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Duarte ML, Eto C, Mazzon RR, Melocco G, Esposito F, Lincopan N, Ferreira FA. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) RdJ clone (CC5-ST105-SCCmecII-t002) in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Microb Pathog 2024; 195:106903. [PMID: 39208961 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of highly successful genetic lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a challenge in human healthcare due to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The RdJ clone (CC5-ST105-SCCmecII-t002 lineage), previously identified in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was linked to bloodstream infections and features a mutation in the aur gene (encoding aureolysin). Additionally, clinical isolates derived from this clone were more effective at evading monocytic immune responses. This study aimed to detect the RdJ clone among clinical MRSA isolated in Santa Catarina (SC) and examine its antimicrobial resistance and phagocytosis evasion capabilities. Our findings revealed the RdJ clone in 20 % of MRSA isolates, all exhibiting multiresistance. RdJ clone isolates from SC did not demonstrate a decreased rate of phagocytosis compared to CC5 non-RdJ isolates. Structural analysis suggests that the aur mutation is unlikely to significantly impact aureolysin activity. Genomic analysis of one isolate unveiled a genetic variant of the RdJ clone, sharing lineage and gene distribution but lacking the aur mutation. This study enhances the understanding of the clinical and epidemiologic risks associated with the RdJ clone and the biological mechanisms underlying its spreading in SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Luís Duarte
- Laboratory of Bacterial Molecular Genetics (GeMBac), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade88040-960, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carolina Eto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, 88040-960, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ruiz Mazzon
- Laboratory of Bacterial Molecular Genetics (GeMBac), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade88040-960, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gregory Melocco
- Laboratory of Resistome and Therapeutic Alternatives, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Laboratory of Resistome and Therapeutic Alternatives, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Laboratory of Resistome and Therapeutic Alternatives, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Antunes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Molecular Genetics (GeMBac), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade88040-960, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Viana AS, Tótola LPDV, Figueiredo AMS. ST105 Lineage of MRSA: An Emerging Implication for Bloodstream Infection in the American and European Continents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:893. [PMID: 39335066 PMCID: PMC11429078 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sequence-type 5 (ST5) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), harboring the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec type IV (SCCmecIV), was first detected in Portugal. It emerged as a significant cause of healthcare-associated (HA) infection in pediatric units and was hence named the pediatric clone. Another ST5 lineage, which carries SCCmecII, also prevailed in the USA and Japan for multiple years. More recently, another MRSA lineage, ST105-SCCmecII, part of the evolution of clonal complex 5 (CC5) MRSA, has emerged as the cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection outbreaks in countries including Portugal, the USA, and Brazil. This article reviews studies on the epidemiology and evolution of these newly emerging pathogens. To this end, a search of PUBMED from inception to 2024 was performed to find articles reporting the occurrence of ST105 MRSA in epidemiologic studies. A second search was performed to find studies on MRSA, CC5, ST5, and SCCmecII. A search of PUBMED from 1999 to 2024 was also performed to identify studies on the genomics and evolution of ST5, CC5, and ST105 MRSA. Further studies were identified by analyzing the references of the previously selected articles from PUBMED. Most articles on ST105 MRSA were included in this review. Only articles written in English were included. Furthermore, only studies that used a reliable genotyping method (e.g., whole genome sequencing, or MLST) to classify the CC5 lineages were selected. The quality and selection of articles were based on the consensus assessment of the three authors in independent evaluations. In conclusion, ST105-SCCmecII is an emerging MRSA in several countries, being the second/third most important CC5 lineage, with a relatively high frequency in bloodstream infections. Of concern is the increased mortality from BSI in patients older than 15 years and the higher prevalence of ST105-SCCmecII in the blood of patients older than 60 years reported in some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Slotfeldt Viana
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Laís Pires do Valle Tótola
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil
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Dominski BH, Raitz MDF, Provenzi MA, Silveira ACDO, Sincero TCM, Ferreira FA. Characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116244. [PMID: 38452557 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated the characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Santa Catarina. Findings revealed prevalent SCCmecII and IV, multiresistance, Leucocidin ED genes, and one ST105 isolate. The results indicated that the in-state MRSA isolates showed the same characteristics as the out-of-state isolates among the investigated features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hech Dominski
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Bacteriana (GeMBac), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-960, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Raitz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Bacteriana (GeMBac), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-960, Brazil
| | - Marcel Afonso Provenzi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Bacteriana (GeMBac), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-960, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Conrado de Oliveira Silveira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB). Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140. Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, SC 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Thais Cristine Marques Sincero
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular Aplicada (MIMA); Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-960, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Antunes Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Bacteriana (GeMBac), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-960, Brazil.
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Barroqueiro ÂTLS, Maciel MCG, Vale AAM, Silva MCP, Maia ACDS, Santos APAD, Nascimento JRD, Nascimento FRFD, Rocha CQ, Fernandes ES, Guerra RNM. The anti-infective and immunologic effect of babassu (Attalea speciosa, Mart. ex Spreng) reduces mortality induced by MRSA-Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117363. [PMID: 37944870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Babassu mesocarp, derived from the Attalea speciosa fruits, is used in folk medicine for infections, inflammatory diseases, and skin wounds. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the antimicrobial and immunological effect of babassu mesocarp aqueous extract (BAE) in Swiss mice lethally infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals (n = 14/group) received an overload of MRSA (3.0 × 108 CFU/mL, via intraperitoneal) and were treated 6 h later with the BAE (125 and 250 mg/kg, subcutaneously). Two experiments were performed with four groups each (Control, ATB, BAE125 and BAE 250). The first was to determine the survival (n = 7 animals/group). The second is to evaluate 24h after infection the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) and cells in the blood, peritoneum and bronchoalveolar fluid. Cytometric Bead Assay - CBA quantified the cytokines and flow cytometry to determine the cellular distribution in the mesenteric lymph node. RESULTS Treatment with BAE improved the survival (60%) in all groups, reduced the number of colony-forming units in the peritoneum and blood, the number of peritoneal and bronchoalveolar cells, and the levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines. Additionally, BAE increased: IL-10 and INF-γ levels, nitric oxide release, CD4+ T helper cells, CD14+/IaIe + activated macrophages and Ly6G + neutrophils in the mesenteric lymph node. CONCLUSIONS BAE can be used as a complementary treatment during infections due to its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect and the ability to protect animals from death after MRSA lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Tâmara Lemos Souza Barroqueiro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia - LIF, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Universidade CEUMA, Rua Josué Montello, No. 1, Renascença II, São Luís, MA, 65075-120, Brazil.
| | | | - André Alvares Marques Vale
- Laboratório de Imunologia do Câncer - LIAC, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Cristina Pinto Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia - LIF, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Caroline Dos Santos Maia
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçú, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR, 80230-020, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Azevedo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia do Câncer - LIAC, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Johnny Ramos do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia - LIF, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Centro Universitário UNDB, Av. Colares Moreira, 443, Jardim Renascença, São Luís, MA, 65075-441, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Raquel Fernandes do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia - LIF, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Quintino Rocha
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais - Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas - Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçú, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR, 80230-020, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR, 80250-060, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Nassar Meireles Guerra
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia - LIF, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Dom Delgado, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
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Barcudi D, Blasko E, Gonzalez MJ, Gagetti P, Lamberghini R, Garnero A, Sarkis C, Faccone D, Lucero C, Tosoroni D, Bocco JL, Corso A, Sola C. Different evolution of S. aureus methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible infections, Argentina. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22610. [PMID: 38163174 PMCID: PMC10755277 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus-(SA) is widespread among healthcare-associated-(HA) and the community-associated-(CA) infections. However, the contributions of MRSA and MSSA to the SA overall burden remain unclear. In a nationally-representative-survey conducted in Argentina, 668 SA clinical isolates from 61 hospitals were examined in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study in April 2015. The study aimed to analyze MRSA molecular epidemiology, estimate overall SA infection incidence (MSSA, MRSA, and genotypes) in community-onset (CO: HACO, Healthcare-Associated-CO and CACO, Community-Associated-CO) and healthcare-onset (HO: HAHO, Healthcare-associated-HO) infections, stratified by age groups. Additionally temporal evolution was estimated by comparing this study's (2015) incidence values with a previous study (2009) in the same region. Erythromycin-resistant-MSSA and all MRSA strains were genetically typed. The SA total-infections (TI) overall-incidence was 49.1/100,000 monthly-visits, 25.1 and 24.0 for MRSA and MSSA respectively (P = 0.5889), in April 2015. In adults with invasive-infections (INVI), MSSA was 15.7 and MRSA was 11.8 (P = 0.0288), 1.3-fold higher. HA SA infections, both MSSA and MRSA, surpassed CA infections by over threefold. During 2009-2015, there was a significant 23.4 % increase in the SA infections overall-incidence, mainly driven by MSSA, notably a 54.2 % increase in INVI among adults, while MRSA infection rates remained stable. The MSSA rise was accompanied by increased antimicrobial resistance, particularly to erythromycin, linked to MSSA-CC398-t1451-ermT + -IEC+-pvl- emergence. The SA-infections rise was primarily attributed to community-onset-infections (37.3 % and 62.4 % increase for TI and INVI, respectively), particularly HACO-MSSA and HACO-MRSA in adults, as well as CACO-MSSA. The main CA-MRSA-PFGE-typeN-ST30-SCCmecIVc-PVL+/- clone along with other clones (USA300-ST8-IV-LV-PVL+/-, PFGE-typeDD-ST97-IV- PVL-) added to rather than replaced CA-MRSA-PFGE-typeI-ST5-SCCmecIVa-PVL+/- clone in HA invasive-infections. They also displaced clone HA-MRSA-PFGE-typeA-ST5-SCCmecI, mainly in HAHO infections. The overall-burden of SA infections is rising in Argentina, driven primarily by community-onset MSSA, particularly in adults, linked to increased erythromycin-resistance and MSSA-CC398-t1451-ermT + -IEC+-pvl- emergence. Novel knowledge and transmission-control strategies are required for MSSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Barcudi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Enrique Blasko
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María José Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Gagetti
- Servicio Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Lamberghini
- Cátedra de Infectología I, Hospital Rawson, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Bajada Pucará 2025, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Analía Garnero
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Bajada Pucará 787, X 5000, ANN, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sarkis
- Hospital de Pediatría S.A.M.I.C."Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”, Combate de los Pozos 1881, C1245, AAM, CABA, Argentina
| | - Diego Faccone
- Servicio Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celeste Lucero
- Servicio Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Tosoroni
- Informática Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Jacinto Ríos 555, X5004, ASK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - José L. Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Corso
- Servicio Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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Esteves MAC, Viana AS, Viçosa GN, Botelho AMN, Moustafa AM, Mansoldo FRP, Ferreira ALP, Vermelho AB, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Planet PJ, Figueiredo AMS. RdJ detection tests to identify a unique MRSA clone of ST105-SCC mecII lineage and its variants disseminated in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1275918. [PMID: 38053559 PMCID: PMC10694290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1275918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is frequently related to invasive procedures and medically complex patients. An important feature of MRSA is the clonal structure of its population. Specific MRSA clones may differ in their pathogenic, epidemiological, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Whole-genome sequencing is currently the most robust and discriminatory technique for tracking hypervirulent/well-adapted MRSA clones. However, it remains an expensive and time-consuming technique that requires specialized personnel. In this work, we describe a pangenome protocol, based on binary matrix (1,0) of open reading frames (ORFs), that can be used to quickly find diagnostic, apomorphic sequence mutations that can serve as biomarkers. We use this technique to create a diagnostic screen for MRSA isolates circulating in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the RdJ clone, which is prevalent in BSI. The method described here has 100% specificity and sensitivity, eliminating the need to use genomic sequencing for clonal identification. The protocol used is relatively simple and all the steps, formulas and commands used are described in this work, such that this strategy can also be used to identify other MRSA clones and even clones from other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Slotfeldt Viana
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nogueira Viçosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Adriana Lucia Pires Ferreira
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Dasa Medicina Diagnóstica, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Joseph Planet
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Kim SY, Kim M, Kim TJ. Regulation of σ B-Dependent Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus through Strain-Specific Signaling Induced by Diosgenin. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2376. [PMID: 37894034 PMCID: PMC10609180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal skin bacterium and a causative agent of infectious diseases. Biofilm formation in S. aureus is a mechanism that facilitates the emergence of resistant strains. This study proposes a mechanism for the regulation of biofilm formation in S. aureus through strain-specific physiological changes induced by the plant steroid diosgenin. A comparison of diosgenin-induced changes in the expression of regulatory genes associated with physiological changes revealed the intracellular regulatory mechanisms involved in biofilm formation. Diosgenin reduced biofilm formation in S. aureus ATCC 6538 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) CCARM 3090 by 39% and 61%, respectively. Conversely, it increased biofilm formation in S. aureus ATCC 29213 and MRSA CCARM 3820 by 186% and 582%, respectively. Cell surface hydrophobicity and extracellular protein and carbohydrate contents changed in a strain-specific manner in response to biofilm formation. An assessment of the changes in gene expression associated with biofilm formation revealed that diosgenin treatment decreased the expression of icaA and spa and increased the expression of RNAIII, agrA, sarA, and sigB in S. aureus ATCC 6538 and MRSA CCARM 3090; however, contrasting gene expression changes were noted in S. aureus ATCC 29213 and MRSA CCARM 3820. These results suggest that a regulatory mechanism of biofilm formation is that activated sigB expression sequentially increases the expression of sarA, agrA, and RNAIII. This increased RNAIII expression decreases the expression of spa, a surface-associated adhesion factor. An additional regulatory mechanism of biofilm formation is that activated sigB expression decreases the expression of an unknown regulator that increases the expression of icaA. This in turn decreases the expression of icaA, which decreases the synthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesins and ultimately inhibits biofilm formation. By assessing strain-specific contrasting regulatory signals induced by diosgenin in S. aureus without gene mutation, this study elucidated the signal transduction mechanisms that regulate biofilm formation based on physiological and gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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8
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Martínez JRW, Planet PJ, Spencer-Sandino M, Rivas L, Díaz L, Moustafa AM, Quesille-Villalobos A, Riquelme-Neira R, Alcalde-Rico M, Hanson B, Carvajal LP, Rincón S, Reyes J, Lam M, Calderon JF, Araos R, García P, Arias CA, Munita JM. Dynamics of the MRSA Population in a Chilean Hospital: a Phylogenomic Analysis (2000-2016). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0535122. [PMID: 37338398 PMCID: PMC10433796 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The global dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with the emergence and establishment of clones in specific geographic areas. The Chilean-Cordobes clone (ChC) (ST5-SCCmecI) has been the predominant MRSA clone in Chile since its first description in 1998, despite the report of other emerging MRSA clones in recent years. Here, we characterize the evolutionary history of MRSA from 2000 to 2016 in a Chilean tertiary health care center using phylogenomic analyses. We sequenced 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000 and 2016. We evaluated the temporal trends of the circulating clones and performed a phylogenomic reconstruction to characterize the clonal dynamics. We found a significant increase in the diversity and richness of sequence types (STs; Spearman r = 0.8748, P < 0.0001) with a Shannon diversity index increasing from 0.221 in the year 2000 to 1.33 in 2016, and an effective diversity (Hill number; q = 2) increasing from 1.12 to 2.71. The temporal trend analysis revealed that in the period 2000 to 2003 most of the isolates (94.2%; n = 98) belonged to the ChC clone. However, since then, the frequency of the ChC clone has decreased over time, accounting for 52% of the collection in the 2013 to 2016 period. This decline was accompanied by the rise of two emerging MRSA lineages, ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI. In conclusion, the ChC clone remains the most frequent MRSA lineage, but this lineage is gradually being replaced by several emerging clones, the most important of which is clone ST105-SCCmecII. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of MRSA clonal dynamics performed in South America. IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major public health pathogen that disseminates through the emergence of successful dominant clones in specific geographic regions. Knowledge of the dissemination and molecular epidemiology of MRSA in Latin America is scarce and is largely based on small studies or more limited typing techniques that lack the resolution to represent an accurate description of the genomic landscape. We used whole-genome sequencing to study 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000 and 2016 in Chile providing the largest and most detailed study of clonal dynamics of MRSA in South America to date. We found a significant increase in the diversity of MRSA clones circulating over the 17-year study period. Additionally, we describe the emergence of two novel clones (ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI), which have been gradually increasing in frequency over time. Our results drastically improve our understanding of the dissemination and update our knowledge about MRSA in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. W. Martínez
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Spencer-Sandino
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Rivas
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Díaz
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana Quesille-Villalobos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Riquelme-Neira
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia a los Antibióticos en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Pontificia Univ. Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Blake Hanson
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lina P. Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Rincón
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marusella Lam
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F. Calderon
- Centro de Genética y Genómica Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Araos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - César A. Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institution, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - José M. Munita
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Martínez JR, Alcalde-Rico M, Jara-Videla E, Rios R, Moustafa AM, Hanson B, Rivas L, Carvajal LP, Rincon S, Diaz L, Reyes J, Quesille-Villalobos A, Riquelme-Neira R, Undurraga EA, Olivares-Pacheco J, García P, Araos R, Planet PJ, Arias CA, Munita JM. Heavy Metal Pollution From a Major Earthquake and Tsunami in Chile Is Associated With Geographic Divergence of Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Latin America. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.18.541300. [PMID: 37293062 PMCID: PMC10245734 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.541300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a priority pathogen listed by the World Health Organization. The global spread of MRSA is characterized by successive waves of epidemic clones that predominate in specific geographical regions. The acquisition of genes encoding resistance to heavy-metals is thought to be a key feature in the divergence and geographical spread of MRSA. Increasing evidence suggests that extreme natural events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, could release heavy-metals into the environment. However, the impact of environmental exposition to heavy-metals on the divergence and spread of MRSA clones has been insufficiently explored. We assess the association between a major earthquake and tsunami in an industrialized port in southern Chile and MRSA clone divergence in Latin America. We performed a phylogenomic reconstruction of 113 MRSA clinical isolates from seven Latin American healthcare centers, including 25 isolates collected in a geographic area affected by an earthquake and tsunami that led to high levels of heavy-metal environmental contamination. We found a divergence event strongly associated with the presence of a plasmid harboring heavy-metal resistance genes in the isolates obtained in the area where the earthquake and tsunami occurred. Moreover, clinical isolates carrying this plasmid showed increased tolerance to mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. We also observed a physiological burden in the plasmid-carrying isolates in absence of heavy-metals. Our results are the first evidence that suggests that heavy-metal contamination, in the aftermath of an environmental disaster, appears to be a key evolutionary event for the spread and dissemination of MRSA in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rw Martínez
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia a los Antibióticos en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Estefanía Jara-Videla
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Rafael Rios
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ahmed M Moustafa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Blake Hanson
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lina Rivas
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Lina P Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Sandra Rincon
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Lorena Diaz
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ana Quesille-Villalobos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Roberto Riquelme-Neira
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Undurraga
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia a los Antibióticos en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Araos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
| | - Paul J Planet
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - César A Arias
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institution, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose M Munita
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Chile
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Li Y, Tang Y, Qiao Z, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Xu H, Jiao X, Li Q. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the respiratory tracts of Chinese adults with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:713-718. [PMID: 36940498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is an important pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections. In recent years, an increasing number of CA-MRSA clones have emerged and rapidly spread in the community and hospital settings in China. OBJECTIVES To investigate the molecular epidemiology and resistance of CA-MRSA in the respiratory tracts of Chinese adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS A total of 243 sputum samples were collected from adult patients with CAP at the Nantong Hospital in China between 2018 and 2021. S. aureus was identified using PCR, and its susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials was tested using the broth dilution method. Genomic characterization of respiratory CA-MRSA and our previously collected intestinal CA-MRSA isolates was performed using whole-genome sequencing, and the evolutionary relationships of these isolates were assessed using phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The CA-MRSA colonization rate among adults with CAP in China was 7.8 % (19/243). Antimicrobial resistance analysis revealed that the proportion of multidrug-resistant respiratory CA-MRSA isolates (100 %) was higher than that of intestinal CA-MRSA isolates (6.3 %). Among the 35 CA-MRSA isolates, 10 MLST types were identified and clustered into five clone complexes (CCs). CC5 (48.6 %) and CC88 (20 %) were predominant CA-MRSA clones. Notably, the CC5 clone ST764/ST6292-MRSA-II-t002 was identified as the major lineage causing respiratory tract infections in Chinese adults with CAP. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CA-MRSA among Chinese adults with CAP is high and often involves ST764/ST6292-MRSA-II-t002 as the causal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yuanyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhuang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
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11
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The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2020/2021. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07867. [PMID: 36891283 PMCID: PMC9987209 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data on zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food are collected annually by the EU Member States (MSs) and reporting countries, jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC and presented in a yearly EU Summary Report. This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2020-2021 harmonised AMR monitoring in Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in humans and food-producing animals (broilers, laying hens and turkeys, fattening pigs and bovines under 1 year of age) and relevant meat thereof. For animals and meat thereof, indicator E. coli data on the occurrence of AMR and presumptive Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-/AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC)-/carbapenemases (CP)-producers, as well as the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are also analysed. In 2021, MSs submitted for the first time AMR data on E. coli isolates from meat sampled at border control posts. Where available, monitoring data from humans, food-producing animals and meat thereof were combined and compared at the EU level, with emphasis on multidrug resistance, complete susceptibility and combined resistance patterns to selected and critically important antimicrobials, as well as Salmonella and E. coli isolates exhibiting ESBL-/AmpC-/carbapenemase phenotypes. Resistance was frequently found to commonly used antimicrobials in Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials was mainly observed at low levels except in some Salmonella serotypes and in C. coli in some countries. The reporting of a number of CP-producing E. coli isolates (harbouring bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, and bla NDM-5 genes) in pigs, bovines and meat thereof by a limited number of MSs (4) in 2021, requests a thorough follow-up. The temporal trend analyses in both key outcome indicators (rate of complete susceptibility and prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC- producers) showed that encouraging progress have been registered in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several EU MSs over the last years.
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Martínez JRW, Planet PJ, Maria SS, Lina R, Lorena D, Ana QV, Roberto RN, Manuel AR, Blake H, Carvajal LP, Sandra R, Jinnethe R, Marusella L, Rafael A, Patricia G, Arias CA, Munita JM. Dynamics of the MRSA Population in A Chilean Hospital: A Phylogenomic Analysis (2000-2016). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.526811. [PMID: 36798318 PMCID: PMC9934535 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.526811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The global dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with the emergence and establishment of clones in specific geographic areas. The Chilean-Cordobes clone (ChC) (ST5-SCC mec I) has been the predominant MRSA clone in Chile since its first description in 1998, despite the report of other emerging MRSA clones in the last years. Here, we characterize the evolutionary history of MRSA from 2000 to 2016 in a Chilean tertiary healthcare center using phylogenomic analyses. We sequenced 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000-2016 in a tertiary healthcare center in Chile. We evaluated the temporal trends of the circulating clones and performed a phylogenomic reconstruction to characterize the clonal dynamics. We found a significant increase in the diversity and richness of sequence types (STs; Spearman r=0.8748, p<0.0001) with a Shannon diversity index increasing from 0.221 in the year 2000 to 1.33 in 2016. The temporal trend analysis revealed that in the period 2000-2003 most of the isolates (94.2%; n=98) belonged to the ChC clone. However, since then, the frequency of the ChC clone has decreased over time, accounting for 52% of the collection in the 2013-2016 period. This decline was accompanied by the rise of two emerging MRSA lineages, ST105-SCC mec II and ST72-SCC mec VI. In conclusion, the ChC clone remains the most frequent MRSA lineage in Chile. However, this lineage is gradually being replaced by several emerging clones, the most important of which is clone ST105-SCC mec II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of MRSA clonal dynamics performed in South America. Importance Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major public health pathogen that disseminates through the emergence of successful dominant clones in specific geographic regions. Knowledge of the dissemination and molecular epidemiology of MRSA in Latin America is scarce and is largely based on small studies or classical typing techniques with several limitations to depict an accurate description of their genomic landscape. We used whole-genome sequencing to study 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000-2016 in Chile to provide the largest and most detailed study of clonal dynamics of MRSA carried out in South America to date. We found a significant increase in the diversity of MRSA clones circulating over the 17-year study period. Additionally, we describe the emergence of two novel clones (ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI), which have been gradually increasing their frequency over time. Our results drastically improve our understanding of the dissemination and update our knowledge about MRSA in Latin America.
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Viana AS, Botelho AMN, Feder A, Moustafa AM, Santos Silva DN, Martini CL, Ferreira ALP, Silva-Carvalho MC, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Planet PJ, Sá Figueiredo AM. High frequency of increased triclosan MIC among CC5 MRSA and risk of misclassification of the SCCmec into types. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3340-3348. [PMID: 36173394 PMCID: PMC9704425 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typing of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements is commonly used for studies on the molecular epidemiology of MRSA. OBJECTIVES To perform an investigation centred on uncovering the reasons for misclassification of MRSA clonal complex 5 (CC5) SCCmec type II clinical isolates in our laboratory. METHODS MRSA isolates from CC5 were subjected to WGS and SCCmec typing. RESULTS This investigation led to the discovery that the classification failure was due to an insertion of IS1272 carrying the fabI gene on a transposable element (TnSha1) that confers increased MIC to the biocide triclosan. Genomic analysis revealed that fabI was present in 25% of the CC5 MRSA isolates sampled. The frequency of TnSha1 in our collection was much higher than that observed among publicly available genomes (0.8%; n = 24/3142 CC5 genomes). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that genomes in different CC5 clades carry TnSha1 inserted in different integration sites, suggesting that this transposon has entered CC5 MRSA genomes on multiple occasions. In at least two genotypes, ST5-SCCmecII-t539 and ST5-SCCmecII-t2666, TnSha1 seems to have entered prior to their divergence. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights an important misclassification problem of SCCmecII in isolates harbouring TnSha1 when Boye's method is used for typing, which could have important implications for molecular epidemiology of MRSA. The importance of increased-MIC phenotype is still a matter of controversy that deserves more study given the widespread use of triclosan in many countries. Our results suggest expanding prevalence that may indicate strong selection for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Slotfeldt Viana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Nunes Botelho
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Andries Feder
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmed Magdi Moustafa
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
| | | | - Caroline Lopes Martini
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lucia Pires Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Diagnósticos da América S.A., Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25085-007, Brazil
| | - Maria Cícera Silva-Carvalho
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Joseph Planet
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Augusto MF, da Silva Fernandes DC, de Oliveira TLR, Cavalcante FS, Chamon RC, Ferreira ALP, Nouér SA, Rangel AP, Castiñeiras AC, Gonçalez CM, Freire J, Guimarães LF, Batista R, dos Santos KRN. Pandemic clone USA300 in a Brazilian hospital: detection of an emergent lineage among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:114. [PMID: 36104710 PMCID: PMC9472717 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bloodstream infections (BSI) worldwide. In Brazil, the hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA100/SCCmecII lineage replaced the previously well-established clones. However, the emergence of community-associated (CA) MRSA lineages among hospitalized patients is an increasing issue.
Methods
Consecutive S. aureus isolates recovered from BSI episodes of patients admitted between January 2016 and December 2018 in a Brazilian teaching hospital were tested for antimicrobial resistance, their genotypic features were characterized, and the clinical characteristics of the patients were evaluated.
Results
A total of 123 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 113 patients. All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin and 13.8% were not susceptible to daptomycin. Vancomycin MIC50 and MIC90 of 2 mg/L were found for both MRSA and MSSA isolates. The MRSA isolation rate was 30.1% (37/123), and 51.4% of them carried the SCCmec type II, followed by SCCmecIV (40.5%). Among the 37 MRSA isolates, the main lineages found were USA100/SCCmecII/ST5 and ST105 (53.7%) and USA800/ST5/SCCmecIV (18.9%). Surprisingly, six (16%) CA-MRSA isolates, belonging to USA300/ST8/SCCmecIVa that carried PVL genes and the ACME cassette type I, were detected. These six patients with USA300 BSI had severe comorbidities, including cancer, and most had a Charlson score ≥ 5; furthermore, they were in wards attended by the same health professionals. MRSA isolates were associated with hospital acquired infections (p = 0.02) in more elderly patients (p = 0.03) and those diagnosed with hematologic cancer (p = 0.04). Among patients diagnosed with MRSA BSI, 19 (54.3%) died.
Conclusions
The pandemic MRSA USA300 was detected for the first time in the Brazilian teaching hospital under study, and its cross-transmission most probably occurred between patients with BSI. This lineage may already be circulating among other Brazilian hospitals, which highlights the importance of carrying out surveillance programs to fight multidrug resistant and hypervirulent isolates.
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Procópio SW, Ribeiro ADA, Miyahira KM, Sarmento EB, Portela MB, de GFB, Castro A. Is the Oral Cavity of Intensive Care Unit Pediatric Patients More Susceptible to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection? Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:787-794. [PMID: 35759386 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the oral cavity of pediatric patients hospitalized at an intensive care unit (ICU). Methodology: Thirty ICU patients (group 1) and 30 healthy patients (group 2), between 1 and 12 years of age, matched by sex and age, were selected from a public hospital in Brazil. After oral examinations, biological specimens (nostril swab, oral mucosa, and supragingival biofilm) were collected from both groups to verify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Identification occurred after growth in Tryptic Soy Broth with 7.5% of NaCl for 48 hours, growth in Mannitol Salt Agar, gram staining, catalase, and coagulase tests. S. aureus isolates were submitted to antibiotic sensitivity test. Results: Only 36.7% of patients in the ICU perform oral hygiene during the hospitalization period and 41.7% presented high level of dental biofilm accumulation. The presence of S. aureus was similar in patients from group 1 (43.3%, 13) and group 2 (50.0%, 15) (p = 0.60). Both groups presented 18 samples each that tested positive for S. aureus. However, when considering patients infected by MRSA, the prevalence was higher in group 1 (eight; 26.7%) than in group 2 (five; 16.7%) but no statistical difference was observed (p = 0.53). In group 1, nine MRSA samples were resistant to erythromycin and seven to clindamycin. In group 2, two MRSA samples were resistant to erythromycin and two to clindamycin. Conclusions: Although ICU children did not show a significant higher carriage of MRSA when compared with the healthy group in the population studied, the number of highly resistant strains in the oral cavity isolated from ICU patients adds an important risk factor to be considered by the medical team as possible source of systemic infections, extended hospital stay, and poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefânia Werneck Procópio
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karla Magnan Miyahira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estéfano Borgo Sarmento
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Araújo Castro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Silva V, Ribeiro J, Rocha J, Manaia CM, Silva A, Pereira JE, Maltez L, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. High Frequency of the EMRSA-15 Clone (ST22-MRSA-IV) in Hospital Wastewater. Microorganisms 2022; 10:147. [PMID: 35056595 PMCID: PMC8780076 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital wastewaters often carry multidrug-resistant bacteria and priority pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes present in wastewaters may reach the natural environment facilitating their spread. Thus, we aimed to isolate MRSA from wastewater of 3 hospitals located in the north of Portugal and to characterize the isolates regarding the antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. A total of 96 wastewater samples were collected over six months. The water was filtered, and the filtration membrane was immersed in BHI broth supplemented with 6.5% of NaCl and incubated. The inoculum was streaked in ORSAB agar plates for MRSA isolation. The isolates susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance and virulence genes was accessed by PCR. Molecular typing was performed in all isolates. From the 96 samples, 28 (29.2%) were MRSA-positive. Most isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ermA, ermB, ermC, tetL, tetM, dfrA dfrG and catpC221 genes. Most of the isolates were ascribed to the immune evasion cluster (IEC) type B. The isolates belonged to ST22-IV, ST8-IV and ST105-II and spa-types t747, t1302, t19963, t6966, t020, t008 and tOur study shows that MRSA can be found over time in hospital wastewater. The wastewater treatment processes can reduce the MRSA load. The great majority of the isolates belonged to ST22 and spa-type t747 which suggests the fitness of these genetic lineages in hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jessica Ribeiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaqueline Rocha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, Costa de Caparica, 2825-466 Setubal, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (J.R.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.); (L.M.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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