1
|
Galindo-González J. Avoiding novel, unwanted interactions among species to decrease risk of zoonoses. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14232. [PMID: 38111356 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Circumstances that precipitate interactions among species that have never interacted during their evolutionary histories create ideal conditions for the generation of zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases have caused some of the most devastating epidemics in human history. Contact among species that come from different ecosystems or regions creates the risk of zoonoses. In certain situations, humans are generating and promoting conditions that contribute to the creation of infectious diseases and zoonoses. These conditions lead to interactions between wildlife species that have hitherto not interacted under normal circumstances. I call for recognition of the zoonotic potential that novel and unwanted interactions have; identification of these new interactions that are occurring among wild animals, domestic animals, and humans; and efforts to stop these kinds of interactions because they can give rise to zoonotic outbreaks. Live animal markets, the exotic pet trade, illegal wildlife trade, human use and consumption of wild animals, invasive non-native species, releasing of exotic pets, and human encroachment in natural areas are among the activities that cause the most interactions among wild species, domestic species, and humans. These activities should not occur and must be controlled efficiently to prevent future epidemic zoonoses. Society must develop a keen ability to identify these unnatural interactions and prevent them. Controlling these interactions and efficiently addressing their causal factors will benefit human health and, in some cases, lead to positive environmental, ethical, and socioeconomic outcomes. Until these actions are taken, humanity will face future zoonoses and zoonotic pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pastor Y, Reynard O, Iampietro M, Surenaud M, Picard F, El Jahrani N, Lefebvre C, Hammoudi A, Dupaty L, Brisebard É, Reynard S, Moureaux É, Moroso M, Durand S, Gonzalez C, Amurri L, Gallouët AS, Marlin R, Baize S, Chevillard E, Raoul H, Hocini H, Centlivre M, Thiébaut R, Horvat B, Godot V, Lévy Y, Cardinaud S. A vaccine targeting antigen-presenting cells through CD40 induces protective immunity against Nipah disease. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101467. [PMID: 38471503 PMCID: PMC10983108 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) has been recently ranked by the World Health Organization as being among the top eight emerging pathogens likely to cause major epidemics, whereas no therapeutics or vaccines have yet been approved. We report a method to deliver immunogenic epitopes from NiV through the targeting of the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells by fusing a selected humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody to the Nipah glycoprotein with conserved NiV fusion and nucleocapsid peptides. In the African green monkey model, CD40.NiV induces specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG as well as cross-neutralizing responses against circulating NiV strains and Hendra virus and T cell responses. Challenge experiments using a NiV-B strain demonstrate the high protective efficacy of the vaccine, with all vaccinated animals surviving and showing no significant clinical signs or virus replication, suggesting that the CD40.NiV vaccine conferred sterilizing immunity. Overall, results obtained with the CD40.NiV vaccine are highly promising in terms of the breadth and efficacy against NiV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Pastor
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Florence Picard
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nora El Jahrani
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Lefebvre
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Adele Hammoudi
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Léa Dupaty
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France; Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Moroso
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm Jean Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Gonzalez
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Lucia Amurri
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, autoimmunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, autoimmunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France; Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm Jean Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Mireille Centlivre
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; University Bordeaux, Department of Public Health, INSERM Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inria SISTM, Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Department of Medical Information, Bordeaux, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France.
| | - Sylvain Cardinaud
- INSERM U955 - Équipe 16, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azuero OC, Lefrancq N, Nikolay B, McKee C, Cappelle J, Hul V, Ou TP, Hoem T, Lemey P, Rahman MZ, Islam A, Gurley ES, Duong V, Salje H. The genetic diversity of Nipah virus across spatial scales. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.14.23292668. [PMID: 37502973 PMCID: PMC10370237 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.23292668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates silently in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity, including how many lineages circulate within a roost and the spread of NiV over increasing spatial scales. Here we develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). In Bangladesh, where most human infections occur, we find evidence of increased spillover risk from one of the two co-circulating sublineages. We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters (emerged 20-44 years ago). Within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1,500-2,000 km2. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3 million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000 km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most of the genetic clusters have been identified, but only ~15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered. Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within individual roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noémie Lefrancq
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | - Clifton McKee
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Vibol Hul
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Tey Putita Ou
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Thavry Hoem
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ausraful Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mougari S, Gonzalez C, Reynard O, Horvat B. Fruit bats as natural reservoir of highly pathogenic henipaviruses: balance between antiviral defense and viral toleranceInteractions between Henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
5
|
Reprogrammed Pteropus Bat Stem Cells as A Model to Study Host-Pathogen Interaction during Henipavirus Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122567. [PMID: 34946167 PMCID: PMC8706405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts for numerous zoonotic viruses, including henipaviruses, which are highly pathogenic for humans, livestock, and other mammals but do not induce clinical disease in bats. Pteropus bats are identified as a reservoir of henipaviruses and the source of transmission of the infection to humans over the past 20 years. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms allowing bats to control viral infections requires the development of relevant, stable, and permissive cellular experimental models. By applying a somatic reprogramming protocol to Pteropus bat primary cells, using a combination of ESRRB (Estrogen Related Receptor Beta), CDX2 (Caudal type Homeobox 2), and c-MYC (MYC proto-oncogene) transcription factors, we generated bat reprogrammed cells. These cells exhibit stem cell-like characteristics and neural stem cell molecular signature. In contrast to primary fibroblastic cells, these reprogrammed stem cells are highly permissive to henipaviruses and exhibit specific transcriptomic profiles with the particular expression of certain susceptibility factors such as interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), which may be related to viral infection. These Pteropus bat reprogrammed stem cells should represent an important experimental tool to decipher interactions during henipaviruses infection in Pteropus bats, facilitate isolation and production of bat-borne viruses, and to better understand the bat biology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dutheil F, Clinchamps M, Bouillon-Minois JB. Bats, Pathogens, and Species Richness. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020098. [PMID: 33494226 PMCID: PMC7909788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats carry many viruses, but this is not sufficient to threaten humans. Viruses must mutate to generate the ability to transfer to humans. A key factor is the diversity of species. With 1400 species of bats (20% of all species of mammals), the diversity of bats species is highly favorable to the emergence of new viruses. Moreover, several species of bats live within the same location, and share advanced social behavior, favoring the transmission of viruses. Because they fly, bats are also hosts for a wide range of viruses from many environments. They also eat everything (including what humans eat), they share humans’ environment and become closer to domestic species, which can serve as relays between bats and humans. Bats also have a long-life expectancy (up to 40 years for some bats), which is particularly effective for transmission to humans. However, a recent publication came out challenging what we think about bats. Proportionally, bats may not carry a higher number of zoonotic pathogens, normalized by species richness, compared to other mammalian and avian species. Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts, without evidence that bats carry more viruses that infect humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maëlys Clinchamps
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fouret J, Brunet FG, Binet M, Aurine N, Enchéry F, Croze S, Guinier M, Goumaidi A, Preininger D, Volff JN, Bailly-Bechet M, Lachuer J, Horvat B, Legras-Lachuer C. Sequencing the Genome of Indian Flying Fox, Natural Reservoir of Nipah Virus, Using Hybrid Assembly and Conservative Secondary Scaffolding. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1807. [PMID: 32849415 PMCID: PMC7403528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian fruit bats, flying fox Pteropus medius was identified as an asymptomatic natural host of recently emerged Nipah virus, which is known to induce a severe infectious disease in humans. The absence of P. medius genome sequence presents an important obstacle for further studies of virus–host interactions and better understanding of mechanisms of zoonotic viral emergence. Generation of the high-quality genome sequence is often linked to a considerable effort associated to elevated costs. Although secondary scaffolding methods have reduced sequencing expenses, they imply the development of new tools for the integration of different data sources to achieve more reliable sequencing results. We initially sequenced the P. medius genome using the combination of Illumina paired-end and Nanopore sequencing, with a depth of 57.4x and 6.1x, respectively. Then, we introduced the novel scaff2link software to integrate multiple sources of information for secondary scaffolding, allowing to remove the association with discordant information among two sources. Different quality metrics were next produced to validate the benefits from secondary scaffolding. The P. medius genome, assembled by this method, has a length of 1,985 Mb and consists of 33,613 contigs and 16,113 scaffolds with an NG50 of 19 Mb. At least 22.5% of the assembled sequences is covered by interspersed repeats already described in other species and 19,823 coding genes are annotated. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the clustering of P. medius genome with two other Pteropus bat species, P. alecto and P. vampyrus, for which genome sequences are currently available. SARS-CoV entry receptor ACE2 sequence of P. medius was 82.7% identical with ACE2 of Rhinolophus sinicus bats, thought to be the natural host of SARS-CoV. Altogether, our results confirm that a lower depth of sequencing is enough to obtain a valuable genome sequence, using secondary scaffolding approaches and demonstrate the benefits of the scaff2link application. The genome sequence is now available to the scientific community to (i) proceed with further genomic analysis of P. medius, (ii) to characterize the underlying mechanism allowing Nipah virus maintenance and perpetuation in its bat host, and (iii) to monitor their evolutionary pathways toward a better understanding of bats’ ability to control viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fouret
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team Immunobiology of Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Viroscan3D, Trévoux, France
| | - Frédéric G Brunet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Binet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team Immunobiology of Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Viroscan3D, Trévoux, France
| | - Noémie Aurine
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team Immunobiology of Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francois Enchéry
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team Immunobiology of Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Croze
- Plateforme Profilexpert, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Joël Lachuer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Plateforme Profilexpert, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team Immunobiology of Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Legras-Lachuer
- Viroscan3D, Trévoux, France.,Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS UMR 5557, LEM, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fc-Based Recombinant Henipavirus Vaccines Elicit Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040480. [PMID: 32340278 PMCID: PMC7232446 DOI: 10.3390/v12040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus (HNVs) includes two fatal viruses, namely Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). Since 1994, NiV and HeV have been endemic to the Asia–Pacific region and responsible for more than 600 cases of infections. Two emerging HNVs, Ghana virus (GhV) and Mojiang virus (MojV), are speculated to be associated with unrecognized human diseases in Africa and China, respectively. Despite many efforts to develop vaccines against henipaviral diseases, there is presently no licensed human vaccine. As HNVs are highly pathogenic and diverse, it is necessary to develop universal vaccines to prevent future outbreaks. The attachment enveloped glycoprotein (G protein) of HNVs mediates HNV attachment to the host cell’s surface receptors. G proteins have been used as a protective antigen in many vaccine candidates for HNVs. We performed quantitative studies on the antibody responses elicited by the G proteins of NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV. We found that the G proteins of NiV and HeV elicited only a limited cross-reactive antibody response. Further, there was no cross-protection between MojV, GhV, and highly pathogenic HNVs. We then constructed a bivalent vaccine where the G proteins of NiV and HeV were fused with the human IgG1 Fc domain. The immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine was compared with that of monovalent vaccines. Our results revealed that the Fc-based bivalent vaccine elicited a potent antibody response against both NiV and HeV. We also constructed a tetravalent Fc heterodimer fusion protein that contains the G protein domains of four HNVs. Immunization with the tetravalent vaccine elicited broad antibody responses against NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV in mice, indicating compatibility among the four antigens in the Fc-fusion protein. These data suggest that our novel bivalent and tetravalent Fc-fusion proteins may be efficient candidates to prevent HNV infection.
Collapse
|