1
|
Ali MS, Na SH, Moon BY, Kang HY, Kang HS, Kim SJ, Kim TS, Heo YE, Hwang YJ, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Molecular Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Food Animals During 2010-2021 in South Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 39029478 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella is emerging as a worldwide public health concern. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We obtained a total of 995 S. Typhimurium isolates from the feces and carcasses of pigs (n = 678), chickens (n = 202), and cattle (n = 115) during 2010-2021 in Korea. We found that 35 S. Typhimurium isolates (3.5%) showed resistance to ceftiofur: pigs (51.4%, 18/35) and cattle (42.9%, 15/35). All of the ceftiofur-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance. Moreover, ceftiofur-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates displayed significantly higher rates of resistance to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole than ceftiofur-susceptible S. Typhimurium isolates (p < 0.05). The ceftiofur-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates produced four different CTX-M-type β-lactamase, comprising blaCTX-M-55 in the majority (51.4%, 18/35), followed by blaCTX-M-65 (28.6%, 10/35), blaCTX-M-14 (17.1%, 6/35), and blaCTX-M-1 (2.9%, 1/35). Among the 35 ceftiofur-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates, 16 blaCTX-M-55-positive isolates and one blaCTX-M-1-positive isolate were transferred to recipient Escherichia coli RG488 by conjugation. The predominantly found transposable units were blaCTX-M-55-orf477 (45.7%, 16/35), followed by blaCTX-M-65-IS903 (28.6%, 10/35) and blaCTX-M-14-IS903 (17.1%, 6/35). Ceftiofur-resistant S. Typhimurium represented 19 types, with types P1-19 (22.9%, 8/35) and P12-34 (22.9%, 8/35) making up the majority and being found in most farms nationwide. Sequence types (STs) were different by animal species: ST19 (48.6%, 17/35) and ST34 (42.9%, 15/35) were mostly found STs in pigs and cattle, respectively. These findings showed that food animals, especially pigs and cattle, act as reservoirs of blaCTX-M-harboring S. Typhimurium that can potentially be spread to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Sekendar Ali
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Na
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Youn Moon
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seung Kang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Kim
- Public Health and Environment Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Heo
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Seek Yoon
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Bacterial Disease Division, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahman MK, Rodriguez-Mori H, Loneragan GH, Awosile B. Beta-lactamase genes in bacteria from food animals, retail meat, and human surveillance programs in the United States from 2002 to 2021. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 106:102139. [PMID: 38325128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The spread of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is a global public-health concern. This study aimed to explore the distribution of beta-lactamases reported in three sampling sources (cecal, retail meat, and human) collected as part of integrated surveillance in the United States. We retrieved and analyzed data from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems (NARMS) from 2002 to 2021. A total of 115 beta-lactamase genes were detected in E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter, Shigella and Vibrio: including 35 genes from cecal isolates, 32 genes from the retail meat isolates, and 104 genes from the human isolates. Three genes in E. coli (blaCMY-2,blaTEM-1A, and blaTEM-1B), 6 genes in Salmonella enterica (blaCARB-2, blaCMY-2, blaCTXM-65, blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, and blaHERA-3), and 2 genes in Campylobacter spp. (blaOXA-61 and blaOXA-449) have been detected across food animals (cattle, chicken, swine, and turkey) and humans over the study period. blaCTXM-55 has been detected in E. coli isolates from the four food animal sources while blaCTXM-15 and blaCTXM-27 were found only in cattle and swine. In Salmonella enterica, blaCTXM-2, blaCTXM-9, blaCTXM-14, blaCTXM-15, blaCTXM-27, blaCTXM-55, and blaNDM-1 were only detected among human isolates. blaOXAs and blaCARB were bacteria-specific and the only beta-lactamase genes detected in Campylobacter spp. and Vibrio spp respectively. The proportions of beta-lactamase genes detected varies from bacteria to bacteria. This study provided insights on the beta-lactamase genes detected in bacteria in food animals and humans in the United States. This is necessary for better understanding the molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases in one health interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Kaisar Rahman
- Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Guy H Loneragan
- Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mao Y, Zeineldin M, Usmani M, Jutla A, Shisler JL, Whitaker RJ, Nguyen TH. Local and Environmental Reservoirs of Salmonella enterica After Hurricane Florence Flooding. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000877. [PMID: 37928215 PMCID: PMC10624599 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In many regions of the world, including the United States, human and animal fecal genetic markers have been found in flood waters. In this study, we use high-resolution whole genomic sequencing to examine the origin and distribution of Salmonella enterica after the 2018 Hurricane Florence flooding. We specifically asked whether S. enterica isolated from water samples collected near swine farms in North Carolina shortly after Hurricane Florence had evidence of swine origin. To investigate this, we isolated and fully sequenced 18 independent S. enterica strains from 10 locations (five flooded and five unflooded). We found that all strains have extremely similar chromosomes with only five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and possessed two plasmids assigned bioinformatically to the incompatibility groups IncFIB and IncFII. The chromosomal core genome and the IncFIB plasmid are most closely related to environmental Salmonella strains isolated previously from the southeastern US. In contrast, the IncFII plasmid was found in environmental S. enterica strains whose genomes were more divergent, suggesting the IncFII plasmid is more promiscuous than the IncFIB type. We identified 65 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in each of our 18 S. enterica isolates. All ARGs were located on the Salmonella chromosome, similar to other previously characterized environmental isolates. All isolates with different SNPs were resistant to a panel of commonly used antibiotics. These results highlight the importance of environmental sources of antibiotic-resistant S. enterica after extreme flood events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Mao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
| | - Mohamed Zeineldin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaFLGainesvilleUSA
| | - Antarpreet Jutla
- Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaFLGainesvilleUSA
| | - Joanna L. Shisler
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
| | - Rachel J. Whitaker
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignILUrbanaUSA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bianconi I, Aschbacher R, Pagani E. Current Uses and Future Perspectives of Genomic Technologies in Clinical Microbiology. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1580. [PMID: 37998782 PMCID: PMC10668849 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in sequencing technology and data analytics have led to a transformative era in pathogen detection and typing. These developments not only expedite the process, but also render it more cost-effective. Genomic analyses of infectious diseases are swiftly becoming the standard for pathogen analysis and control. Additionally, national surveillance systems can derive substantial benefits from genomic data, as they offer profound insights into pathogen epidemiology and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global public health issue. While clinical laboratories have traditionally relied on culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the integration of genomic data into AMR analysis holds immense promise. Genomic-based AMR data can furnish swift, consistent, and highly accurate predictions of resistance phenotypes for specific strains or populations, all while contributing invaluable insights for surveillance. Moreover, genome sequencing assumes a pivotal role in the investigation of hospital outbreaks. It aids in the identification of infection sources, unveils genetic connections among isolates, and informs strategies for infection control. The One Health initiative, with its focus on the intricate interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, seeks to develop comprehensive approaches for disease surveillance, control, and prevention. When integrated with epidemiological data from surveillance systems, genomic data can forecast the expansion of bacterial populations and species transmissions. Consequently, this provides profound insights into the evolution and genetic relationships of AMR in pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bianconi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Provincial Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversitätvia Amba Alagi 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.A.); (E.P.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alvarez DM, Barrón-Montenegro R, Conejeros J, Rivera D, Undurraga EA, Moreno-Switt AI. A review of the global emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 403:110297. [PMID: 37406596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is an emergent foodborne and zoonotic Salmonella serovar with critical implications for global health. In recent years, the prevalence of S. Infantis infections has increased in the United States, Europe, and Latin America, due to contaminated chicken and other foods. An essential trait of S. Infantis is its resistance to multiple antibiotics, including the critically important third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, undermining effective medical treatment, particularly in low-resource settings. We describe the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Infantis, focusing on humans, animals, the environment, and food. We conducted a systematic review (1979-2021), selected 183 studies, and analyzed the origin, source, antimicrobial resistance, and presence of a conjugative plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI) in reported isolates. S. Infantis has been detected worldwide, with a substantial increase since 2011. We found the highest number of isolations in the Americas (42.9 %), Europe (29.8 %), Western Pacific (17.2 %), Eastern Mediterranean (6.6 %), Africa (3.4 %), and South-East Asia (0.1 %). S. Infantis showed MDR patterns and numerous resistant genes in all sources. The primary source of MDR S. Infantis is broiler and their meat; however, this emerging pathogen is also present in other reservoirs such as food, wildlife, and the environment. Clinical cases of MDR S. Infantis have been reported in children and adults. The global emergence of S. Infantis is related to a plasmid (pESI) with antibiotic and arsenic- and mercury-resistance genes. Additionally, a new megaplasmid (pESI-like), carrying blaCTX-M-65 and antibiotic-resistant genes reported in an ancestral version, was detected in the broiler, human, and chicken meat isolates. Strains harboring pESI-like were primarily observed in the Americas and Europe. MDR S. Infantis has spread globally, potentially becoming a major public health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Alvarez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rocío Barrón-Montenegro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Conejeros
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Dácil Rivera
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Undurraga
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Andrea I Moreno-Switt
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liao YS, Wei HL, Kuo HC, Chen BH, Wang YW, Teng RH, Hong YP, Chang JH, Liang SY, Tsao CS, Chiou CS. Chromosome-Borne CTX-M-65 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1634-1637. [PMID: 37486207 PMCID: PMC10370839 DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.230472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A CTX-M-65‒producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis clone, probably originating in Latin America and initially reported in the United States, has emerged in Taiwan. Chicken meat is the most likely primary carrier. Four of the 9 drug resistance genes have integrated into the chromosome: blaCTX-M-65, tet(A), sul1, and aadA1.
Collapse
|
7
|
Berbers B, Vanneste K, Roosens NHCJ, Marchal K, Ceyssens PJ, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Using a combination of short- and long-read sequencing to investigate the diversity in plasmid- and chromosomally encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical Shigella and Salmonella isolates in Belgium. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000925. [PMID: 36748573 PMCID: PMC9973847 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance, it is important not only to detect AMR genes, but also to determine their plasmidic or chromosomal location, as this will impact their spread differently. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used for AMR surveillance. However, determining the genetic context of AMR genes using only short-read sequencing is complicated. The combination with long-read sequencing offers a potential solution, as it allows hybrid assemblies. Nevertheless, its use in surveillance has so far been limited. This study aimed to demonstrate its added value for AMR surveillance based on a case study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). ESBL genes have been reported to occur also on plasmids. To gain insight into the diversity and genetic context of ESBL genes detected in clinical isolates received by the Belgian National Reference Center between 2013 and 2018, 100 ESBL-producing Shigella and 31 ESBL-producing Salmonella were sequenced with MiSeq and a representative selection of 20 Shigella and six Salmonella isolates additionally with MinION technology, allowing hybrid assembly. The bla CTX-M-15 gene was found to be responsible for a rapid rise in the ESBL Shigella phenotype from 2017. This gene was mostly detected on multi-resistance-carrying IncFII plasmids. Based on clustering, these plasmids were determined to be distinct from the circulating plasmids before 2017. They were spread to different Shigella species and within Shigella sonnei between multiple genotypes. Another similar IncFII plasmid was detected after 2017 containing bla CTX-M-27 for which only clonal expansion occurred. Matches of up to 99 % to plasmids of various bacterial hosts from all over the world were found, but global alignments indicated that direct or recent ESBL-plasmid transfers did not occur. It is most likely that travellers introduced these in Belgium and subsequently spread them domestically. However, a clear link to a specific country could not be made. Moreover, integration of bla CTX-M in the chromosome of two Shigella isolates was determined for the first time, and shown to be related to ISEcp1. In contrast, in Salmonella, ESBL genes were only found on plasmids, of which bla CTX-M-55 and IncHI2 were the most prevalent, respectively. No matching ESBL plasmids or cassettes were detected between clinical Shigella and Salmonella isolates. The hybrid assembly data allowed us to check the accuracy of plasmid prediction tools. MOB-suite showed the highest accuracy. However, these tools cannot replace the accuracy of long-read and hybrid assemblies. This study illustrates the added value of hybrid assemblies for AMR surveillance and shows that a strategy where even just representative isolates of a collection used for hybrid assemblies could improve international AMR surveillance as it allows plasmid tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Berbers
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Information Technology, IDLab, Ghent University, IMEC, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Information Technology, IDLab, Ghent University, IMEC, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pavlova AS, Egorova A, Krutova N, Saenko S, Mikhaylova Y, Guseva A, Chebotar IV, Podkolzin A, Kuleshov K, Akimkin V. The prevalence and characterization of ESBL-producing strains of Salmonella enterica circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation (2016–2020). CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2022.3.236-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective.
To analyze frequency and identify genetic determinants of resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) isolated in the Russian Federation over the period 2016 to 2020.
Materials and Methods.
Salmonella isolates, suspected to ESBL production, were collected by the All-Russia Reference Center of Salmonellosis during the national Salmonellosis surveillance program. Phenotypic resistance was determined by the broth microdilution method using G-I and G-II Mikrolatest®SensiLaTest MIC plates and by the double-disk synergy test. Whole genome sequencing was performed on the NextSeq platform (Illumina, USA), with subsequent de novo genome assembly (SPAdes 3.15.4), identification of plasmid types (MOB-suite v3.0.0), and identification of resistance genes (AMRFinderPlus v3.10.40).
Results.
Out of 1792 NTS isolates, 22 strains contained bla-genes of molecular classes A and D (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaOXA), one strain – AmpC (blaCMY-2) and three strains – combination ESBL of class A and AmpC (blaTEM, blaCMY-2, blaDHA). The frequency of occurrence of ESBL-producing Salmonella is 1.3%, AmpC – 0.2%. Additionally, strains were resistant to other non-β-lactam antibiotics. Six different types of plasmids were identified (IncI, IncFIB, IncC, IncHI2A, IncL/M and IncX1) in studied isolates. It was possible for 17 strains to identify location of resistance genes in plasmids of a certain type.
Conclusions.
The frequency of occurrence of Salmonella strains producing ESBL and AmpC was 1.45%, which were found in sporadic cases of human diseases, as well as food and environmental objects were sources of isolation. The fact of detection of such strains among various NTC serotypes and a wide range of sources of isolation confirms the relevance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A.E. Egorova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | - N.E. Krutova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | - S.S. Saenko
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | | | - A.N. Guseva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | - Igor V. Chebotar
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Moscow, Russia)
| | - A.T. Podkolzin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | - K.V. Kuleshov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| | - V.G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Moscow, Russia)
| |
Collapse
|