wildlife are known to shed M. bovis onto pasture, soil, feedstuffs, water, and other fomites; field and laboratory studies have indicated that persistence is possible, but variable, under differing environmental conditions. Given the potential infection risk, it is timely to review the available evidence, experimental approaches, and methodologies that could be deployed to address this potential blind spot and control point. Although we focus on evidence from Western Europe, the concepts are widely applicable to other multihost bTB episystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R. Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Robin A. Skuce
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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13
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Fukano H, Terazono T, Hirabayashi A, Yoshida M, Suzuki M, Wada S, Ishii N, Hoshino Y. Human pathogenic Mycobacterium kansasii (former subtype I) with zoonotic potential isolated from a diseased indoor pet cat, Japan. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:220-222. [PMID: 33467980 PMCID: PMC7872583 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1878935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in humans have increased in prevalence in recent decades. Mycobacterium kansasii is one of the most prevalent human pathogenic NTM species worldwide. Herein, we report the first isolation of M. kansasii from an indoor domestic cat in Japan. Comparative genome sequence analysis of the feline isolate showed this pathogen is genetically identical to human pathogenic M. kansasii. This finding suggests that M. kansasii has a potential risk of zoonoses and requires the "One Health" approach to control NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Fukano
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Aki Hirabayashi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yoshida
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinpei Wada
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- National Sanatorium Tamazenshoen, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hoshino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Černá P, L. Mitchell J, Lodzinska J, Cazzini P, Varjonen K, Gunn-Moore DA. Systemic Mycobacterium kansasii Infection in Two Related Cats. Pathogens 2020; 9:E959. [PMID: 33218094 PMCID: PMC7698836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a major concern in veterinary medicine because of the difficulty achieving an etiological diagnosis, the challenges and concerns of treatment, and the potential zoonotic risk. Mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causes disease in both humans and animals. While infections have been well described in humans, where it may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, there are fewer reports in animals. Only four cases have been reported in the domestic cat. This case report describes systemic M. kansasii infection in two sibling indoor-only cats that presented two and half years apart with cutaneous disease that was found to be associated with osteolytic and pulmonary pathology. Infection with M. kansasii was confirmed in both cats by polymerase chain reaction on fine-needle aspirate of a lumbosacral soft tissue mass in one cat and on a tissue punch biopsy of a skin lesion in the other; interferon-gamma release assay inferred M. avium-complex and M. tuberculosis-complex infection in the two cats, respectively. Both patients made a full recovery following antimicrobial therapy with rifampicin, azithromycin, and pradofloxacin (plus N-acetyl cysteine in cat 2). This report highlights successful treatment of systemic M. kansasii mycobacteriosis in the cat and the challenge of accurately diagnosing this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80528, USA;
- The University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jordan L. Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Joanna Lodzinska
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- AniCura Djursjukhuset Albano, Rinkebyvägen 21A, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden;
| | - Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (J.L.); (P.C.); (D.A.G.-M.)
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